经食管床吻合术后对残余食管的压力测定和酸碱度分析

目的 探讨食管癌切除胃经食管床主动脉弓上吻合术后,食管、胃功能改变及胃食管反流的情况.方法 对20例食管中段癌术后3-6个月患者(研究组)及10例正常人(对照组)采用食管胃压力测定及24 h食管酸碱度(pH)监测,并对结果进行分析.结果 (1)研究组各项pH监测指标均明显高于对照组(P《0.01).(2)胃静息压、残余食管静息压及食管上括约肌静息压研究组均高于对照组(P《0.01);残余食管收缩压、食管原发蠕动幅度及食管湿蠕动幅度均低于对照组(P《0.01);食管上括约肌关闭压高于对照组(P《0.01);胃、吻合口及残余食管静息压三处两两比较,差异均无统计学意义(F=3.08,P》0.05).结论 经食管床主动脉弓上食管胃吻合术后,残余食管蠕动功能差,廓酸能力降低;吻合口处不存在高压带,普遍存在胃食管反流现象.     

管状吻合器在胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术中的应用研究

目的探讨管状吻合器在胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术中的技术方法,总结其应用经验。方法回顾性总结228例胸段食管癌患者的临床资料,其中77例行胸段食管癌切除食管胃颈部管状吻合器吻合术,151例行手工吻合术。结果术后吻合口瘘、乳糜胸、喉返神经损伤、胸胃排空障碍发生率两组无明显差异（P〉0.05）,但管状吻合器组手术吻合时间显著缩短（P〈0.05）,吻合口狭窄发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论管状吻合器适用于多数胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部吻合术,吻合时间短,创伤小,术后并发症发生率低;但对于颈段食管直径过细、胃长度不足等情况更宜手工吻合。术中切除胃小弯制作管状胃可有效延长胃长度,对成功进行胸段食管癌切除胃代食管颈部管状吻合器吻合有帮助。     

食管癌切除颈部食管胃侧侧吻合术

常规的食管癌根治切除后胸内或颈部食管胃端侧吻合术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄和胃食管反流的发生率仍然很高，并且严重危及病人的生命及术后生活质量。近2年，我们尝试对3例行中上段食管癌切除者采用颈部食管胃侧侧吻合，手术经过顺利，效果满意。术后分别随访2年、15个月、1年，无吻合口并发症发生。现报道如下。     

经食管床吻合术后对残余食管的压力测定和酸碱度分析

目的探讨食管癌切除胃经食管床主动脉弓上吻合术后，食管、胃功能改变及胃食管反流的情况。方法对20例食管中段癌术后3-6个月患者（研究组）及10例正常人（对照组）采用食管胃压力测定及24h食管酸碱度（pH）监测，并对结果进行分析。结果（1）研究组各项pH监测指标均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。（2）胃静息压、残余食管静息压及食管上括约肌静息压研究组均高于对照组（P〈0．01）；残余食管收缩压、食管原发蠕动幅度及食管湿蠕动幅度均低于对照组（P〈0．01）；食管上括约肌关闭压高于对照组（P〈0．01）；胃、吻合口及残余食管静息压三处两两比较，差异均无统计学意义（F=3．08，P〉0．05）。结论经食管床主动脉弓上食管胃吻合术后，残余食管蠕动功能差，廓酸能力降低；吻合口处不存在高压带，普遍存在胃食管反流现象。     

胃食管吻合术后残余食管胸胃运动功能研究

目的探讨食管、贲门癌切除后不同部位的食管胃吻合对残余食管和胸腔胃运动功能的影响。方法按手术中食管胃吻合部位不同,将39例食管、贲门癌患者分为两组,弓上吻合组:21例,为食管中段癌患者行食管胃主动脉弓上吻合;弓下吻合组:18例,为食管下段癌及贲门癌患者,行食管胃主动脉弓下吻合。对照组:为6例无胃食管反流症状的健康人。3组均行食管测压、上消化道X线钡餐造影检查,观察残余食管和胸腔胃运动功能。结果两吻合组部分患者均存在吻合口高压区,残余食管静息压均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),并与胸腔胃内静息压无明显差别(P>0.05);两吻合组残余食管和胸腔胃内静息压比较差别均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。弓上吻合组残余食管蠕动性收缩幅度及原发蠕动次数均明显低于或少于对照组,残余食管原发蠕动次数明显少于弓下吻合组(P<0.05)。术后3个月上消化道X线钡餐造影显示,两吻合组患者胸腔胃底、胃体部均无蠕动性收缩,蠕动收缩自胃窦部向幽门运动,速度缓慢,胃内钡剂排空缓慢;术后1年两吻合组胃窦部蠕动收缩均有明显恢复。结论食管、贲门癌患者术后食管胃吻合口无抗反流作用,食管胃吻合位置越高残余食管蠕动功能越差,但不影响残余食管和胸腔胃内静息压。食管、贲门癌术后胸腔胃运动功能减弱,随着时间的延长逐渐恢复,但很难达到正常水平。     

食管癌术后胃食管反流的临床研究

目的探讨食管癌切除术后胃食管反流的原因及抗反流的手术方式。方法回顾性分析2000-01～2008-01我科共手术治疗食管癌患者420例,其中胃经食管床颈部吻合组96例(A组),胸内吻合组184例(B组),胃代食管经胸腔途径吻合组140例(C组),并对其3组的临床资料进行比较分析。结果胃食管反流比例C组B组A组(P0.05)。结论食管癌切除后胃经纵隔行颈部吻合可显著降低术后胃食管反流率,经食管床主动脉弓上吻合胃食管反流发生率次之。     

食管癌根治食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的分析食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析。方法食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术病人288例,根据术后吻合口漏发生情况分为吻合口漏组与非吻合口漏组,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结果 288例食管癌病人术后发生吻合口漏40例,发生率13.89%;单因素分析显示,两组合并呼吸系统疾病、术前放疗、术后肺部感染、支气管镜吸痰、制作管状胃、年龄、术前学清蛋白水平、手术时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),性别、病理分型、TNM分期、肿瘤位置比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,合并呼吸系统疾病(OR=4.114,95%CI:1.032～14.232)、术前放疗(OR=2.665,95%CI:1.004～8.986)、术后肺部感染(OR=3.033,95%CI:1.121～10.587)、制作管状胃(OR=3.323,95%CI:1.216～10.986)、支气管镜吸痰(OR=2.875,95%CI:1.125～9.343)是食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结论食管癌根治食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏发生率较高,合并呼吸系统疾病、术前放疗、术后肺部感染、支气管镜吸痰、制作管状胃等均会增加术后吻合口漏风险。     

食管胃吻合术后胃排空障碍探讨

目的　探讨食管胃吻合术后胃排空障碍的原因、合理的预防措施及其有效的治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析我科 1982年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 4月间 32例食管胃吻合术后胃排空障碍病人的临床资料。结果　 32例胃排空障碍病人 ,食管胃颈部吻合 2 4例 ,胸腔内吻合 8例。占同期食管癌手术 1378例的 2 .3%。 2 5例功能性胃排空障碍病人中 2 2例经保守治愈 ,1例死亡 ,死亡率为 4 .0 % ;7例机械性胃排空障碍病人经手术治愈。结论　胃排空障碍多见于高位食管胃吻合术后 ,以食管胃颈部吻合者多见 ,其发生与手术操作和术后处理不当有关 ,胃排空障碍多为功能性 ,少数为机械性。前者大多可经保守治疗而痊愈 ,后者则必须手术解除梗阻。本文还对食管癌术后胃排空障碍的定义、诊断与鉴别诊断进行了探讨     

消化道吻合器在颈部胃食管吻合中的应用

目的 总结食管癌切除后采用消化道吻合器行颈部胃食管吻合术治疗食管癌患者的临床经验,以降低术后吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生率,提高手术疗效.方法 125例食管癌患者,根据采用的手术术式不同分为两组,器械吻合组:行食管癌切除后采用国产常州WGWB-26型吻合器进行颈部胃食管吻合;手工吻合组,行食管癌切除后采用手工方法进行颈部胃食管吻合.比较两种手术术式的胃食管吻合时间、术后吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生率.结果 全组无手术死亡.器械吻合组吻合时间少于手工吻合组(30±5min vs.55±5 min, P＜0.05),近期吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生率明显低于手工吻合组(0% vs.4.8%, 0% vs.9.5%,P＜0.05);器械吻合组随访1～15个月食管X线钡餐检查证实无吻合口狭窄.结论 使用吻合器行胃食管器械吻合,能增加吻合的可靠性,减少术后并发症,包括吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄的发生.     

食管癌行结肠代食管术和胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期比较

本文对３３例食管癌患者行结肠代食管术及２６例行胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期情况，与围手术期相关的几个主要因素进行了比较分析。结果：结肠代食管术较胃代食管颈部吻合术．术前准备工作量大；术中肿瘤易游离切除，切除彻底；术后食管残端癌细胞阳性率低；但手术创伤大；并发症多，尤吻合口瘘发生率高；住院时间长。提出：年龄较小，体质好，肿瘤长者宜采用结肠代食管术；反之则采用胃代食管颈部吻合术。关键词：     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.