胃复安与下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴的关系及临床意义

下丘脑分泌的促甲状腺激素释放激素(Thyrotropin—releasing hormone，TRH)促进垂体促甲状腺激素(Thyrotropin，TSH)的合成和释放，而多巴胺(Dopamine，DA)和生长抑素(Somatostatin，SST)抑制TSH的合成和释放，甲状腺激素也对TSH产生反馈抑制作用。甲状腺功能减退患者，伴随多巴胺能神经元功能(Dopaminergietone)的降低和TSH基础水平升高。胃复安(Metoclopramide，MCP)是多巴胺第二受体拮抗剂，能加速提高甲低患者血TSH水平，特别是当运用于分化型甲癌(Differentiated thyroid carcinoma，DTC)病人时，能缩短停用左旋甲状腺素(L—thyroxine，L—T4)的时间和减轻甲状腺机能减退所致的症状和体征，有助于对DTC病灶的^131I显像诊断和^131I治疗。     

甲减、甲亢患者治疗前后血清TSH，PRL对TRH兴奋的反应

促甲状腺激素释放激素(TRH)是下丘脑分泌的一种释放激素，它能刺激正常人垂体促甲状腺激素(TSH)和泌乳素(PRL)合成威和释放，当甲状腺功能异常时，TSH和PRL分泌发生相应变化。故我们对甲碱，甲亢患者治疗前后进行TRH兴奋试验，以观察治疗前后甲状腺功能变化时，血清TSH和PRL受TRH兴奋的不同影响。     

重组人促甲状腺激素在分化型甲状腺癌诊治中的应用

分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者常规随访及行131I治疗时,须停用甲状腺素。停用甲状腺素而引发的甲状腺功能减退症状可显著影响DTC患者的生活质量。使用重组人促甲状腺激素(rhTSH)辅助DTC患者的随访及131I治疗,患者不须停用甲状腺素,因此可有效地避免因停用甲状腺素对患者生活质量的影响。本文就rhTSH在DTC诊治中的应用作一综述。     

围手术期急性阑尾炎患者甲状腺激素及TSH测定的意义

急性阑尾炎是最常见的急腹症之一,有关本病血清皮质醇、儿茶酚胺、胰岛素等激素水平的变化研究较多[1],但急性阑尾炎围手术期甲状腺激素及TSH水平的变化,国内外报道甚少.为此,作者对52例急性阑尾炎患者进行围手术期血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)、反T3(rT3)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)测定,以期探讨本病患者血清甲状腺激素及TSH水平的变化规律及其临床意义.     

妊娠期联合检测甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体和促甲状腺激素的结果分析

目的探讨联合检测孕妇促甲状腺激素(TSH)及甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)在产前筛查中的意义。方法将188例甲状腺功能正常的孕妇(孕16-24w)按照促甲状腺激素(TSH)参考范围为0.34-5.60IU/ml,分为甲状腺功能紊乱组61例和非甲状腺功能紊乱组127例,采用化学发光法(CIA)检测血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)。结果甲状腺功能紊乱组TPOAb阳性率高达29.5%,非甲状腺功能紊乱组TPOAb阳性率也达到3.93%;181例孕妇中TPOAb阳性者23例,23例TPOAb阳性的孕妇中,有5例TSH异常(15%),165例TPOAb阴性的孕妇中,有3例TSH异常(1.8%)。结论 TPOAb阳性的孕妇甲状腺功能紊乱明显增加,TPOAb阳性的孕妇甲状腺功能有向亚临床甲状腺功能亢进或减退的趋势。     

106例肺心病患者血清甲状腺激素水平测定及其临床意义

甲状腺激素与细胞密切相关,血清甲状腺激素浓度异常并非甲状腺疾病所特有.本文采用RIA对106例慢性肺心病急性发作期和缓解期血清三碘甲状原氨酸(TT3)、甲状腺素(TT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)进行了测定, 以探讨缺氧程度对肺心病患者甲状腺功能的影响及缺氧与TT3、TT4和TSH的相互关系.     

冠心病与亚临床甲状腺功能减退的关系

亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(subclinical hypothyroidism,SH)是指血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平升高,血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)和游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)水平正常,患者没有或几乎没有甲状腺功能减退的相应症状和体征的甲状腺疾病,简称亚临床甲减,好发于老年和女性,临床症状不典型或缺乏,诊断有赖于实验室检查。SH的主要不良后果是发展为临床甲减,并可能通过对多种心血管危险的影响,促     

463例孕妇促甲状腺激素及甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体的相关性分析

目的观察正常妊娠妇女体内甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平,以及与促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平变化之间的关系,并探讨其在产前筛查的价值。方法选取463例孕妇(孕周12~24周),采用化学发光法(CIA)检测促甲状腺激素(TSH)和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)水平,以TPOAb值9IU/ml为正常范围,根据TPOAb测定结果,将463例孕妇分为阳性组53例,和阴性组410例。结果 53例TPOAb阳性的孕妇,其中有5例TSH异常(9.43%),410例TPOAb阴性的孕妇,其中12例TSH异常(2.92%),其异常率有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TPO阳性孕妇甲状腺功能紊乱明显增加,TPOAb阳性孕妇的甲状腺功能有向亚临床甲状腺功能减退的趋势。     

桥本甲状腺炎并发分化型甲状腺癌患者手术前后甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺过氧化酶抗体及血清炎性因子水平变化研究

目的 探讨桥本甲状腺炎(HT)并发分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)患者手术前后甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化酶抗体(TPO-Ab)及血清炎性因子水平及意义。方法 选取2019年1月至2021年1月在河北中石油中心医院就诊的DTC患者141例，根据术后病理检查是否合并HT分为：DTC合并HT患者43例和DTC患者98例，比较两组患者临床病理特征、TGAb、TPO-Ab、促甲状腺素(TSH)等差异。结果 DTC合并HT组女性比例、病理分期I～II比例明显高于DTC未合并HT组，差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),而肿瘤最大径明显低于DTC未合并HT组，差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DTC合并HT组治疗前TSH、TGAb和TPO-Ab明显高于DTC未合并HT组，差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗后TSH、TGAb和TPO-Ab明显低于DTC未合并HT组，差异比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DTC合并HT组术后复发率明显高于DTC未合并HT组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。复发患者病理分期III～IV比例明显高于未复发患者，差异比较有...     

甲状腺疾病患者血清TSH,PRL对TRH兴奋试验反应的临床探讨

促甲状腺激素释放激素（TRH）兴奋试验是临床常用的检查下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴功能的方法。近年来发现TRH不仅能促使垂体释放TSH、PRL,而且释放PRL比释放TSH更为显著。为全面地了解TRH兴奋试验的意义,我们对处于不同功能状态时甲状腺疾病患者血清TSH、PRL进行了临床观察。 对象和方法 一、对象:经确诊的甲状腺疾病患者共85例（男35,女50）,年龄在20～60岁之间,平均为41.81±13.64岁。按甲状腺功能状态分成4组:原发性甲状腺机能亢进者40例,甲亢治疗后甲功正常者10例,亚临床甲减者10例,原发性甲减者25例。     

Single-cell elastography: probing for disease with the atomic force microscope

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is emerging as a powerful tool in cell biology. Originally developed for high-resolution imaging purposes, the AFM also has unique capabilities as a nano-indenter to probe the dynamic viscoelastic material properties of living cells in culture. In particular, AFM elastography combines imaging and indentation modalities to map the spatial distribution of cell mechanical properties, which in turn reflect the structure and function of the underlying cytoskeleton. Such measurements have contributed to our understanding of cell mechanics and cell biology and appear to be sensitive to the presence of disease in individual cells. This chapter provides a background on the principles and practice of AFM elastography and reviews the literature comparing cell mechanics in normal and diseased states, making a case for the use of such measurements as disease markers. Emphasis is placed on the need for more comprehensive and detailed quantification of cell biomechanical properties beyond the current standard methods of analysis. A number of technical and practical hurdles have yet to be overcome before the method can be of clinical use. However, the future holds great promise for AFM elastography of living cells to provide novel biomechanical markers that will enhance the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease.     

人骨髓间质干细胞骨架超微结构与功能研究

目的：探讨原子力显微镜（AFM）在研究干细胞表面形貌、超微结构及细胞骨架等方面的应用，讨论MSCs 超微结构与功能的关系。方法：利用AFM 对培养了1 d及5 d的人骨髓间质干细胞（MSCs）的骨架和超微结构进行研究。结果：在AFM 下观察到了用电镜或其它显微方法所难以观察到的MSCs 许多独特的形态结构，如细胞膜骨架、伪足、细胞边缘的微丝及细胞间纤维等。结论：通过利用AFM 对MSCs观察表明，MSCs 的形态特征独特，细胞骨架明显，这种形态结构特征与其功能如多向分化潜能是相适应的，为MSCs 进一步分化为其它组织细胞作了结构上的准备。MSCs 在修复组织损伤中的应用前景十分广阔。AFM 是研究MSCs 骨架与超微结构的有力工具。     

Real-time monitoring of angiotensin II-induced contractile response and cytoskeleton remodeling in individual cells by atomic force microscopy

Physiological processes, occurring as a result of specific receptor stimulation, are generally assessed via molecular biology techniques and microscopic approaches with the involvement of specific molecular markers. The recent progress in experimental approaches, allowing the mechanical characterization of individual biological entities, now makes it possible to address cellular processes occurring in individual cells as a result of their stimulation by hormones. Here, we demonstrate that the atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to mechanically probe individual cells following the activation of the angiotensin-1 receptor, a receptor well known for its role in cell homeostasis regulation. Our goal is to demonstrate that the measurement of cantilever deflection can be used to quantify in real time the mechanical and morphological cell activity associated with the activation of the receptor. By combining the AFM with time-lapse sequences of phase-contrast and confocal micrographs, we show that the angiotensin-1 receptor stimulation with 100 nM angiotensin II produces an actin-dependent contractile response with an amplitude of 262 ± 52 nm. We validated the mechanical origin of the responses by measuring the elastic modulus of the cell from indentation experiments performed at 30-s intervals. Additionally, nanoscaled height fluctuations of the cell membrane occurring after the initial contraction response could be attributed to an increased actin cytoskeleton activity and remodeling detected by confocal microscopy. Finally, by using inhibitors for specific elements of the angiotensin-1 receptor signaling pathways, we demonstrate that AFM real-time height monitoring allows a read out of the molecular processes responsible for the cell mechanical response.     

原子力显微镜及其在生物医药学研究中的应用

本文介绍了原子力显微镜的工作原理及特点,并对其三种工作模式进行了比较,重点介绍了更适用于生物医药研究的敲击式工作模式以及原子力显微镜在生物医药学研究中的应用.     

原子力显微镜在细胞与生物大分子超微结构和力学研究中的应用

作为微纳米科学理论与技术迅猛发展的代表,原子力显微镜(atomic force microscopy,AFM)在其25年的发展过程中极大地推进了生物学在微纳米尺度上的拓展,为微纳米生物学的诞生与发展提供了重要技术手段。本文在介绍AFM基本原理和检测模式的基础上,结合作者在该领域的研究成果和工作经验,从生物结构与形态学研究、表面物化性质表征、生物大分子的力学操纵三方面综述了AFM在细胞与生物大分子超微结构与生物力学特性研究中的具体应用,并重点探讨了AFM在细胞与生物大分子科学研究中亟待改进和解决的科学与技术问题,提出了一些探讨性的见解和建议。     

Measuring cell adhesion forces with the atomic force microscope at the molecular level

In the past 25 years many techniques have been developed to characterize cell adhesion and to quantify adhesion forces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to measure forces in the pico-newton range, an experimental technique known as force spectroscopy. We modified such an AFM to measure adhesion forces between live cells or between cells and surfaces. This strategy required functionalizing the surface of the sensors for immobilizing the cell. We used Dictyostelium discoideum cells which respond to starvation by surface expression of the adhesion molecule csA and consequent aggregation to measure the adhesion force of a single csA-csA bond. Relevant experimental parameters include the duration of contact between the interacting surfaces, the force against which this contact is maintained, the number and specificity of interacting adhesion molecules and the constituents of the medium in which the interaction occurs. This technology also permits the measurement of the viscoelastic properties of single cells or cell layers.     

Atomic force microscopy to study the degranulation in rat peritoneal mast cells after activation.

We have studied the degranulation in rat peritoneal mast cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Although AFM has advantages close to electron microscopy (EM) in spatial resolution, visualization of surface topography in peritoneal mast cells has not been reported yet. In the present paper we have succeeded in visualizing the degranulation process of rat peritoneal mast cells by AFM. AFM images showed that secretory granules were about 1 microm in diameter and that they were densely packed in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. After stimulation with compound 48/80 (5 microg/ml), the packed granules began to loosen through formation of irregular cracks, as if polymerization of actin filaments was changed; 3 min after stimulation with compound 48/80 at 37 degrees C, the packed granules were completely loosened and the nucleus was no longer covered by the granules. In addition, AFM images showed clear fringes at the edges of the spreading cells. The fringes were 30-50 nm in height and there existed many small matrixes which were secreted to the outside of the cell. The matrixes were about 80 nm in diameter and 40 nm in height. These kinds of secretory matrixes were observed here first by AFM.     

Probing mechanical adaptation of neurite outgrowth on a hydrogel material using atomic force microscopy

In this study, we describe the design and initial results of probing mechanical adaptation of neurite growth of lightly fixed neurons on a hydrogel substrate by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). It has been shown previously that cells are responsive to the physical conditions of their micro-environment, and that certain cells can adjust their own stiffness as part of the adaptation to the substrate. AFM, a powerful tool to probe micro- and nano-scale structures, has been utilized in assessing topography, morphology, and structural change of neuronal cells. We used AFM with a robust force analysis approach in this study to probe the mechanical properties of both neurites and the substrate at close proximity. We first confirmed the robustness and consistency of the approach specific to soft materials by comparing measurements made on the same reference material using different methods. Subsequently, it was found that the primary spinal cord neurons that were lightly fixed exhibited different stiffnesses between the cell body and neurites. Furthermore, in comparison to the rigidity of the substrate, the stiffness of the neurites was lower, whereas that of the neuronal cell body was higher.     

肥大细胞与肿瘤关系的研究进展

肥大细胞普遍存在于含有血管的组织中,它通常因在过敏性疾病和IgE相关的过敏反应中发挥的重要作用而为人们所知,然而大量的研究表明,肥大细胞还参与了许多其他疾病的发生发展,例如在肿瘤生物学中肥大细胞就扮演着具有特殊意义的角色.在促进肿瘤生长方面,肥大细胞对肿瘤的血管生成、组织重塑等方面具有正面的影响,而在抑制肿瘤生长方面,肥大细胞则通过对肿瘤的免疫应答而产生负面的效应,因此肥大细胞的作用仍旧备受争议.因而研究肥大细胞对肿瘤生长的促进与抑制等几个方面的机制具有重要意义.     

Three-dimensional imaging of living and dying neurons with atomic force microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been used to image the morphology of developing neurons and their processes. Additionally, AFM can physically interact with the cell under investigation in numerous ways. Here we use the AFM to both three-dimensionally image the neuron and to inflict a nano/micro-puncture to its membrane. Thus, the same instrument used as a tool to precisely penetrate/cut the membrane at the nanoscale level is employed to image the morphological responses to damage. These first high resolution AFM images of living chick dorsal root ganglion cells and cells of sympathetic ganglion and their growing processes provide confirmation of familiar morphologies. The increased resolution of the AFM revealed these structures to be significantly more complex and variable than anticipated. Moreover we describe novel, dynamic, and unreported architectures, particularly large dorsally projecting ridges, spines, and ribbons of cytoplasm that appear and disappear on the order of minutes. In addition, minute (ca. 100 nm) hair-like extensions of membrane along the walls of nerve processes that also shift in shape and density, appearing and disappearing over periods of minutes were seen. We also provide "real time" images of the death of the neuron cell body after nano/micro scale damage to its membrane. These somas excreted their degraded cytoplasm, revealed as an enlarging pool beneath and around the cell. Conversely, identical injury, even repeated perforations and nanoslices, to the neurite's membrane do not lead to demise of the process. This experimental study not only provides unreported neurobiology and neurotrauma, but also emphasizes the unique versatility of AFM as an instrument that can (1) physically manipulate cells, (2) provide precise quantitative measurements of distance, surface area and volume at the nanoscale if required, (3) derive physiologically significant data such as membrane pressure and compliance, and (4) during the same period of study--provide unexcelled imaging of living samples.