中国人脑立体定位MRI海马结构体积的测定

目的 测量标准立体定位空间获得的健康中国人脑MRI海马结构的体积,为应用体积测量方法早期诊断颞叶癫痫等疾病提供影像学的参考标准.方法 在标准立体定位空间对100例健康中国人脑进行T1加权像MRI扫描,在冠状位MRI上应用软件测量海马结构的体积,并进行相关统计学分析.结果 在标准立体定位空间MRI能够较清晰、真实的显示海马结构.男女海马结构体积分别为2981.39±297.47 mm3和2970.43±330.13 mm3,性别之间海马结构的体积差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);左右侧体积分别为2949.67±327.06mm3和3001.81±298.97mm3 ,左右侧海马的体积存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),右侧大于左侧.在20～29岁、30～39岁、40～49岁、50～59岁组间MRI海马结构的体积差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05),而20～29岁、30～39岁、40～49岁、50～59岁组与60～69岁组间经统计学分析发现具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),60岁以后,海马体积逐渐缩小.结论 在标准立体定位空间获得的海马结构体积与性别无关,右侧海马结构体积大于左侧(P＜0.05).60岁以后,海马结构体积随年龄增加而逐渐缩小,因此在MRI影像学诊断海马结构病变时应给予重视.     

第三脑室MRI立体定向解剖学研究

目的完善中国人脑立体定向MRI脑图谱,为立体定向手术及脑室内窥镜手术等有关三脑室区手术提供解剖学基础。方法采集健康中国人脑MRI数据100例,在标准立体定向空间内测量三脑室体积。选取可测量三脑室长度及高度的MRI图像各50例,分别对三脑室的长度及高度进行测量。选取三脑室显示清晰的MRI图像1例,对三脑室进行三维重建。结果活体健康中国人脑MRI上三脑室的平均长度为21.15±1.56 mm;平均高度为19.21±1.94 mm;平均体积1424.68±196.47 mm3。结论不同性别之间三脑室的长度与高度无显著差异(P>0.05);随年龄的增长,三脑室的体积逐渐增加;同一年龄段不同性别间三脑室体积存在显著差异,男性大于女性(P<0.05),三维重建三脑室可行。     

MRI立体定向丘脑底核和杏仁核个体化、数字化、可视化图谱的研究

目的探讨建立个体化MRI立体定向丘脑底核（STN）和杏仁核（AM）数字化、可视化图谱的可行性。方法对1例成年男性健康自愿者应用1．5TMRI,在标准的脑立体定向空间做1mm层厚的MRI轴位脑扫描,在MRI上对STN和AM进行识别、手动分割、提取、存储和三维重建。结果三维重建的STN和AM表面光滑、形态逼真,清晰的显示了个体STN和AM在标准立体定向空间中的位置,可以直观的观察STN和AM的形态结构。重建后的STN和AM可以任意旋转、缩放及变换颜色。STN前后径较长,上下径和左右径相对较短,表现出典型的“双透镜”结构特点,而AM则表现出典型的“杏仁”形状。结论MRI立体定向个体化的STN和AM数字化、可视化具有可行性,如果要达到指导立体定向功能神经外科临床应用的目的,需解决计算机自动化识别、自动配准和分割问题。     

微电极记录与影像技术联合应用对帕金森病脑深部电刺激最佳刺激治疗位置的研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者脑深部电刺激(DBS)术最佳刺激靶点的位置。方法 40例PD患者接受立体定向双侧丘脑底核(STN)脑深部电刺激术。术中通过微电极记录采集神经元电活动,埋置脑深部电刺激器,术后复查电极位置,通过影像资料和电生理数据,确定电极尖端坐标,并计算电极各触点坐标,以及电极针道中STN上下边界和中心点的坐标。结果最佳刺激触点中心坐标的平均位置与STN上边界坐标的平均位置的差异无统计学意义。结论 STN上边界区域为DBS治疗PD的最佳刺激位置。     

帕金森病立体定向手术靶点定位软件的研制

帕金森病进行立体定向手术时,其靶点的术前确定主要依据立体定向脑解剖图谱和经验,由所选靶点在大脑原点(AC-PC线中点)坐标系中的坐标(简称解剖坐标),表推算出靶点在立体定向架坐标系中的坐标(简称实际坐标).     

脑前连合和后连合立体定向MRI研究及其临床意义

目的 研究健康中国人腩立体定向标志前连合(AC)、后连合(PC),为立体定向功能神经外科捉供基础数据.方法 采集健康中国成人自愿者脑MRJ图像120例,男女各60例.在正中矢状面上分别测量AC、PC的宽度和AC-PC的长度(LI),采用统计学方法 分析LI与年龄的相关性及性别差异,并将颅长纳入比较.结果 LI的长度在19.70～25.65 mm之间,平均为(22.92±1.13)mm;AC、PC平均宽度分别为(2.30±0.37)mm、(1.60±0.31)mm;本组中国成人各年龄段组人脑LI长度与年龄无相关性,男性LI长度大于女性,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),将颅长纳入比较后,这种差异性消欠了:AC、PC的宽度与年龄无相关性,AC的宽度女性大于男性,PC的宽度性别差异无统计学意义.结论立体定向功能神经外科中AC-PC线是稳定的脑内结构测量参考线.     

中国人MRI立体定向丘脑数字化图谱的研制

目的 探讨建立MRI立体定向数字化图谱的可行性,分析年龄对成人丘脑体积的影响.方法 选取健康中国成年自愿者行立体定向MRI扫描,在MRI上对丘脑进行识别、分割、提取、保存、匹配与三维重建,测量重建后丘脑的体积.结果 三维重建的丘脑表面光滑、形态逼真,清晰的显示了丘脑在标准立体定向空间中的位置,可直观显示,任意角度浏览.男性右侧丘脑体积为5998.17±170.08mm3,左侧为6200.53±195.24.mm3;女性右侧丘脑体积为5999.98±172.55mm3,左侧为6184.98±184.36mm3.结论 基于MRI的人脑结构数字化具有可行性,60岁以上组丘脑体积较60岁以下组明显缩小.     

皮质下血管性痴呆患者脑注意和执行功能区激活特征及与认知功能损害的相关性

目的 分析皮质下血管性痴呆( subcortical ischemic vascular dementia,SIVD)患者脑注意和执行功能区激活特征及其与认知功能损害的相关性.方法 SIVD患者20例,健康对照组20名,按年龄、性别、文化层次进行配对.采用Stroop任务和SEMENTS 3.0T MRI仪行功能MRI,将脑功能区激活表现与认知功能损害特征进行相关分析.结果 SIVD患者双侧背外侧前额叶、腹外侧前额叶和后顶叶激活体积均与MoCA总分、视空间与执行、注意、语言、延迟回忆、定向分项得分明显相关(r =0.447～0.837,P＜0.05).结论 Stroop任务引起的功能MRI脑激活图可以反映SIVD患者认知功能的损害.     

中国人脑黑质立体定向数字化解剖图谱的研究

目的探讨建立立体定向MRI黑质数字化、可视化图谱的可行性,为立体定向功能神经外科提供解剖学依据。方法健康中国自愿者150人,在标准的立体定向空间内进行全脑扫描,测量黑质体积。选取其中30例利用eFilm软件对黑质中心点坐标进行测量。随机选取1名自愿者,利用其成像数据,对黑质进行三维重建,并对其进行可视化、数字化处理。结果黑质的平均体积左侧为（327．26±24．19）mm3,右侧为（307．28±25．11）mm3,左右侧黑质的体积存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。黑质中央截面的中心点坐标X、Y、Z分别为（8．45±0．69）mm、（一4．36±0．50）mm和（一9．47±0．80）mm,左右侧黑质的中心点坐标无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,性别之间黑质的中心点坐标亦无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论建立立体定向MRI黑质数字化、可视化图谱是可行的。     

微侵袭立体定向活检手术方法的研究

目的 研究应用微侵袭立体定向活检手术方法获取颅脑深部病变组织的可行性和准确性。方法 CT或MRI与立体定向技术相结合,对605例脑深部病变患者进行精确定位、活检,其中450例用CT或MRI目测靶点坐标定位,155例采用计算机辅助立体定向手术工作站,自动计算靶点坐标和规划活检手术入路。结果 活检手术后,经病理证实为脑肿瘤组织者537例(88.76％),炎性病变组织者30例(4.96％),其他病变组织18例(2.98％),另有20例(3.31％)未能提出可供病理学确诊的依据,阳性诊断率为96.69％。术后发生并发症13例(2.15％),死亡2例(0.33％)。结论 经影像学引导的立体定向活检手术是神经内外科获得颅脑深部病变定性诊断安全而可靠的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

穹窿和乳头体立体定向MRI解剖学研究

目的探讨生理和病理状态下人脑穹窿和乳头体的MRI解剖学,为诊断相关疾病提供影像学基础。方法应用3．0MR机在标准立体定向空间内,对29例健康中国人和15例颞叶内侧癫痫患者行全脑扫描。测量穹窿和乳头体体积以及乳头体坐标。结果健康中国人穹窿体积左侧、右侧分别为（0．531±10．150）cm3和（0．541±0．143）cm3,乳头体左侧坐标为x=（一2．18±0．26）mm、Y=（3．76±0．49）mm、Z=（一7．48±0．73）mm,右侧坐标为X=（2．27±0．34）mm、Y=（3．73±0．67）mm、z=（一7．48±0．98）mm;乳头体长度为（4．53±0．54）mm、宽度为（4．25±0．41）mm、高度为（4．09±0．74）mm;健康中国人乳头体左侧、右侧体积分别为（54．77±7．99）mm3、（54．10±9．83）／mm3。同性别健康中国人的左右侧穹窿、乳头体体积无明显区别（P〉0．05）,乳头体的径线及坐标也无明显区别（P〉0．05）;不同性别间,同侧穹窿和乳头体体积、乳头体的径线及坐标均无明显区别（P〉0．05）。颞叶内侧癫痫患者的颞叶硬化侧穹窿、乳头体体积[分别为（0．403±0．110）cm3。和（27．80±8．06）mm3]较非硬化侧[分别为（0．526±0．174）cm3和（51．91±8．06）mm3]明显缩小（P〈0．05）。结论不同状态下,穹窿和乳头体MRI结构会发生相应变化,这些特点可为诊断相关疾病提供参考。     

中国人脑立体定向Vim核团数字化图谱的研制

目的 利用组织学和计算机技术构建MRI不可见靶点-丘脑腹内侧中间核(Vim)数字化图谱,以便为功能神经外科制定手术计划提供直观的参考依据.方法 对9例成年男性尸脑按标准立体定向系统行50μm冰冻切割,尼氏染色.在切片上对Vim进行识别、分割、提取、三维重建.结果 立体定向空间内Vim核团矢状面大致为楔形,长轴向外侧偏离Z轴约20°.核团的坐标三维范围:X轴方向为18.4～9.2mm;Y轴方向为-8～-2mm;z轴方向0～8mm.左、右侧Vim核团体积分别为(229.65±15.93)mm3和(233.34±15.16)mm3.结论 三维重建的Vim表面光滑、形态逼真,清晰地显示了Vim核团在标准立体定向空间中的位置和大小,并能任意角度浏览,使实现Vim可视化具有可行性.     

女性抑郁症患者尾状核和杏仁体磁共振研究

目的:探讨女性抑郁症患者的尾状核和杏仁体的体积变化.方法:采用3.0磁共振,分别测量抑郁症患者(30例,抑郁组)及对照组(30名)的尾状核和杏仁体的体积. 结果:抑郁症组尾状核体积左右侧分别为( 4349±517.5 )mm3,( 4208±394.3 )mm3;对照组组尾状核体积左右侧为( 5086±449.3)mm...     

Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

OBJECTIVES: 1 - To assess the anatomical localization of the active contacts of deep brain stimulation targeted to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinson's disease patients. 2 - To analyze the stereotactic spatial distribution of the active contacts in relation to the dorsal and the ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN and the stereotactic theoretical target. METHODS : Twenty-eight patients underwent bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the STN (HFS-STN). An indirect anatomical method based on ventriculography coupled to electrophysiological techniques were used to localize the STN. Clinical improvement was evaluated by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRS III). The normalized stereotactic coordinates of the active contact centres, dorsal and ventral electrophysiologically-defined borders of the STN were obtained from intraoperative X-rays images. These coordinates were represented in a three-dimensional stereotactic space and in the digitalized atlas of the human basal ganglia. RESULTS: HFS-STN resulted in significant improvement of motor function (62.8%) in off-medication state and levodopa-equivalent dose reduction of 68.7% (p < 0.05). Most of the active contacts (78.6%) were situated close to (+/- 1.6 mm) the dorsal border of the STN (STN-DB), while 16% were dorsal and 5.4% were ventral to it. Similar distribution was observed in the atlas. The euclidean distance between the STN-DB distribution center and the active contacts distribution center was 0.31 mm, while the distance between the active contacts distribution center and the stereotactic theoretical target was 2.15 mm. Most of the space defined by the active contacts distribution (53%) was inside that defined by the STN-DB distribution. CONCLUSION: In our series, most of the active electrodes were situated near the STN-DB. This suggests that HFS-STN could influence not only STN but also the dorsal adjacent structures (zona incerta and/or Fields of Forel).     

Subgenual prefrontal cortex of child and adolescent bipolar patients: a morphometric magnetic resonance imaging study

The subgenual prefrontal cortex (SGPFC) plays an important role in emotional processing. We carried out a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study comparing the volume of the SGPFC in child and adolescent bipolar patients and healthy controls. The sample consisted of 15 children and adolescents who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder (mean age +/- S.D.=15.5 +/- 3.5 years) and 21 healthy adolescents (mean age +/- S.D.=16.9 +/- 3.8 years). MR images were obtained with a 1.5 T GE Signa Imaging System with Signa 5.4.3 software. SGPFC volumes were measured with the semi-automated software MedX (Sensor Systems, Sterling, VA, USA). ANCOVA was performed to compare SGPFC volumes between groups, using age, gender and intra-cranial volume (ICV) as covariates. The volumes (mean +/- S.D.) of the right and left SGPFC for bipolar patients were 291.27 +/- 88.70 mm(3) and 284.86 +/- 83.98 mm(3), respectively. For healthy controls, the right and left SGPFC volumes were 284.95 +/- 73.33 mm(3) and 307.55 +/- 73.67 mm(3), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding right or left SGPFC volumes. We found no evidence of volumetric abnormalities in the SGPFC of bipolar children and adolescents.     

Volumetric analysis of a specific language region - the planum temporale.

Planum temporale volumes were determined for 42 control children (ages 4.2-15.7 years) using magnetic resonance imaging. The mean left planum temporale volume was 2729 mm3 (SD = 567) and the mean right planum temporale volume was 2758 mm3 (SD = 546). No significant hemispheric asymmetry was demonstrated. Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA) showed that the absolute and proportional planum temporale volumes were not significantly associated with age or gender. We also demonstrated a reproducible method for planum temporale volume measurement by acquiring images in the coronal plane and then visualising the sagittal plane to improve accuracy for the posterior border.     

Anatomical alterations of the subthalamic nucleus in relation to age: a postmortem study.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is currently the preferred target for chronic electrical high-frequency stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Anatomical determination of the exact position of the STN in the individual patient, using magnetic resonance imaging, remains cumbersome, whereas calculation of the target using a stereotactic atlas bypasses patient interindividual variations in the exact delineation of the STN. The aim of this study was to demonstrate variations in shape and position of the STN during life. In this anatomopathological study, a method was applied to localize the STN in reference to the anterior commissure-posterior commissure line (AC-PC line) in 12 postmortem brains of patients who died of non-neurological diseases. Their age varied from 29 to 84 years. Centers and borders of the STN were macroscopically measured in three spatial orthogonal planes in relation to the AC-PC line, and verified by light microscopy. The AC-PC distance remains almost constant during life (24.4 mm; SD 3.58). With increasing age, the center of the STN tends to move 3.9 mm cranially, 2.6 mm laterally, and 0.2 mm anteriorly. This last result also differs from the position mentioned in the stereotactic brain atlases. The form of the STN also changes. During life, the STN becomes wider in the mediolateral direction and smaller in the superior-inferior and anterior-posterior direction. The shape and spatial position of the STN also change during life. These changes should be taken into account during target determination in deep brain stimulation procedures in Parkinson's disease.     

经颅多普勒超声结合呼气末二氧化碳分压评价颅内血管狭窄患者脑血管储备功能的初步研究

目的 探讨采用经颅多普勒超声(TCD)结合呼气末二氧化碳分压(ETCO2)的方法 评价颅内血管狭窄患者脑血管储备(CVR)功能,包括脑血管扩张储备、收缩储备和整体储备功能.方法 对病例组(42例)和健康对照组(30名)进行CVR功能的检查,病例组均经TCD和(或)DSA检查发现一侧或双侧大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄,并合并其他颅内、外大动脉狭窄患者.受试者均采用DWL公司生产的Multi-Dop*4经颅多普勒超声检测仪,运用DWL公司开发的QL软件,通过外接CO2监测设备监测ETCO2.采用吸入自身CO2气体诱导高碳酸血症,过度换气诱导低碳酸血症的方法 来测定CVR功能.结果 (1)一侧MCA狭窄组的患侧[(3.65%±2.62%)/mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)]、多血管狭窄组病变较重侧[(1.99%±2.78%)/mm Hg]、对照组的扩张储备值[左侧(3.54%±1.66%)/mm Hg;右侧(3.81%±1.63%)/mm Hg]之间的差异具有统计学意义(F=3.755,P＜0.05),多血管狭窄组病变较重侧的扩张储备值明显低于对照组(t=-2.546,P＜0.05);(2)一侧MCA狭窄组的患侧[(3.22%±1.27%)/mm Hg]、多血管狭窄组病变较重侧[(2.30%±1.14%)/mm Hg]、对照组[左侧(3.19%±0.81%)/mm Hg;右侧(3.23%±0.70%)/mm Hg]的整体储备值之间的差异具有统计学意义(F=5.894,P＜0.01),多血管狭窄组病变较重侧整体储备值明显低于对照组(t=-3.357,P＜0.01);多血管狭窄组病变较重侧整体储备值低于一侧中动脉狭窄组的患侧(t=2.471,P＜0.05);(3)血管病变程度与病变较重侧的脑血管扩张储备值、整体储备值之间呈负相关,相关系数分别为r=-0.322,P＜0.05;r=-0.364,P＜0.05.结论 TCD结合ETCO2作为一种简单、方便、经济的手段可有效地用于CVR功能的评价与研究.颅内血管病变患者由于血管狭窄、闭塞、血流受阻使CVR功能降低,狭窄程度越重,脑血管的储备能力越差.

Abstract：

Objective The method transcranial Doppler (TCD)and end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure (ETCO2 ) was used to investigate the cerebrovascular reserve capacity in patients with intracranial artery stenosis.Including the cerebral vasodilator reserve,contracted reserve and the overall reserve.Methods The 72 cases were enrolled in this study,include of 42 patients with one or two sides middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis,or other intracranial artery stenosis and 30 normal persons. All the patients were routinely examined with TCD,and the TCD QL software was used to evaluate the cerebrovascular reserve. Hypercapnia was induced by inhaling the CO2 who breathed himself,and hypocapnia was induced by voluntary hyperventilation. The changes of velocities were recorded in both side of MCA,and the ETCO2 was recorded by the external measuring device. Results ( 1 ) The cerebral vasodilator reserve of one side of MCA stenosis group ( ( 3.65% ± 2. 62% )/mm Hg),the heavier side of multi-vessel stenosis group ( ( 1.99% ± 2. 78% )/mm Hg ),and normal control group ( left ( 3.54% ± 1.66% )/ mm Hg; right (3. 81% ± 1.63% )/mm Hg) had significant difference( F = 3. 755 ,P ＜ 0. 05 ). The heavier side of multivessel stenosis group' s cerebral vasodilator reserve were significantly lower than normal control group ( t =- 2. 546,P ＜ 0. 05 ). (2) The overall reserve of one side of MCA stenosis group ( ( 3.22% ± 1. 27% )/mm Hg),the heavier side of multi-vessel stenosis group( (2. 30% ± 1.14% )/mm Hg),and normal control group(left (3. 19% ±0. 81% )/mm Hg;right (3. 23% ±0. 70% )/mm Hg)had significant difference(F=5. 894,P ＜0. 01 ). The heavier side of multi-vessel stenosis group' s overall reserve were significantly lower than normal control group( t = - 3. 357,P ＜ 0. 01 ) and they were also significantly lower than one side of MCA stenosis group (t = 2.471,P ＜ 0. 05 ). (3) The extent of vascular disease correlated inveresely to the cerebral vasodilator reserve( r = - 0. 322,P ＜ 0. 05 ) and the overall reserve( r = - 0. 364,P ＜ 0. 05 ) in the heavier side of patients who have vascular disease.Conclusions ( 1 ) TCD with ETCO2 is a simple,economic and effective method for assessing CVR. (2)The capacity of cerebrovascular reserve was reduced in patients with intracranial artery stenosis.     

Characteristics of hippocampal volumes in healthy Chinese from MRI

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The volume of hippocampus has been associated with a number of disorders and would be helpful in clinical and research practice. This study provided the normal data of hippocampal volumes in a healthy Chinese sample and assessed the possible effects of age, gender and side on it. METHODS: Sixty-one normal participants with a broad age span from 6 to 82 years were enrolled in the study. The hippocampal volumes of them were obtained from oblique coronal MR images using inversion recovery (IR) sequence and normalized to adjust intersubject variation in head size. RESULTS: The corrected volume in the right side of hippocampus was 2.204-2.944 cm(3), and 2.068-2.700 cm(3) in the left. There were no statistically significant differences among different age and gender groups (p>0.05). The volume of right hippocampus was larger than that of the left side (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We presented the volume range of hippocampus in healthy Chinese on MRI in this study. No age and gender effects were found on hippocampal volumes. Side-to-side asymmetry was obtained by statistical analysis.