川菊止痛胶囊的质量标准研究

目的 建立川菊止痛胶囊质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方中柴胡、菊花进行定性鉴别。HPLC同时测定制剂中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素及甘草苷含量,色谱柱：Kromasil 100-5C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）;流动相：乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱;检测波长为280 nm;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1;进样量：10 μL。结果 薄层色谱斑点清晰且阴性样品无干扰。甘草苷、黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷及汉黄芩素分别在10.7~107 μg·mL^-1、12.12~121.2 μg·mL^-1、11.2~112 μg·mL^-1、10.02~100.2 μg·mL^-1、10.32~103.2 μg·mL^-1内线性关系良好,精密度、重复性、稳定性试验RSD均<1.8%,加样回收率分别为98.34%~101.77%（RSD=1.28%,n=6）、98.69%~101.36%（RSD=1.01%,n=6）、98.46%~101.06%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）、98.67%~101.33%（RSD=1.17%,n=6）、98.43%~100.79%（RSD=0.92%,n=6）。结论 本研究建立的质量标准方法准确、简便,可用于川菊止痛胶囊的质量控制,且所建立的菊花、柴胡薄层鉴别方法可供其他含有二药的复方标准建立作参考。     

糖足颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立糖足颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对糖足颗粒中的黄芪、防己、当归3味主要中药进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法对其主药赤芍中的芍药苷进行含量测定。结果 定性鉴别分离度好,专属性强;芍药苷在0.504~5.040 μg内线性关系良好,r=0.999 8(n=6),平均回收率为97.74%,RSD为0.72%(n=6)。结论 本法可靠,准确,专属性强,可有效控制糖足颗粒的质量。     

医院制剂感冒颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立医院制剂感冒颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对黄芩、黄柏、柴胡进行薄层鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定黄芩苷的含量,色谱柱为Agilent HC-C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸（43：57）,流速为1.0 ml/min,柱温30℃,检测波长为280 nm。结果 黄芩、黄柏、柴胡的薄层色谱图均斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;黄芩苷在1.81~72.40 μg/ml范围内浓度与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,平均回收率为98.55%,RSD为1.91%（n=9）。结论 本研究建立的鉴别方法重现性更好,确定了黄芩苷的含量测定方法,增强了该制剂质量的可控性。     

蒲地蓝消炎片定性定量研究

目的 对蒲地蓝消炎片进行定性定量方法研究。方法 对处方中的黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根4味药材采用显微或TLC进行鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩中有效成分黄芩苷的含量,C₁₈色谱柱,流动相：甲醇-水-磷酸（47:53:0.2）为流动相,检测波长280 nm,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1。结果 在薄层色谱中可检出黄芩、蒲公英、苦地丁、板蓝根,含量测定中黄芩苷进样量在5.008～100.16 µg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);黄芩苷的加样回收率为98.87%,RSD为0.95%(n=9)。结论 本方法操作简单,受外界干扰因素少,重现性好,可用于蒲地蓝消炎片的质量控制。     

开胸顺气胶囊质量标准研究

目的 建立开胸顺气胶囊的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对开胸顺气胶囊中的橙皮苷进行定性鉴别,HPLC测定开胸顺气胶囊中氢溴酸槟榔碱的含量。结果 定性鉴别结果斑点清晰圆整,分离度好,阴性无干扰,易于鉴别;氢溴酸槟榔碱在81.55~1 957.2 μg内线性关系良好(r=1.000),平均回收率为100.6%,RSD为0.88%(n=9)。结论 本法可靠、准确、专属性强,可为开胸顺气胶囊的质量控制提供参考。     

银桂抗炎合剂质量标准研究

目的 建立银桂抗炎合剂的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对制剂中的丹参、紫花地丁进行定性鉴别,采用HPLC对主要有效成分盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。结果 丹参、紫花地丁的薄层色谱法鉴别专属性强,阴性无干扰;含量测定结果显示,盐酸小檗碱浓度在7.80~78.00 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 3）内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率为98.09%（n=6）,RSD=1.09%。结论 本方法简便、专属性强,重复性好,可用于银桂抗炎合剂的质量控制。     

复方川芎滴丸的质量控制研究

目的 建立复方川芎滴丸的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对复方中当归、川芎进行了定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对当归、川芎中阿魏酸进行了定量测定。结果 薄层色谱分离度好;阿魏酸在0.001～0.100 mg/mL 与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为102.06%,RSD 值为2.25%（n=6）。结论 所建立的方法准确可靠,灵敏度高,专属性强,可有效控制复方川芎滴丸的质量。     

实脾消水凝胶贴膏的薄层色谱鉴别和含量测定研究

目的 建立实脾消水凝胶贴膏的薄层色谱鉴别和含量测定方法。方法 采用薄层色谱法（TLC）对制剂中的黄芪、车前子、莪术、桂枝、猪苓、预知子进行鉴别；采用超高效液相色谱‐串联质谱法（UPLC-MS）对制剂中君药黄芪所含成分黄芪甲苷进行含量测定。结果 TLC鉴别图斑点清晰，分离度好，阴性对照无干扰；黄芪甲苷的质量浓度在2.75～33 μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9，n=6)，精密度、重复性、稳定性实验的RSD<3%，平均加样回收率为100.49%（RSD=1.98%，n=6）。结论 本研究所建立的方法准确可靠、专属性强，可用于实脾消水凝胶贴膏的质量控制。     

复方黑参颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立复方黑参颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用TLC法对复方黑参颗粒中玄参和射干进行定性鉴别,应用HPLC法同时测定肉桂酸、射干苷和次野鸢尾黄素的含量,色谱柱为Kromasil C₁₈柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈（A）-0.1%磷酸（B）水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;柱温30℃,检测波长270 nm;流速1.0 ml/min。结果 采用TLC法对玄参和射干进行定性鉴别具有良好的专属性,阴性对照无干扰。肉桂酸、射干苷、次野鸢尾黄素分别在16.22~113.57 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）、48.19~337.34 μg/ml（r=0.999 8）、16.40~114.80 μg/ml（r=0.999 9）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.23%、98.82%、99.17%。结论 本实验建立的方法快速、简便、重复性好,可用于复方黑参颗粒的质量标准控制。     

珍母丸质量标准研究

目的 建立珍母丸的质量标准。方法 采用显微鉴别方法对枸杞子、珍珠母的显微鉴别进行描述，采用薄层色谱法对香附、山茱萸、赤芍进行定性鉴别；采用HPLC测定赤芍中芍药苷的含量，色谱柱为Accurasil C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm），以乙腈-0.2%磷酸溶液（15∶85）为流动相，流速为1.0 mL·min^-1，检测波长为230 nm，进样量为10 μL。结果 显微、薄层色谱有较强的专属性，赤芍中芍药苷在0.193~2.415 μg内线性关系良好（r=0.999 5），平均回收率为101.56%，RSD为1.45%（n=6）。结论 本方法操作简便，重复性好，可作为珍母丸的质量控制方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.