注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的：比较注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）临床亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。方法：将符合DSM—Ⅳ ADHD诊断标准的男童70例分为注意障碍为主型（PI）44例，以多动／冲动为主型（HI）6例、混合型（CT）20例，采用儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）比较各亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。结果：ADHD组行为问题发生率（48．57％）明显高于对照组（12．70％），P〈0．01；ADHD各亚型行为问题发生率存在统计学差异（P〈0．01）。混合型最高；ADHD亚型与对照组CBCL因子分的4组间比较显示分裂性、强迫性、体诉、多动、攻击性、违纪因子及CBCL总分存在统计学差异；分裂性因子PI〉HI，攻击性因子CT，HI〉PI，违纪因子HI〉PI，CT。结论：ADHD男童行为问题发生率高于正常儿童，其中混合型行为问题发生率最高；ADHD临床亚型行为问题特点不同。     

性早熟女童智力、自我意识和行为问题分析

目的:探讨性早熟对女童智力、自我意识、行为问题有无影响.方法:采用瑞文标准推理测验对35例特发性真性早熟女童及正常女童测定智力,同时采用Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表测定自我意识(PHCSS),Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)进行行为评定.结果:①性早熟女童的平均智商(120.8±14.5)显著高于对照组(109.2±19.9);②性早熟女童自我意识总分、行为、躯体外貌与属性三项得分显著低于对照组;③性早熟女童在抑郁、社交退缩、体诉、攻击性、内向因子、外向因子方面得分高于对照组,差异显著.结论:性早熟女童的智力水平高于正常女童;性早熟女童的自我意识低于正常女童;性早熟女童存在抑郁、社交退缩、体诉、违纪、攻击性等行为问题.     

血肿肿瘤儿童及其家庭心理状况

目的：了解住院血液肿瘤儿童及其家长的心理状况。方法：采用艾森克人格问卷（儿童）（EPQ）、Achenbach儿童行为评定量表（CBCL），对57例住院血液肿瘤儿童进行个性、行为心理测试；采用90项症状自评量表（SCL－90）对其家长进行心理卫生状况调查。结果：血液肿瘤患儿E质个性低于对照组（P＜0．05A）。行为问题发生率为21．1％，男孩多有交往不良、躯体诉述、违纪，女孩表现为抑郁、社会退缩。血液肿瘤组家长各项因子分均高于对照组（P＜0．01）。患儿的问题与家长的心理卫生状况有显著的相关性。结论：血液肿瘤儿童及家长－这一特殊群体的心理状况应引起高度重视，制订综合的治疗方案是提高生命质量的关键。     

SOS儿童村儿童与单亲家庭和完整家庭儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的:探讨SOS儿童村儿童的心理行为状况及其相关因素。方法:以在某市SOS儿童村至少入住1年以上的8～16岁汉族儿童61人(SOS组)为研究对象,方便选取SOS儿童村儿童就读较集中的小学和中学各一所,选取年龄和性别相匹配的单亲家庭和完整家庭儿童各61人为对照组(分别简称为单亲组和完整组),采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavioral Checklist,CBCL)、Achenbach教师报告表(Teacher's Report Form,TRF)及自制一般情况调查表进行评定。结果:(1)SOS组儿童TRF行为问题检出率高于完整组儿童(37.7%vs.3.3%,P0.001)。三组儿童的CBCL行为问题检出率差异无统计学意义(11.5%,24.6%,16.4%,P=0.156)。(2)SOS组男童TRF的社交问题、注意、违纪、攻击、外化性问题分和总分均高于完整组同龄男童(如,总分30.83vs.12.67,P0.01),违纪分高于单亲组同龄男童(32.33vs.19.83,P0.01),退缩分低于单亲组同龄男童(16.87vs.33.33,P0.001)。8～11岁SOS组男童CBCL的分裂样、抑郁、强迫性、社交退缩、攻击性分及总分均低于单亲组同龄男童(如,总分15.70vs.30.80,P0.01);SOS组女童与单亲组和完整组女童CBCL各项行为问题因子分及总分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)回归分析结果显示儿童有数个好朋友、学业成绩良好是其行为问题的保护因素,生活在非完整家庭是儿童行为问题的危险因素(B=-1.356～1.947)。结论:SOS儿童村是一种较好的抚养孤儿的方式。SOS儿童村男童Achenbach教师报告表行为问题较突出,女童行为表现较适切。儿童行为问题与其学业表现、同伴关系及家庭环境等因素有关。     

学龄期儿童社会能力和适应行为的分析

目的初步探讨学龄期儿童社会能力和适应行为特点。方法在南昌市6～16岁儿童中随机抽取228名儿童,采用徐韬园教授的Achenbach`s儿童行为量表(CBCL)(家长用)和学龄期儿童适应行为评定量表(家长版)进行测评。结果男女儿童社会能力和适应技能没有显著差异(t=1.481,-1.554,-0.991,-1.746,-1.065,-0.794,-0.470,-1.931;P0.05);男女儿童行为问题总粗分没有显著差异(t=1.250,P0.05),就具体行为问题因子而言,多动(χ2=8.216,P=0.008)、违纪(χ2=6.493,P=0.024)、攻击性(χ2=5.298,P=0.043)男童明显多于女童,抑郁(χ2=31.002,P=0.000)、体述(χ2=8.016,P=0.008)女童明显多于男童。结论男女儿童社会能力和适应行为没有显著的差异,但都存在一些行为问题。     

不同攻击受害类型农村儿童的社交行为和同伴关系

目的：比较不同攻击受害类型农村儿童的同伴关系、退缩和社交焦虑之间的差异。方法：用同伴提名问卷等对774名农村儿童进行测试并分类比较。结果：攻击性受害、普通受害和普通攻击儿童占总样本的比例分别为4．2％、10．5％和8．5％，各类别男女生和年级分布差异显著，与正常对照儿童相比，攻击性受害儿童的退缩、同伴拒绝高，同样接受低，普通受害儿童的退缩、社交焦虑、同伴拒绝高。结论：攻击性受害儿童的同伴关系最差，有显著的退缩表现，普通受害儿童有最多的退缩和社交焦虑问题。     

精神分裂症子女个性行为特征的对照研究

目的 探索材神分裂症子女的个性和行为特征。方法 分别用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)和Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)，对研究组53例精神分裂症子女，对照组50例正常儿童评定。结果 两组儿童EPQ各项因子分无显著差异，在CBCL分析中，研究组退缩、社交问题和内向因子分显著高于对照组。研究组男童焦虑抑郁，女童躯体主诉分值也显著高于对照组。结论 精神分裂症子女个性无异常。存在有内向，退缩．社交困难等行为问题．应对其早期干预。     

经典文化教育对小学生行为方式影响的对照研究

目的了解经典文化教育对小学生行为方式的影响作用。方法采用儿童行为量表（CBCL）时诵读经典组和对照组分别进行测试。结果结果显示,男生在社交退缩方面诵读经典组和对照组之间存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）;在抑郁、交往不良、攻击性和违纪行为方面存在差异（P〈0．05）;女生组在社交退缩方面诵读经典组和对照组存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）;在抑郁方面存在差异（P〈0．05）。结论经典文化教育对小学生养成良好的行为习惯有一定的影响作用。开展经典文化教育具有现实意义。     

蒙汉族学龄儿童双差生心理健康状况调查

用Ａｃｈｅｎｂａｃｈ儿童行为量表对内蒙古呼和浩特市地区与临近牧区的蒙、汉族７￣１１岁龄双差生各１５０名，进行心理健康状况调查，结果表明，蒙、汉族儿童双差生心理问题检出率均高（分别为５５％与６７％），而蒙、汉族对照，两组检出阳性者在性别比例上无显著差异，同组对照则男性大于女性。在攻击、违纪、多动、忧郁、体诉、社交退缩等项中有显著性差异。前三项蒙族组大于汉族组（尤以男孩为著），后三项汉族组大于蒙族组（     

中国26市（县）4～6岁儿童行为问题的现况调查

目的:描述我国4～6岁儿童行为问题现状,比较儿童行为问题地区分布差异并给出不同地区儿童行为问题检核表(Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)内向性、外向性得分及CBCL总分的高危和临床界值的参考值.方法:2000年12月-2001年9月,采用分层随机抽样的方法,完成我国北方农村、南方农村和南方城市26市县9123名4～6岁儿童CBCL测试,9089份合格问卷纳入分析.结果:与1989年全国常模相比,4～5岁男童抑郁、攻击、违纪和4～5岁女童抑郁、攻击、多动、退缩、分裂样、肥胖因子异常率(2.9%～13.0%)均高于常模水平(均P<0.05),6岁男女童所有因子行为异常率均未超过常模水平(均P>0.05).内向性、外向性问题严重程度均呈北方农村＜南方农村＜南方城市的趋势,且多数因子分的高危界值和(或)临床界值也呈北方农村＜南方农村＜南方城市的趋势.结论:本研究发现提示不同地区的儿童行为、内向性、外向性问题的严重程度有不同,南方城市最为严重,南方农村次之,北方农村最轻;给出了北方农村、南方农村和南方城市4～6岁儿童CBCL内向性、外向性得分和总分的高危和临床界值的参考值.     

Changes in nutritional status of children and adolescents in Shandong,China from 1995 to 2005

Background: Nutritional status of children and adolescents has long been known to be a determinant of health and disease; both obesity and underweight are associated with health consequences. However, no studies have been reported on changes in nutritional status of children and adolescents in Shandong, China.

Aim: The present study assessed the changes in nutritional status of children and adolescents in Shandong Province from 1995 to 2005.

Subjects and methods: Data used derived from two national surveys on students' constitution and health carried out by the government in 1995 and 2005 in Shandong Province, China. Increments of stature, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and haemoglobin (Hb) for children and adolescents aged 7, 9, 12, 14 and 17 years were reported. Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity were obtained according to the screening criteria of underweight, overweight and obesity for Chinese students using BMI and prevalence of anaemia was obtained according to the WHO criteria.

Results: Means of stature, body weight, BMI and Hb for both boys and girls surveyed in 2005 were significantly higher than 1995 values. The range of increments of stature and body weight for adolescents aged 7, 9, 12, 14 and 17 years were 1.95–3.66 cm and 2.21–6.25 kg for boys and 1.40–2.91 cm and 1.48–3.10 kg for girls. In the past 10 years, rates of overweight and obesity increased, while underweight was not as evident: for overweight from 7.95% (boys) and 5.21% (girls) in 1995 to 13.62% (boys) and 8.25% (girls) in 2005; and for obesity from 3.48% (boys) and 2.07% (girls) in 1995 to 11.17% (boys) and 5.64% (girls) in 2005. The rate of anaemia decreased, from 19.99% (boys) and 23.43% (girls) in 1995 to 10.28% (boys) and 13.07% (girls) in 2005.

Conclusion: The nutritional status of children and adolescents has shown some improvement, although prevalence of overweight and obesity increased significantly during the 10-year period. Concerted efforts should be made to appropriately control the prevalence of overweight and obesity.     

Growth status of children 6-12 years from two different geographic regions of Mexico

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: The purposes of the study are to assess the growth status of urban Mexican children living in different geographic areas of the country, to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and to explore secular trends in body size. DESIGN: Cross-sectional surveys of 293 children 6-11 years from Sonora in the north-west of the country (155 boys, 138 girls), and 356 children 7-12 years from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast (194 boys, 162 girls) were undertaken in 1992 and 1993, respectively. PROCEDURES: Height and weight were measured; the body mass index (BMI, kg m(-2)) was calculated. Growth status was compared to USA reference data and to samples of Mexican children in 1926 and 1975. The prevalence of overweight (BMI > or = 85th and < 95th percentiles) and obesity (BMI > or = 95th percentile) was estimated. RESULTS: Girls and boys from Sonora and Veracruz do not differ in height, weight and the BMI. Mean heights are at (girls) or below (boys) the medians of USA growth charts, while mean weights are at (boys) or just below (girls) the 75th percentiles at most ages. As a result, mean BMIs are above (boys) and below (girls) the 75th percentiles over the age range studied. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is 40% in boys and 35% in girls, whereas the prevalence of obesity per se is 23% in boys and 17% in girls. Compared to urban Mexican children in the Federal District surveyed in 1926, children in the present sample are taller and heavier, but the secular trend in body weight is more pronounced since the mid-1960s. Heights of the current samples are similar to those of well-off children in Mexico City in the early 1970s, but weights are heavier. CONCLUSIONS: The gap in height between well-off and lower socioeconomic status children in different regions of Mexico has been reduced, but there is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.     

Growth status of children 6-12 years from two different geographic regions of Mexico

Primary objectives : The purposes of the study are to assess the growth status of urban Mexican children living in different geographic areas of the country, to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, and to explore secular trends in body size. Design : Cross-sectional surveys of 293 children 6-11 years from Sonora in the north-west of the country (155 boys, 138 girls), and 356 children 7-12 years from Veracruz on the Gulf Coast (194 boys, 162 girls) were undertaken in 1992 and 1993, respectively. Procedures : Height and weight were measured; the body mass index (BMI, kg m -2 ) was calculated. Growth status was compared to USA reference data and to samples of Mexican children in 1926 and 1975. The prevalence of overweight (BMI &#83 85th and < 95th percentiles) and obesity (BMI &#83 95th percentile) was estimated. Results : Girls and boys from Sonora and Veracruz do not differ in height, weight and the BMI. Mean heights are at (girls) or below (boys) the medians of USA growth charts, while mean weights are at (boys) or just below (girls) the 75th percentiles at most ages. As a result, mean BMIs are above (boys) and below (girls) the 75th percentiles over the age range studied. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is 40% in boys and 35% in girls, whereas the prevalence of obesity per se is 23% in boys and 17% in girls. Compared to urban Mexican children in the Federal District surveyed in 1926, children in the present sample are taller and heavier, but the secular trend in body weight is more pronounced since the mid-1960s. Heights of the current samples are similar to those of well-off children in Mexico City in the early 1970s, but weights are heavier. Conclusions : The gap in height between well-off and lower socioeconomic status chidren in different regions of Mexico has been reduced, but there is an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.     

Overweight and obesity in affluent school children of Punjab

In the present cross-sectional study, an attempt has been made to report the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-going children of the affluent families of Punjab. A total of 1000 children (490 boys and 510 girls) were measured for height and weight. Overweight and obesity were assessed using age and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. In the present study, 12.24% boys and 14.31% girls were overweight, and 5.92% boys and 6.27% girls were obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the affluent school children of Punjab was as high or higher as in some developed countries.     

Overweight and obesity in affluent school children of Punjab

In the present cross-sectional study, an attempt has been made to report the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school-going children of the affluent families of Punjab. A total of 1000 children (490 boys and 510 girls) were measured for height and weight. Overweight and obesity were assessed using age and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. In the present study, 12.24% boys and 14.31% girls were overweight, and 5.92% boys and 6.27% girls were obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the affluent school children of Punjab was as high or higher as in some developed countries.     

1985年来北京市中小学生健康水平变化趋势

目的分析北京市中小学生1985至2005年生长发育水平、体质状况和肥胖检出率的变化趋势,并分析肥胖相关慢性病的罹患现状。方法分析数据来源于2010年北京统计年鉴、1985至2005年中国学生体质与健康调研报告、北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征研究和北京学龄儿童高血压现患调查。以身高、体重和胸围反映体格生长发育水平;肺活量、50m跑用时、肺活量指数作为体质状况评价的指标。分析北京市学龄儿童1985至2005年生长发育水平、体质状况和肥胖率的变化趋势。结果①男女性体重增速远高于身高的增速,胸围增速略高于体重,BMI呈现持续增长趋势。不论男女性,身高、体重和胸围的每5年平均增速乡村均高于城区、男性高于女性,BMI增幅的城乡差别不明显。②2005至2009年人均GDP年平均增速为14.0%,1985年北京市中小学生男女性肥胖率分别为0.7%和0.6%,2010年分别为17.1%和11.9%,肥胖率年平均增速分别为13.2%和12.2%。③2005年男性在13岁前、女性在12岁前肺活量与2000年较接近,之后呈下降趋势,特别是女性12岁以后肺活量下降趋势更为明显。不论男女性,2005年肺活量指数均较2000年明显下降。1985至1995年男女性50m跑用时总体上呈缩短趋势,1995至2005年呈延长趋势。结论 1985至2005年北京市人均GDP快速增长的同时,中小学生的生长发育水平呈快速上升趋势,但体质状况呈下降趋势,肥胖及相关慢性病患病率快速增高。     

广州越秀区7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症现状调查

目的了解越秀区7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症的流行现状及其变化趋势,为预防及控制单纯性肥胖症提供科学依据。方法分层整群抽样越秀区7岁以下儿童4737名,身高别体重大于WHO推荐参照人群的10%~19%为超重,20%以上为肥胖。结果总超重检出率为6.06%(男6.67%,女5.28%),肥胖检出率为2.28%(男3.10%,女1.38%),肥胖超重比2.66(男2.15,女3.82),0~2岁儿童肥胖超重比为8.33。男童超重及肥胖检出率显著高于女童(P<0.05);3~6岁组儿童肥胖检出率2.93%,显著高于0~2岁组儿童的0.48%(P<0.01),3~6岁儿童肥胖率随年龄增加而显著增加(P<0.01)。结论越秀区7岁以下男童超重、肥胖检出率明显高于女童;3~6岁儿童肥胖率随年龄的增加而显著增加,0~2岁儿童肥胖症呈快速上升趋势。     

Clinical presentation of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a function of the gender

Results from studies comparing boys and girls diagnosed as having Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been non conclusive. In general, the results of such studies report boys as being more hyperactive and presenting more conduct problems, and girls as having more cognitive and learning problems. The aim of this study was to collect information about the characterization of the disorder depending on the gender. 169 children (123 males, 46 females), between 4 and 13 years of age with ADHD were studied. The assessment battery included Conners' rating scales-Revised for parents and teachers, short forms of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R), academic achievement measures, developmental history and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV Version-Parents (DISC-IV). The results indicated the lack of significant differences between genders for the studied variables, ADHD boys and girls scored alike in the various behavioral and cognitive measures. The results presented describe homogeneity in the symptoms, demographic characteristics and neuropsychological functioning for children of both genders; suggesting a syndrome with the same criteria and independent of the gender.     

Changes in central fatness and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents from Cracow,Poland 1983–2000

Abstract

Background: In the light of the world increase of overall and abdominal obesity, little is known about the trends in abdominal obesity and its prevalence in Poland, a country which at the end of 20th underwent a socio-economic transformation that conduced to obesogenic environments.

Aim: The study traced the trends and prevalence of abdominal obesity in two successive cohorts of children and adolescents from Cracow, Poland between 1983 and 2000.

Subjects and methods: The data examined in this study were from two series of cross-sectional studies; the first in 1983 included 3252 boys and 3288 girls, and the second in 2000 included 2409 boys and 2093 girls aged 4–20. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were applied to assess the type of fat distribution.

Results: Means of WC and WHtR were higher in juvenile but lower in childhood and late adolescence periods in boys and girls from the 2000 cohort as compared to the 1983 one. The prevalence of abdominal obesity in Cracow children examined in 1983 was 3.9% for boys and 2.4% for girls, and in 2000 was 6.4% and 3.1%, respectively (in boys: χ² = 16.03, p = 0.0001; in girls: χ² = 1.90, p = 0.1684).

Conclusions: The 1983–2000 trend towards increasing prevalence of abdominal obesity in children and adolescents from Cracow is not as intensive as in other European countries, e.g. Britain, but it requires further monitoring.     

Prevalence of Thinness,Overweight, Obesity,and Central Obesity in Finnish School-Aged Children: A Comparison of National and International Reference Values

IntroductionThe global epidemic of obesity concerns children, and monitoring the prevalence is of highest priority. Body mass index (BMI) with age- and sex-specific cutoff values determines weight status in children, although multiple reference systems exist. Our aim was to compare the prevalence for thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity in Finnish school-aged children according to national and international reference values, as well as to determine which cutoff values for overweight agree with the criteria for central obesity.MethodsThis study includes 10,646 children aged 9–12 years from the Finnish Health in Teens cohort. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in 2011–2014. BMI (weight [kg]/height [m]²) and the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; waist [cm]/height [cm]) were calculated. The WHtR cutoff of >0.5 indicated central obesity. We compared the sex-specific prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), World Health Organization (WHO) and Finnish (FIN) BMI-for-age reference values, as well as these three against central obesity based on the WHtR.ResultsThe prevalence of thinness, overweight, and obesity were 11.0%, 12.7%, and 2.6%, respectively, using IOTF; 2.6%, 15.9%, and 5.2% using WHO; and 5.1%, 11.4%, and 2.2% using FIN. Overweight and obesity were more common in boys than girls using WHO and FIN, while thinness was more common in girls using IOTF and FIN. IOTF versus WHO exhibited moderate agreement (κ = 0.59), which improved for IOTF versus FIN (κ = 0.74). Of those classified as overweight by WHO, 37% and 47% were regarded as normal weight according to IOTF and FIN, respectively. The prevalence of central obesity was 8.7%, and it was more common in boys than girls. WHO provided the highest sensitivity: 95% of individuals with central obesity were classified with overweight or obesity. Using FIN provided the highest specificity (93%).ConclusionOur findings show that WHO overestimates the prevalence of overweight and obesity, while IOTF overrates thinness. Thus, comparing prevalence rates between studies requires caution. The novelty of this study is the comparison of the cutoff values for overweight with central obesity. The choice of reference system affects the generalizability of the research results.