Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术后的临床应用

目的观察喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能的效果。方法回顾性分析1994年9月～2003年8月15例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料。结果15例患者中12例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术，10例手术成功(10／12，83．33％)；3例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术，其中2例手术成功，两种术式的总成功率为80％(12／15)。Ⅰ期手术失败2例，与气管食管壁分离过多有关；Ⅱ期手术失败1例，系环咽肌切断不完全所致。结论喉全切除术后应用Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能是一种有效的发声重建方法，环咽肌切断及保留气管食管壁的完整是手术成功的美键。     

影响Blom-Singer发音管发声质量的原因分析

目的 了解影响Blom-Singer发音管发声障碍的各种相关因素。方法 回顾性分析1996年4月～2006年10月108例喉全切除术后行Blom-Singer发音管重建喉发声功能患者的临床资料,其中施行Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术96例,Ⅱ期Blom Singer发声重建术12例,并对其发声效果进行追踪观察。结果 96例行Ⅰ期发音管重建术中,22例发声质量差（22/96,23%）;12例行Ⅱ期发音管重建术中,8例发声质量差（8/12,67%）。两种术式的总失败率为（30/108,28%）。结论 Ⅰ期Blom-Singer发声重建术较Ⅱ期Blom-Singer发声重建术成功率高。术后发声质量的效果与环咽肌的处理、气管食管壁的完整性、气管造瘘口的大小、咽瘘、食管下咽腔狭窄及肺功能等因素密切相关。     

咽食管括约肌切开术在喉全切除术后发音重建中的作用

目的：探讨咽食管括约肌切开术对减少咽食管括约肌失弛缓对喉全切除术后安装Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的影响。方法：喉全切除术后，咽食管括约肌收缩或是痉挛都会不同程度地影响食管的气流并阻碍发音。咽食管括约肌的解剖位置是环咽肌以及其上的下咽缩肌的一部分和颈段食管上段的一部分。手术操作是在喉全切除术中、术后于气管造瘘口外上方切除长5cm，宽1cm的咽食管括约肌。结果：33例喉全切除术的患者进行咽食管括约肌切开术后有32例发音成功，发音重建的成功率是97％。其中包括12例喉全切除术中I期进行环咽肌切开术，21例是Ⅱ期进行咽食管括约肌切开术的，后者又有9例是安装Blom-Singer发音管后发音不能再行咽食管括约肌切开术的。患者3年存活25例，5年存活18例。同期行喉全切除术和咽食管括约肌切开术的12例患者，Kaplan-Meier法统计3年生存率81．82％，5年生存率42．86％。结论：咽食管括约肌切开术能提高Blom-Singer发音管发音重建的成功率。     

全喉切除安装Blom－Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：为无喉患者重建发音功能。方法：常规全喉切除后，切开咽缩肌在气管后壁做一长4mm横切口，切透气管食管间膜部，形成一气管瘘道，将Blom-Singer发音管安置在瘘道中，用手指堵压气管造口，即可发音。结果：31例中25例能发音，成功率为80．65％，发音音质好，流畅，时值长，最长者已3年，无需更换发音管。发音仍十分满意。结论：该手术是一种效果令人满意的全喉切除发音重建方法。     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer法发音重建术并发症分析及处理

目的 探讨喉全切除术后安放Blom-Singer发音管发音重建术的并发症及处理策略。方法 回顾性分析1986年11月—2004年6月期间151例喉全切除术后患者安装Blom—Singer发音管的临床资料。结果 所有病例均随访6个月～15年。151例中，138例获得满意的发音效果，发音总成功率91．4％；出现并发症15例，发生率9．9％，其中造口肉芽增生6例，4例行激光切除，2例三氯醋酸烧灼去除，其中有2例发音失败；早期感染2例且并发咽后壁脓肿，其中1例累及上纵隔，均经局部切开负压引流及应用抗生素治愈；2例管周漏液，取出发音管一段时间后，造口缩窄，重新置入发音管；发音管脱落2例，重新置入；造口狭窄1例，行造口扩大术得以解决；发音管食管端鸭嘴部真菌生长1例，制霉菌素清洗，后更换发音管；误吸1例，封闭造口后患吸入性肺炎。15例并发症中成功治疗12例，余3例发音失败。结论 气管食管穿刺安放Blom-Singer发音管帮助喉全切除患者恢复语言功能，并发症少，成功率高，发声质量好，目前已成为一种最常用的手术方法。     

喉全切除术后Blom-Singer发音管的临床应用

目的：分析Blom-Singer发音管在喉全切除术患者中的应用效果。方法：1995－1999年期间为18例因喉癌行喉全切除的患者安装了气管食管发音管，12例行一期发声重建术，6例行二期发声重建术，全部采用Blom-Singer发音管，结果：本组病例均随访3－5年，无死亡，本组成功者14例，成功率为77．8％，带管时间8－19月不等，平均为12月，换管次数最多的为6次。无严重并发症，失败者均为二期手术者，结论：凡喉全切除术者均可行一期发声重建术，二期手术的适应症必须严格控制，应重视术后发声训练，对于食管发声无效的喉全切除患者，气管食管发声重建术是一种有效的补充方法，能提高生活质量。     

应用人工发音钮发声重建78例报告

本文将因喉癌喉切除术后应用人工发音钮发声重建术７８例的临床资料进行分析,其中一期安放６６例,发音成功率９５．７％;二期手术１２例,发音成功率５０．０％。手术气管造瘘直径大于２０ｍｍ,按放发音钮采用横切口,且与发音钮的通气管直径大小相同,可减少并发症,提高发音成功率。不发音者其原因考虑为：①环咽肌和咽缩肌痉挛;②术中下咽粘膜和食管粘膜切除过多,术后咽腔和食管狭窄;③高龄和体弱患者。本手术方法简便易行,几乎所有喉全切除患者均可采用此技术,发音亦可保持原有的方言特点。     

鸭嘴型硅胶发音管全喉切除术后发音重建

１９８６～１９９３年采用食管镜下气管食管间造瘘植入鸭嘴型硅胶发音管的方法为全喉切除术后患者行发音重建４３例，其中二期完成４０例，一期完成３例。１９８６～１９８９年间１２例中７例（５８．３％）获得满意声音。１９９０年以后对部分患者行环咽肌切断术、环状软骨切除术，并以食管吹气发音试验进行术前训练，完成３１例（其中３例全喉切除术同期完成发音重建），２９例（９３．３％）获满意声音。未见严重并发症。     

应用人工发音钮发声重建78例报告

本文将因喉癌喉切除术后应用人工发音钮发声重建术78例的临床资料进行分析，其中一期安放66例，发音成功率95．7％；二期手术12，发音成功率50．0％。手术气管造瘘直径大于20mm，按放发音钮采用横切口，且与发音钮的通气管直径大小相同，可减少并发症，提高发音成功率。不发音者其原因考虑为（1）环咽肌和咽缩肌痉挛；（2）术中下咽粘膜和食管粘膜切除过多，术后咽腔和食管狭窄；（3）高龄和体弱患者。本手术方法简便易行，几乎所有喉全切除患者均可采用此技术，发音亦可保持原有的方言特点。     

自体脂肪注射治疗气管食管间造瘘口周围漏

喉全切除术后经气管食管造瘘(tracheoeso—phageal puncture，TEP)置发声管已被广泛应用，然而，无论应用哪种发声管均会产生不少远期严重并发症。本研究对10例TEP术后成功获得发声能力而发声管周围漏的患者采用发声管周围自体脂肪注射治疗，并对短期疗效和长期随访结果进     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.