41例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁Ⅰ期手术治疗

目的 探讨先天性食管闭锁Ⅰ期根治手术治疗的效果.方法 1994年11月至2008年6月收治先天性食管闭锁113例,其中接受Ⅰ期根治术41例,均为Ⅲ型,其中B型38例,A型3例.手术治疗率36.28%(41/113例).手术先行胃造瘘术,后行食管闭锁根治术.结果 术后近、远期死亡6例,死亡率14.63%(6/41例).长期生存35例.2007年以后手术12例全部生存.术后常见并发症包括吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘.吻合口狭窄行食管扩张术治愈.吻合口瘘5例,放弃治疗死亡2例,再次手术2例,保守治愈1例.结论 手术治疗先天性食管闭锁疗效肯定,吻合口瘘是死亡高风险因子,但不是决定因素.提高手术疗效的关键在于早诊早冶,加强围术期监护.     

食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗

目的总结食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗经验。方法149例食管腐蚀伤患者,除7例行保守治疗外,其余142例采用外科手术治疗(其中11例在我科行2次手术)。采用改良食管腔内置管28例,于腐蚀伤后6个月行食管重建术96例(结肠代食管71例、胃代食管25例),颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管局限性狭窄或吻合口狭窄17例,其他手术12例。结果7例保守治疗的患者中死亡2例,余5例Ⅰ度烧伤患者未形成瘢痕狭窄。手术治疗142例中,行结肠代食管术患者死亡5例,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例,颈部吻合口狭窄8例,脓胸1例。改良食管腔内置管28例,23例成功,再狭窄5例经再次手术或食管扩张治愈。存活患者均恢复正常进食。结论改良食管腔内置管可预防食管瘢痕狭窄;食管狭窄位于主动脉弓平面及以上时,旷置瘢痕食管行结肠代食管术,而位于主动脉弓平面以下时,切除瘢痕食管采用胃代食管术重建食管;颈阔肌皮瓣可用于修复颈段食管狭窄或吻合口狭窄。     

先天性食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的 总结32例先天性食管闭锁手术治疗经验。方法 手术均采用食管上盲端前壁肌层U形翻转，即经胸膜外入路充分游离食管上端及瘘管，近气管侧缝扎切断瘘管。用剪刀将远端食管前壁纵行剪开5min，吻合前距吻合口上方10min处行食管上下两端浆肌层缝合3针，然后距吻合口上方15～20min处将食管前壁肌层切开，从切开处向吻合口方向从两侧纵行切开肌层至吻合口约5mm，轻轻分离前壁肌瓣，形成U形向下翻转，缝合在食管远端浆肌层上。结果 32例中17例采用此方法未发生吻合口瘘，1例吻合口狭窄。2例成功行一期胃代食管术。结论 食管上盲端前壁肌瓣U形翻转能有效预防吻合口瘘及狭窄。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型食管闭锁采用一期胃代食管术，可避免二次手术。     

不开胸食管剥脱术在颈段食管癌中的治疗价值

目的探讨不开胸食管剥脱术治疗颈段食管癌的效果。方法自1995年7月至2004年12月对21例颈段食管癌患者行不开胸食管剥脱术并Ⅰ期行胃咽吻合或胃食管端侧吻合术。结果本组病人的手术切除率100%。手术后发生各类并发症8例,其中吻合口瘘3例,肺部感染3例,伤口裂开1例,气胸1例。18例患者术后有不同程度的胃液反流。1例住院期间因胃大出血死亡。除2例失访外其余患者获得随访27个月～12年,13例存活超过1年,6例存活超过3年,3例存活超过5年。结论不开胸食管剥脱术手术简单,效果满意,适用于颈段食管癌。食管剥脱术后行胃代食管者胃液反流严重,手术方式有待进一步改善。     

结肠或胃代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕性狭窄

目的总结结肠或胃代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后食管瘢痕狭窄的临床经验.方法食管腐蚀伤后食管瘢痕性狭窄患者46例,伤后1～6个月内手术41例,其中3～4个月手术28例;6个月以上5例.采用结肠代食管术43例,胃代食管术3例.结果全组无手术死亡.术后发生颈部吻合口瘘4例,吻合口狭窄2例,腹壁切口裂开1例,均治愈.随访41例,最长随访3年,除2例进软食时有哽噎感外,其余患者均能正常进食.结论采用结肠代食管术治疗食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄是一种理想的手术方法.     

胸腔镜治疗先天性食管闭锁Ⅲ型74例北大核心CSCD

目的探讨胸腔镜技术治疗先天性食管闭锁Ⅲ型的临床疗效。方法回顾2015年1月~2020年10月74例胸腔镜治疗先天性食管闭锁Ⅲ型的临床资料,年龄(2.1±2.3)d,体重(2.66±0.50)kg。早产儿20例(27.0%),产前检查提示食管闭锁16例(21.6%),合并其他疾病31例(41.9%)。均行胸腔镜气管食管瘘结扎,73例食管端端吻合,1例胃造瘘。结果66例(89.2%)完成胸腔镜手术,8例中转开胸。手术时间(178.5±68.3)min,住院时间(19.7±11.7)d,住院费用(9.8±5.6)万元。术后4例放弃治疗死亡,70例(94.6%)治愈出院。术后吻合口漏9例(12.9%),乳糜胸1例(1.4%)。术后随访1~5(2.8±1.4)年,吻合口狭窄32例(45.7%),气管食管瘘复发3例(4.3%),严重胃食管反流2例(2.9%),严重气管软化1例(1.4%)。结论胸腔镜治疗先天性食管闭锁Ⅲ型安全有效。     

食管胃瓣膜式吻合术对抗返流作用的临床研究

目的:探讨食管胃瓣膜式吻合术在下段食管癌切除术后抗吻合口反流中的作用. 方法:2009年5月至2011年5月,对31例食管下段癌行癌肿切除,食管-胃肌瓣胃腔内瓣膜式吻合术,年龄34-76岁,男25例,女6例.其中3例食管下段癌行弓上吻合,余28例均行弓下吻合.结果:全组无近期手术死亡,无明显返酸、嗳气、烧心、胸痛等返流症状发生.术后8-14天对全部患者行上消化道造影,影像学表现吻合口处极象正常人的贲门管存在,通畅无狭窄;患者倒立位,亦无造影剂返流.术后14天至1.5年对全部患者行吻合口上5cm的食管、吻合口、吻合口下5cm的胃腔内测压及食管内24小时pH的测定并行内镜检查,结果显示食管胃吻合口上方的压力明显高于吻合口下方,24小时食管pH监测结果表明不存在病理性胃食管返流,胃镜检查全部患者吻合口上方的食管粘膜清亮、光洁,无潮红、充血、糜烂、溃疡等食管炎的征象发生.结论:食管-胃肌瓣胃腔内瓣膜式吻合术是抗食管胃吻合术后吻合口返流行之有效的手术方法.     

食管闭锁的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨先天性食管闭锁的临床特点及治疗。 方法：回顾性分析食管闭锁患儿18例临床资料，其中5例放弃手术治疗，余13例均行手术治疗。 结果：13例行一期食管气管瘘结扎+食管闭锁切除端端吻合手术治疗的患者中，存活11例，4例发生吻合口狭窄，给予球囊扩张治愈；2例发生吻合口瘘，1例保守治愈，1例再次手术治愈；1例再发气管食管瘘再次手术治愈。死亡2例，分别于术后第3天和第6天死于呼吸衰竭、吻合口瘘及心衰。 结论：早期诊断、并发症的预防和积极处理是提高食管闭锁手术治疗效果的关键。     

Ⅰ型食管闭锁手术方式的选择及其疗效

目的 分析Ⅰ型食管闭锁的术后近、远期并发症及长期生活质量,以探讨其最佳治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年9月间广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的22例Ⅰ型食管闭锁患儿的临床资料.6例患儿家属放弃手术治疗,其余16例接受手术治疗,根据食管造影所判断的两盲端距离选择手术方式.2例于出生后即行一期近、远端食管端端吻合术;14例出生后行颈部食管造瘘和胃造瘘,其中8例完成二期胃管（胃）代食管吻合术,另有6例尚在等待二期手术.对上述行根治手术的10例患儿进行术后近、远期并发症、营养状况及神经发育情况评估.结果 10例根治手术患儿术后近期并发症：胸腔积液1例,吻合口瘘4例,倾倒综合征1例,吻合口狭窄1例;远期并发症：食管狭窄2例,反复呼吸道感染3例.术后随访2～62月,其中2例于随访2年后失访.按年龄别体质量,8例获随访的患儿中2例营养情况正常,5例存在轻度营养不良,1例存在中度营养不良;神经发育进程明显迟于正常儿童.结论 根据食管两侧盲端的距离来选择Ⅰ型食管闭锁的合理治疗方式,可以取得较为满意的治疗效果和长期生活质量.     

儿童食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗

目的　探讨儿童食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的预防和治疗措施。　方法　 1988年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年 5月收治食管腐蚀伤儿童 32例 ,早期采用食管扩张 3例 ,食管腔内置管 8例 ;后期采用结肠代食管 14例 ,胃代食管 5例 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复 2例。　结果　全组手术治愈 31例 ,死亡 1例 ;术后发生并发症 9例 ,其中吻合口瘘 6例 ,吻合口狭窄 2例 ,颈部瘘 1例 ,均治愈。 2 8例随访 1～ 12年 ,均恢复进普通饮食 ;3例失访。　结论　早期食管腔内置管对预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄有明显疗效 ,结肠代食管术是后期食管重建的主要手段 ,主动脉弓以下瘢痕食管可切除用胃重建 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复术是治疗颈部局限性食管狭窄的理想方法     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.