食管癌行结肠代食管术和胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期比较

本文对３３例食管癌患者行结肠代食管术及２６例行胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期情况，与围手术期相关的几个主要因素进行了比较分析。结果：结肠代食管术较胃代食管颈部吻合术．术前准备工作量大；术中肿瘤易游离切除，切除彻底；术后食管残端癌细胞阳性率低；但手术创伤大；并发症多，尤吻合口瘘发生率高；住院时间长。提出：年龄较小，体质好，肿瘤长者宜采用结肠代食管术；反之则采用胃代食管颈部吻合术。关键词：     

胸膜外入路治疗新生儿Ⅲ型食管闭锁

经胸膜外切口入路治疗新生儿Ⅲ型食管闭锁７例。按Ｗａｔｅｒｓｔｏｎ分组：Ａ组２例，Ｂ１组３例，Ｂ２组１例，Ｃ２组１例。均在胸膜上剥离胸膜，游离食管，直视下结扎远端食管支气管瘘，行食管端端减张吻合。     

胸膜外入路治疗新生儿II型食管闭锁

经胸膜外切口入路治疗新生儿ＩＩ型食管闭锁７例。按Ｗａｔｅｒｓｔｏｎ分组：Ａ组２例，Ｂ１组３例，Ｂ２组１例，Ｃ２组１例。均在胸膜外剥离胸膜，游离食管，直视下结扎远端食管支气管瘘，行食管端端减张吻合。结果：６例胸膜完整剥离，１例发生小破口经修补后完成分离。术后并发食管吻合口瘘１例，经保守治愈；食管狭窄１例，经扩张后好转。术后６例存活，１例死于肺炎、心衰。结论：新生儿胸膜虽薄却较易分离，经胸膜外入路行食管吻合，术后并发症少，生存率高。     

Ⅰ型食管闭锁手术方式的选择及其疗效

目的 分析Ⅰ型食管闭锁的术后近、远期并发症及长期生活质量,以探讨其最佳治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2012年9月间广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的22例Ⅰ型食管闭锁患儿的临床资料.6例患儿家属放弃手术治疗,其余16例接受手术治疗,根据食管造影所判断的两盲端距离选择手术方式.2例于出生后即行一期近、远端食管端端吻合术;14例出生后行颈部食管造瘘和胃造瘘,其中8例完成二期胃管（胃）代食管吻合术,另有6例尚在等待二期手术.对上述行根治手术的10例患儿进行术后近、远期并发症、营养状况及神经发育情况评估.结果 10例根治手术患儿术后近期并发症：胸腔积液1例,吻合口瘘4例,倾倒综合征1例,吻合口狭窄1例;远期并发症：食管狭窄2例,反复呼吸道感染3例.术后随访2～62月,其中2例于随访2年后失访.按年龄别体质量,8例获随访的患儿中2例营养情况正常,5例存在轻度营养不良,1例存在中度营养不良;神经发育进程明显迟于正常儿童.结论 根据食管两侧盲端的距离来选择Ⅰ型食管闭锁的合理治疗方式,可以取得较为满意的治疗效果和长期生活质量.     

食管癌行结肠代食管术和胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期比较（附59例报告）

本文对33例食管癌患者行结肠代食管术及26例行胃代食管颈部吻合术的围手术期情况，与围手术期相关的几个主要因素进行了比较分析，结果：结肠代食管术较胃代食管颈中吻合术：术前准备工作量大；术中肿瘤易游离切除，切除彻底，术后食管残端癌细胞阳性率低，但手术创伤大，并发症多，尤吻合口瘘发生率高，住院时间长，提出：年龄较小，。体质好，肿瘤长者宜采用结肠代食管术，反之则采用胃代食管颈部吻合术。     

新生儿先天性Ⅲ型食管闭锁的护理

先天性食管闭锁是新生儿消化系统的一种严重的先天性畸形 ,在国内发病率为 1 /2 0 0 0～1 /40 0 0 [1] ,男性高于女性。在其病理解剖分类中以 型最多见 ,占 85%～ 90 % [2 ]。手术是治疗本病的唯一途径 ,而患儿的一般情况及合并病变如吸入性肺炎等是影响治疗成功的关键。我科 1 996年 1月至2 0 0 0年 6月收治新生儿先天性 型食管闭锁 1 2例 ,现将护理体会介绍如下。1　临床资料1 2例中 ,男 8例、女 4例 ,入院时年龄为 1 1 h至4d,手术时年龄 1 .5～ 1 6 d;体重 1 .9～ 3 .5kg。经食管碘油造影、胸腹 X线摄片而确诊。均有不同程度的口吐泡沫…     

新生儿先天性食管闭锁伴食管气管瘘根治术的围术期处理

本院自1999年3月至2003年3月行新生儿先天性食管闭锁伴食管气管瘘根治术3例，全部存活，预后良好，现报告如下。     

41例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁Ⅰ期手术治疗

目的 探讨先天性食管闭锁Ⅰ期根治手术治疗的效果.方法 1994年11月至2008年6月收治先天性食管闭锁113例,其中接受Ⅰ期根治术41例,均为Ⅲ型,其中B型38例,A型3例.手术治疗率36.28%(41/113例).手术先行胃造瘘术,后行食管闭锁根治术.结果 术后近、远期死亡6例,死亡率14.63%(6/41例).长期生存35例.2007年以后手术12例全部生存.术后常见并发症包括吻合口狭窄、吻合口瘘.吻合口狭窄行食管扩张术治愈.吻合口瘘5例,放弃治疗死亡2例,再次手术2例,保守治愈1例.结论 手术治疗先天性食管闭锁疗效肯定,吻合口瘘是死亡高风险因子,但不是决定因素.提高手术疗效的关键在于早诊早冶,加强围术期监护.     

先天性食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的 总结32例先天性食管闭锁手术治疗经验。方法 手术均采用食管上盲端前壁肌层U形翻转，即经胸膜外入路充分游离食管上端及瘘管，近气管侧缝扎切断瘘管。用剪刀将远端食管前壁纵行剪开5min，吻合前距吻合口上方10min处行食管上下两端浆肌层缝合3针，然后距吻合口上方15～20min处将食管前壁肌层切开，从切开处向吻合口方向从两侧纵行切开肌层至吻合口约5mm，轻轻分离前壁肌瓣，形成U形向下翻转，缝合在食管远端浆肌层上。结果 32例中17例采用此方法未发生吻合口瘘，1例吻合口狭窄。2例成功行一期胃代食管术。结论 食管上盲端前壁肌瓣U形翻转能有效预防吻合口瘘及狭窄。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型食管闭锁采用一期胃代食管术，可避免二次手术。     

先天性食管闭锁术后胃食管返流的诊断和处理现状

食管闭锁(esophageal atresia,EA)合并食管气管瘘(tracheoesophageal fistula,TEF)是新生儿外科常见疾病之一.近十多年来,EA/TEF患儿的救治成功率在三级专科医院可高达85%～90%或以上,大大提高了我国食管闭锁患者的生存率.     

Laparoscopic-assisted transhiatal gastric transposition for long gap esophageal atresia in an infant

Previous reports describing laparoscopic-assisted transhiatal gastric transposition for long gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) have focused on older infants (median age of 11 months). By performing this operation at an earlier age, patients may avoid esophagostomies or prolonged hospitalizations with nasoesophageal tubes. An additional benefit is the earlier introduction of oral feeds, which is likely to decrease the incidence of oral aversion and feeding difficulties. In this report, we describe our surgical technique for performing a laparoscopic-assisted gastric transposition in a 56-day-old former 36-week premature infant with LGEA.     

Hydrostatic stretch-induced growth facilitating primary anastomosis in long-gap esophageal atresia

We present a novel simple technique for stimulating distal esophageal pouch growth in a patient with isolated, long-gap esophageal atresia. In this case report, distal esophageal growth was achieved through daily intermittent pressurization via a surgically placed indwelling balloon catheter. The patient ultimately underwent successful, uncomplicated, tension-free, primary repair and remains asymptomatic.     

Surgical repair of long-gap esophageal atresia: A retrospective study comparing the management of long-gap esophageal atresia in the Nordic countries

Background

Several surgical procedures have been described in the reconstruction of long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA). We reviewed the surgical methods used in children with LGEA in the Nordic countries over a 15-year period and the postoperative complications within the first postoperative year.

Early results of an objective feedback-directed system for the staged traction repair of long-gap esophageal atresia

Purpose

Treatment of long-gap esophageal atresia challenges pediatric surgeons. Dr. Foker described utilization of external traction sutures to promote in-vivo growth through tension-induced lengthening, but reproducibility of this technique is difficult. We describe a safe and reproducible traction system using transduction of hydrostatic pressure as a surrogate for tension.

Methods

We conducted a multi-institutional review of patients treated with this system from 2005 to 2012. All children had sutures applied to both pouches with continuous measurement of associated hydrostatic pressures (tension). Main outcome measures were days to delayed primary repair and thoracotomies prior to primary repair.

Results

Seven children were included. Median time to delayed repair was 15 days (range: 6–47 days). Three patients required repeat thoracotomies owing to mechanical entrapment of a pouch, all identified early by this system. All required postoperative dilations. Three had self-limited postdilation leaks, and there was one operation-related leak.

Conclusions

This system provides reproducible traction application, facilitating staged primary repair by preventing major failures through limiting excessive traction and guides re-exploration for trapped segments. Larger studies are needed to determine the optimal tension protocol, prevent postoperative leaks, while decreasing the need for dilations and time to enteral feeding.     

Repair of long gap esophageal atresia without anastomosis

Background/Purpose

Repair of long gap esophageal atresia represents a challenge. Several different techniques may be used. We describe 5 cases of long gap esophageal atresia managed successfully with suture approximation without anastomosis.

Methods

Retrospective review identified 5 newborns (4 males; 1 female) with long gap esophageal atresia treated with suture approximation and subsequent endoscopic and fluoroscopic placement of string for guided dilatations. Three babies had esophageal atresia without fistula, and 2 had the common type with proximal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula. The babies with pure esophageal atresia had delayed repair, and those with the common type had repair 2 days after birth. All had a gastrostomy for feedings.

Results

All 5 babies recovered uneventfully. Three babies had spontaneous fistulization that allowed easy placement of guide wire and string. Two other babies required endoscopic and fluoroscopic combined fistula creation bypassing a long needle from the upper pouch to the lower one. Initially, all had string-guided dilatations that were subsequently converted to balloon dilatations. All babies had a functioning esophagus and did not need any further surgical intervention. An average of 8 postoperative dilatations were needed.

Conclusions

The baby's own functional esophagus is superior to any esophageal replacement. Familiarity with different techniques to preserve it is therefore important. Suture approximation without anastomosis is a safe technique that can be applied to long gap esophageal atresia. The downside of this technique is a prolonged hospital stay, multiple dilatations, prolonged fasting, and therapy to learn to eat orally.     

Thoracoscopic management of non-type C esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal atresia

Purpose

This study evaluates the results of thoracoscopic management of complex, non-type C, EA and TEF in infants.

Long gap esophageal atresia: an Australian experience

Background

The diagnosis of long gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) may preclude immediate primary anastomosis. We reviewed our experience with this entity for a period of 10 years.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of the medical records of all patients managed for esophageal atresia (EA)/tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) during the period from 1991 to 2001 at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia. Esophageal atresia was defined as long gap when primary repair was considered technically impossible by the surgeon. Also, a questionnaire was sent to all the general pediatric surgeons in Australia to explore their attitude toward LGEA management.

Results

One hundred three patients with EA were managed for that period, 17 (16%) of them were defined as LGEA, with mean gap of 5 cm (SD, 1cm). Eight patients (47%) had TEF. Sixteen patients had gastrostomy tube (GT) insertion at a mean age of 4 days. Six patients had esophagostomy at a mean age of 27 days. Thirteen patients had EA repair at a mean age of 146 days. Four patients died before repair and 2 after repair secondary to associated anomalies. Fifty percent of Australian Pediatric Surgeons (APS) responded to the questionnaire. Forty percent defined LGEA as a gap more than 3 to 4 vertebral bodies, whereas 24% considered the absence of TEF as an indication of LGEA. Fifty-six percent of APS will measure the gap on preoperative chest x-rays, and 80% will assess the gap at thoracotomy for ligation of TEF. Ninety-two will measure the gap by inserting a bougie into the upper pouch and into the lower esophagus via the GT. If LGEA was diagnosed, all APS will perform GT with delayed repair. Seventy-two percent of APS will attempt delayed primary repair within 3 to 6 months of age. Seventy-six percent will perform hiatal dissection, and 48% will use upper pouch myotomies. Forty-eight percent will perform gastric pull up, and 32% will use gastric tube for esophageal replacement.

Conclusions

Long gap esophageal atresia represents a surgical challenge. Mortality rate is high secondary to associated anomalies. There is no consensus among APS regarding the definition of LGEA. In general, the consensus of APS would be that the preservation of the patient's own esophagus should be attempted before considering the use of an esophageal replacement.     

Surgical outcomes of esophageal atresia without fistula for 24 years at a single institution

Purpose

The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical outcome of esophageal atresia (EA) without fistula for 24 years at a single tertiary center for pediatric surgery.

Methods

The study used a retrospective chart review of infants diagnosed with EA without fistula between 1981 and 2005.

Results

Of 33 patients with EA without fistula, 31 charts were available. Mean birth weight was 2327 g (range, 905-3390 g), and 71% were male. Most common associated anomalies were cardiac (n = 6; 19%) and renal (n = 5; 16%), followed by vertebral (n = 4; 13%) and anorectal (n = 2; 7%). The median initial esophageal gap was 5 vertebral bodies. Six had a primary repair, and 25 patients had esophageal replacement at a median age of 7 months. This involved gastric transposition in 20 (1 followed failed jejunal interposition), colonic interposition in 5, jejunal interposition in 1 (after a failed colonic), and repair at another center in 1. With a median review of 9 years, 21 patients had long-term sequelae with the need for multiple further surgical procedures including an antireflux procedure in 5. One patient died.

Conclusions

Management of EA without fistula remains challenging. Most patients required staged treatment that included esophageal replacement. The frequency of late complications indicates the need for programmed long-term review.     

The management of long gap esophageal atresia

Background

Present management of esophageal atresia has enabled the survival rate to approach 95%. Controversy remains concerning the many options for the surgical management of long gap esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula and represents the difficulty of this pathology. In the last couple of years, we have had a nonexplained outbreak of cases of long gap esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula. This article reports our experience in the management of these children.

Material and Methods

It is a retrospective study of all cases of long gap esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula managed in our institution since 1992, focusing on the antenatal period, delivery with weight and term, the associated malformations, the initial management, and the definitive surgery. Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Ten cases (8.7%) of long gap esophageal atresia according to Ladd's classification, 6 during the past 2 years, were taken in charge at Robert Debré Hospital between 1992 and 2002. There were 4 girls and 6 boys. Ten had a prenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia. The average birth weight was 2496 g (range, 1400-3400 g) with an average term of 36.6-week gestation (range, 31.5-39.6). Delayed reconstruction was done in all children between 41 and 147 days of life (average of 102 days). Six had a direct anastomosis and 4 had a colonic esophagoplasty (3 with an esogastric disconnection during the same procedure). The average follow-up was 60 months (range, 27-133). There was 1 death owing to adenovirus infection at 5 years of age. Four children required a Nissen fundoplication for severe gastroesophageal reflux. At least, 2 children presented an anastomotic stricture which required pneumatic dilatations.

Conclusion

Treatment options for long gap esophageal atresia generally require several stages over several months. We propose, for their management, a direct anastomosis at 4 months of age whenever it is possible. If not, we use a colonic esophagoplasty with an esogastric disconnection to control the gastroesophageal reflux which is responsible for strictures and respiratory impairment and does not obstruct the aperistaltic tube.