角膜内皮移植术不同时期并发症的成因及处理

随着角膜内皮移植术在国内外的广泛开展和应用,角膜内皮移植术作为目前治疗角膜内皮失代偿的较理想术式,其优点不言而喻,但也存在植片制备、术中及术后发生并发症的可能。本文以2种常见的角膜内皮治疗术式——角膜后弹力层剥除内皮移植术和角膜后弹力层内皮移植术为例,从植片制备并发症(如植片穿孔、植片撕裂)、术中并发症(如植片展开困难...     

中国角膜内皮移植术专家共识(2024年)

角膜内皮移植术是治疗角膜内皮疾病的重要方法, 主要分为角膜后弹力层剥除内皮移植术和角膜后弹力层内皮移植术。与穿透性角膜移植术比较, 角膜内皮移植术的术后视力好, 免疫排斥反应发生率低, 但手术技术和过程较为复杂, 术中和术后并发症有所不同。角膜内皮移植术的成功关键在于掌握手术的基本要素并预防并发症。为在我国规范开展和推广角膜内皮移植术, 中华医学会眼科学分会角膜病学组以国内外研究结果和临床实践经验为基础, 围绕角膜内皮移植术的适应证、术前评估、手术技术和操作、术后并发症处理和随访等进行充分讨论, 达成共识性意见, 以期为临床工作提供指导和参考。     

角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术研究进展

角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术由于具有相对较低的移植排斥率以及较好的视力预后等优势,目前已成为部分发达国家治疗角膜内皮失代偿的主流手术方式,但限于手术难度较高,学习曲线较长,中国人前房偏浅,加之国内角膜内皮病变往往合并有其他较复杂的眼部疾病,目前国内尚未普遍开展这一手术。本文就角膜后弹力膜内皮移植术的手术适应证、供体植片制备(...     

自动板层刀辅助的后弹力层前膜角膜内皮移植术

角膜内皮移植已成为治疗角膜内皮病变的首选方法.作为目前主流的2种角膜内皮移植手术——后弹力层剥除自动板层刀制备的角膜内皮移植术和后弹力层角膜内皮移植术,前者手术操作易于掌握,但角膜植片仍带有部分基质;后者术后视觉质量好,但手术操作较难掌握,二次手术率较前者高.大气泡和自动板层刀辅助的后弹力层前膜角膜内皮移植术在自动板层刀制备角膜内皮植片的基础上,用大气泡法暴露中央6.5 mm直径的后弹力层前膜,本术式既有后弹力层角膜内皮移植术后的视觉效果,手术操作又易于掌握,值得推广.     

无缝线深板层角膜内皮移植术的研究进展

角膜内皮失代偿可严重影响视力,以往多采用的穿透性角膜移植手术(PKP)具有术后高度散光、移植片排斥等并发症,严重限制了术后视力的提高.如果能够单纯地进行后弹力层和内皮细胞层的移植,将减少手术操作所带来的受体角膜损伤并能更好地恢复术后视力.近年来,无缝线深板层角膜内皮移植手术的优点已逐渐获得公认;其中深板层角膜内皮细胞移植手术(DLEK)手术难度较大,限制了其在临床的广泛开展.而通过剥除受体角膜的后弹力层和内皮层来制作植床的角膜内皮移植手术即角膜后弹力层剥除内皮细胞移植手术(DSEK)已经取得了较好的手术效果.本文归纳、分析了DSEK的手术方法、效果及并发症等.     

后弹力层角膜内皮移植术

后弹力层角膜内皮移植术(DSEK)是一项新近开展起来的眼科手术,主要用于治疗因角膜内皮功能不良引起的角膜失代偿.虽然DSEK手术应用于临床尚不足4年,但因其术后视力恢复快,与传统角膜移植手术相比,极大地降低了术后并发症的发生,而迅速成为角膜内皮功能不良患者行角膜移植的首选手术.由于其应用时间短,远期疗效尚待观察.就后弹力层角膜内皮移植术的手术特点以及与传统角膜移植手术相比较的优缺点进行综述.     

角膜后弹力层剥除联合自动角膜刀取材内皮移植术的临床研究

目的 探讨角膜后弹力层剥除联合自动角膜刀取材内皮移植术的术后疗效、并发症、处理及适应证的选择.方法 临床病例系列研究.2007年9至12月期间,北京大学第三医院、北京大学眼科中心选择9例角膜内皮失代偿的患者行角膜后弹力层剥除自动角膜刀取材及角膜内皮移植手术,术后观察视力、角膜透明性的恢复、植片的脱位率、角膜厚度、角膜曲率及角膜内皮细胞数,随访时间3～7个月.结果 手术中1例虹膜角膜内皮综合征患者的角膜内皮植片植入失败,改行穿透性角膜移植术;其余8例患者术后植片明显脱位1例,再处理后复位.术后8例手术成功患者视力全部提高,植片透明,角膜厚度为(775±30)μm;角膜曲率为(44.19±2.28)D;角膜散光度数为(2.20±0.83)D;角膜内皮细胞数为(1439±296)个/mm~2.结论 角膜后弹力层剥除联合自动角膜刀取材内皮移植术有可能成为一种治疗角膜内皮失代偿的重要术式.     

利用后弹力层撕除术建立兔眼角膜内皮失代偿模型的评估

目的利用后弹力层撕除术建立一种新的角膜内皮失代偿模型以便更好地了解该手术的组织反应。方法根据手术方法的不同将40只新西兰成年兔平均分为4组：角膜内皮刮除组、后弹力层撕除组、后弹力层撕除角膜内皮移植术（DSEK）组及DSEK供体组;右眼为手术眼。每组定期通过角膜内皮活体染色,眼前节照相和UBM至少观察2个月。结果后弹力层撕除组角膜始终保持混浊,角膜内皮刮除组和DSEK组角膜逐渐透明,角膜厚度逐渐降低。活体染色显示角膜后弹力层撕除组术后2个月仍无角膜内皮生长。结论后弹力层撕除术建立的角膜内皮失代偿模型显示了后弹力层撕除后角膜内皮愈合过程,可用于角膜内皮移植的研究。     

带后弹力层的角膜内皮移植术

随着眼科技术的发展,角膜内皮移植术取得了长足进展。从后板层角膜移植术（PLK）开始到深板层角膜移植术（DLEK）,以及目前运用的后弹力层撕除角膜内皮移植术（DSEK/DSAEK）,乃至具有更好视觉恢复效果的带有后弹力层（Descem et膜）的角膜内皮移植术（DMEK）,眼科医生们不断寻求着更快更好的治疗方法。而DMEK从解剖学角度完美的恢复了角膜组织的正常结构,术后视力恢复快,是角膜内皮移植手术的发展趋势。现主要就DMEK的手术方法、特点以及进一步的改进进行综述。     

飞秒激光辅助角膜内皮移植术治疗大泡性角膜病变的疗效观察

目的：评估飞秒激光辅助的后弹力层撕除角膜内皮移植术治疗大泡性角膜病变的临床疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2013－03／2014－02在我科住院治疗的大泡性角膜病变患者15例16眼,其中男7例7眼,女8例9眼,平均年龄66．3±18．4岁,采用飞秒激光制作薄层角膜内皮植片,进行后弹力层撕除角膜内皮移植术。术后随访12mo,观察角膜刺激症状消退、植片恢复和并发症等情况,观测指标包括最佳矫正视力、眼压、前节光学相干断层扫描及角膜内皮细胞计数。结果：所有患者手术顺利,无术中并发症发生;术后眼压正常,最佳矫正视力较术前不同程度提高。角膜刺激症状自术后1d 开始逐渐减轻,术后3wk 完全缓解。术后1眼（6％）发生内皮植片脱位,3眼（19％）植片与植床之间存在局灶性层间积液。术后1 mo角膜上皮变光滑,基质水肿消退,中央角膜厚度（638±86．51μm ）较术前（811±137．55μm）明显变薄。随访期间,发生植片急性排斥反应和植片内皮功能失代偿各1眼（6％）。末次随访,角膜内皮细胞计数为1687±507个／mm2。结论：应用飞秒激光辅助后弹力层撕除角膜内皮移植术治疗角膜内皮病变,可以个体化、精确、高效地制作内皮植片,手术安全性高,术后恢复快。     

Strabisme Alternant - Etude clinique - traitement

The author defines motor and sensory alternation: the term alternation should not be used in isolation, it should always be accompanied by the name of the parameter concerned. Sensory alternation is always found together with motor alternation but the reverse is not true.The examining criteria for a diagnosis of sensory alternation are given, sensory alternation must not be confused with alternating inhibition. Working from clinical observations of cases of motor alternating strabismus, the author selects 2 types of binocular sensory relations which allow one to differentiate between:- cases of primary alternating strabismus- cases of secondary alternating strabismusThese forms will develop in different ways; in both cases a cure is possible providing that the right treatment is prescribed and once prescribed carefully followed, etc. It is always a case of serious forms of strabismus whose developmental period is spread over several years.According to the authors, the frequency of cases of true primary strabismus is from 1–3%, the frequency of cases of secondary alternating strabismus varies according to the type of therapy practised on cases of monocular strabismus with amblyopia. These latter will become cases of alternating strabismus under the influence of certain types of therapy carried out over several years (penalization, rocking, alternated occlusion, etc...).Experimental data on kittens confirm clinical data; kittens placed in abnormal environments during the sensitive period will show modification in the distribution of cortical cells and the absence of binocular cells (either because the excitation of the two eyes was not simultaneous, or not identical: artificial strabismus, occlusion, opaque glasses). This disturbances become irreversible after a certain period of exposure (a function of age, length of exposure, etc...).It is thus necessary to bear in mind: 1) the iatrogenic risks of certain orthoptic treatments, 2) the necessity for a binocular form of treatment as soon as possible, as once a certain stage is passed, cortical plasticity diminishes and the elaboration of normal binocular relations becomes impossible.

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Effects of Adenosine Agonists on Intraocular Pressure and Aqueous Humor Dynamics in Cynomolgus Monkeys

The effects of single or multiple topical doses of the relatively selective A₁adenosine receptor agonists (R)-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) and N⁶-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) on intraocular pressure (IOP), aqueous humor flow (AHF) and outflow facility were investigated in ocular normotensive cynomolgus monkeys. IOP and AHF were determined, under ketamine anesthesia, by Goldmann applanation tonometry and fluorophotometry, respectively. Total outflow facility was determined by anterior chamber perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia. A single unilateral topical application of R-PIA (20–250 μg) or CHA (20–500 μg) produced ocular hypertension (maximum rise=4.9 or 3.5 mmHg) within 30 min, followed by ocular hypotension (maximum fall=2.1 or 3.6 mmHg) from 2–6 hr. The relatively selective adenosine A₂antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 320 μg) inhibited the early hypertension, without influencing the hypotension. Neither 100 μg R-PIA nor 500 μg CHA clearly altered AHF. Total outflow facility was increased by 71% 3 hr after 100 μg R-PIA. In conclusion, the early ocular hypertension produced by topical adenosine agonists in cynomolgus monkeys is associated with the activation of adenosine A₂receptors, while the subsequent hypotension appears to be mediated by adenosine A₁receptors and results primarily from increased outflow facility.