胃切除术后胃排空障碍危险因素的Meta分析

目的 探讨胃切除术后胃排空障碍的危险因素.方法 检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、学位论文数据库与重要会议论文数据库以及Medline数据库2003—2013年期间公开发表的有关胃切除术后胃排空障碍危险因素的文献,提取文献资料,采用RevMan5.0软件分析胃排空障碍的相关危险因素.结果 19篇文献共9976例胃切除患者纳入分析,术后胃瘫572例（5.85％）.60岁以上高龄患者（P＜0.01,OR=1.65,95％CI：1.31～2.09）、术前贫血（P=0.01,OR=1.48,95％CI：1.08～2.02）、术前存在胃肠道梗阻（P＜0.01,OR=3.72,95％CI：3.05～4.55）、毕Ⅱ式吻合（P＜0.01,OR=3.35,95％CI：2.72～4.13）、术后应用镇痛泵（P＜0.01,OR=1.74,95％CI：1.33～2.26）、围手术期血糖超过8 mmol/L（P＜0.01,OR=2.64,95％CI：2.00～3.49）、术后白蛋白水平低于30 g/L （P＜0.01,OR=2.13,95％CI：1.62～2.79）、术后出现腹腔并发症（P＜0.01,OR=2.41,95％CI：1.77～3.29）及存在不良心理反应者（P＜0.01,OR=5.94,95％CI：1.79～19.73）术后胃排空障碍发生率明显升高;而性别、手术时间、术中出血量、手术时机及根治与否则与胃排空障碍发生无关（均P＞0.05）.结论 年龄、术前存在胃肠道梗阻、消化道重建方式、术后镇痛泵的应用、围手术期血糖和白蛋白水平、术后腹腔并发症以及患者心理状态是胃切除术后胃排空障碍的可能危险因素.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症危险因素的Meta分析

目的 分析肝移植术后胆道并发症(biliary complication,BC)的危险因素,为临床有效降低术后并发症提供理论依据.方法 计算机检索MEDLINE、EMBASE、CENTRAL、CBM、CNKI、VIP、万方等数据库,截止日期至2012年2月.收集公开发表的关于肝移植术后BC危险因素的研究文献,采用Revman 5.1软件进行统计分析.结果 共纳入18篇文献,累计病例524例,对照3967例.Meta分析提示:供者年龄以及受者年龄、原发病、热缺血时间、温缺血时间、无肝期时间、有无巨细胞病毒感染等对术后BC的发生无明显影响(P＞0.05);男性患者术后BC发生率高于女性患者(OR:1.40;95％ CI:1.09～1.79;P=0.008);术前肝功能C级患者术后BC发生率显著增高(OR:1.95;95％ CI:1.02～3.76;P=0.04);留置T管较不留置T管患者术后BC发生率要高(OR:2.00;95％ CI:1.30～3.08;P=0.002);发生排斥反应显著增加术后BC发生率(OR:1.80;95％CI:1.11～2.93;P=0.02);合并肝动脉并发症患者术后BC发生率显著高于无肝动脉并发症患者(OR:3.15;95％ CI:1.37～7.23;P=0.007);冷缺血时间及手术时间BC组均明显长于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 受者为男性、肝功能C级、留置T管、发生排斥反应、合并肝动脉并发症、冷缺血时间、手术时间等7项是肝移植术后BC的危险因素.肝移植术后BC的发生与供者年龄以及受者年龄、原发病、热缺血时间、温缺血时间、无肝期时间、有无巨细胞病毒感染等因素无关.     

食管癌根治食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的分析食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析。方法食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术病人288例,根据术后吻合口漏发生情况分为吻合口漏组与非吻合口漏组,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结果 288例食管癌病人术后发生吻合口漏40例,发生率13.89%;单因素分析显示,两组合并呼吸系统疾病、术前放疗、术后肺部感染、支气管镜吸痰、制作管状胃、年龄、术前学清蛋白水平、手术时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),性别、病理分型、TNM分期、肿瘤位置比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,合并呼吸系统疾病(OR=4.114,95%CI:1.032～14.232)、术前放疗(OR=2.665,95%CI:1.004～8.986)、术后肺部感染(OR=3.033,95%CI:1.121～10.587)、制作管状胃(OR=3.323,95%CI:1.216～10.986)、支气管镜吸痰(OR=2.875,95%CI:1.125～9.343)是食管癌根治术食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏的独立危险因素。结论食管癌根治食管胃颈部吻合术后吻合口漏发生率较高,合并呼吸系统疾病、术前放疗、术后肺部感染、支气管镜吸痰、制作管状胃等均会增加术后吻合口漏风险。     

深低温停循环主动脉弓手术术后急性肾损伤的危险因素

目的 目的分析深低温停循环主动脉弓手术术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的危险因素.方法 回顾2005年1月至2011年6月549例行深低温停循环主动脉弓部手术患者的资料,按照术后是否发生AKI分为两组进行单因素分析,单因素分析差异有统计学意义的logistic回归多因素分析.结果 术后102例(18.6％)患者发生AKI,27例(4.9％)行透析治疗.Logistic回归多因素分析显示,体质量指数(BMI)(OR=1.072,95％ CI:1.006 ～1.141,P=0.031)、术前血清肌酐(OR=1.011,95％ CI:1.006 ～1.017,P=0.000)、体外循环(CPB)时间(OR=1.006,95％ CI:1.002 ～1.009,P=0.005)和术中血糖峰值(OR=1.007,95％CI:1.002 ～ 1.011,P=0.003)是AKI发生的独立危险因素.结论 患者术前BMI、血清肌酐高预示术后较高的AKI发生率,术中减少CPB时间和积极控制血糖水平可降低AKI的发生.     

鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染预后危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染预后的危险因素及菌株耐药情况.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2014年5月天津医科大学总医院80例血流感染鲍曼不动杆菌住院患者的资料,包括年龄、性别、入住科室、基础疾病、治疗、有创操作、细菌耐药性和入院时急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分.采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响预后的相关因素.结果 80株鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢他啶、头孢曲松,头孢西丁的耐药率高达90％以上,对亚胺培南的耐药率为66.3％,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦以及替加环素的耐药率较低,分别为7.5％和2.5％.入住ICU[优势比(OR)=6.67,95％可信区间(95％ CI)为2.01 ～ 22.07,P＜0.01],多重耐药(OR=3.55,95％ CI为1.30～9.69,P＜0.05),APACHEⅡ评分≥19(OR=39.00,95％ CI为9.87 ～ 154.09,P＜0.01),动脉插管(OR=3.24,95％ CI为1.16～9.04,P＜0.05),中央静脉插管(OR=3.33,95％ CI为1.22 ～9.12,P＜0.05),气管插管(OR=3.60,95％ CI为1.31 ～9.88,P＜0.05),气管切开(OR =3.21,95％ CI为1.19 ～8.66,P＜0.05),其他有创操作(OR =3.00,95％ CI为1.11～ 8.08,P＜0.05)为鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者死亡的危险因素.结论 侵入性操作与细菌的耐药性会增加鲍曼不动杆菌血流感染患者的病死率.     

腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统分析影响腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的危险因素.方法 对2003年8月至2013年8月国内外公开发表的有关腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生危险因素的文献进行Meta分析.数据采用优势比（OR）和95％可信区间（95％ CI）表示,采用x2检验和I2对异质性进行分析,采用固定或随机效应模型合并数据.结果 共纳入文献8篇,包括3 289例直肠癌患者,吻合口漏的发生率为6.050％（199/3 289）.男性腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术患者术后吻合口漏发生风险高于女性（OR =2.17,95％ CI：1.54 ～ 3.06,P＜0.05）;新辅助化疗亦可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=1.53,95％ CI：1.00～2.32,P＜0.05）;围手术期输血可能增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR=4.80,95％ CI：2.98 ～7.73,P＜0.05）;低位直肠癌较高位直肠癌术后吻合口漏发生风险高（OR=1.60,95％CI：1.14～2.23,P＜0.05）;切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个增加术后吻合口漏发生风险（OR =0.46,95％CI：0.27 ～0.78,P＜0.05）.而ASA分级、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、预防性肠造口与术后吻合口瘘发生风险无关（OR=0.66,0.91,1.25,0.78,95％CI：0.36～1.20,0.55～1.51,0.75 ～2.09,0.50 ～1.23,P＞0.05）.结论 男性、新辅助化疗、围手术期输血、低位直肠癌、切割闭合器钉匣数目≥3个是腹腔镜直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的主要危险因素.     

Risk factors analysis of pyogenic hepatic abscess:A case-control study

目的 探讨细菌性肝脓肿(pyogenic hepatic abscess,PHA)的患病风险.方法 采用1∶1配对的病例对照研究,对31对病例及对照组相关9个危险因素进行条件Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分显示DM(OR =6.328,95％ CI:1.787～22.409)、胆道疾病(OR=8.759,95％ CI:1.006～76.097)和恶性肿瘤史(OR =4.444,95％ CI:0.467～42.258)是PHA的可能风险因素(均P＜0.20);多因素Logistic回归分析显示DM(OR=7.747,95％ CI:I.975～28.275)是PHA的风险因素(P=0.003).结论 DM患者患PHA的风险是非DM患者的7.75倍,提高对DM增加PHA患病风险的认识,早期诊治可能会改善预后.     

成人开颅术后并发细菌性脑膜炎的危险因素分析

目的 探讨开颅术后细菌性脑膜炎的发生率、常见病原菌及危险因素.方法 连续收集复旦大学附属华山医院2008年至少接受过一次颅脑手术病例的资料.纳入年龄≥18岁,且术后至少存活7d的病例,排除仅行脑脊髓液引流术、颅骨钻孔或颅骨整形术、与血管相关的介入手术、经鼻蝶手术及脊柱手术的患者.应用Logistic回归分析筛选开颅术后并发细菌性脑膜炎的危险因素.结果 共纳入691例患者,其中60例并发细菌性脑膜炎,感染率达8.68％.44份送检样本中,仅5份培养阳性,其中2株为鲍曼不动杆菌,其余分别为粪肠球菌、中间链球菌和肺炎克雷伯菌.糖尿病（OR =5.79,95％ CI：1.40 ～ 23.93,P=0.02）、格拉斯哥昏迷评分＜12分（OR=6.56,95％ CI：1.17～36.80,P =0.03）、脑室外引流（OR =4.31,95％ CI：1.57～11.82,P=0.01）和腰池持续引流（OR=22.82,95％ CI：10.31～50.52,P =0.00）是开颅术后脑膜炎发病的独立危险因素.脑室外引流超过7d,细菌性脑膜炎的发病风险增加11.82倍,而腰池持续引流超过10 d,细菌性脑膜炎的发病风险增加25.50倍.结论 细菌性脑膜炎是开颅术后常见的并发症,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主.糖尿病、格拉斯哥昏迷评分、腰池持续引流及脑室外引流会增加术后细菌性脑膜炎发生的风险.     

中国4250例门静脉高压症手术的Meta分析

目的 系统分析中国4250例门静脉高压症患者接受断流术、分流术和分流断流联合术治疗的疗效.方法 通过对万方数据、中国学术期刊网全文数据库CNKI检索1980-2011年有关断流术、分流术、分流断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的文献进行统计并行Meta分析.结果 共17篇文献筛选入Meta分析,结果显示远期存活率:联合组高于断流组[OR=1.73,95％ CI( 1.23,2.44),P＜0.01],分流组与断流组相当[OR =0.87,95％CI(0.63,1.20),P=0.40],联合组与分流组相当[ OR=1.73,95％ CI(0.95,3.13),P=0.07];再出血率:分流组低于断流组[OR=0.46,95％ CI(0.35,0.61),P＜0.01],联合组低于断流组[OR=0.25,95％ CI(0.18,0.35),P＜0.01],联合组与分流组相当[ OR=0.72,95％ CI(0.40,1.29),P=0.27];肝性脑病发生率:分流组高于断流组[OR=3.57,95％ CI(2.43,5.23),P＜0.01],联合组低于分流组[OR =0.37,95％ CI(0.20,0.69),P＜0.01],联合组与断流组相当[ OR=1.58,95％CI (1.02,2.43),P=0.04].结论 影响门静脉高压症患者长期生存的惟一因素是肝脏储备功能.分流术、断流术及分流断流联合术3种术式各有利弊,因此应根据患者的肝功能储备选择适宜的术式.     

老年脊柱手术术后谵妄发生率及高危因素分析

目的研究老年脊柱手术术后谵妄发生率及高危因素,为老年脊柱手术术后谵妄的预防提供理论依据。方法本研究观察对象为2015-06-2017-06于我院行脊柱手术的280例老年胸椎、颈椎、腰椎手术患者。将发生谵妄的患者设为观察组,未发生的患者设为对照组,通过单因素以及Logstic多因素回归分析判断老年脊柱手术术后谵妄的独立危险因素。结果 280例患者术后发生谵妄30例,发生率10.71%,谵妄出现平均时间(1.24±0.15)d;单因素分析显示两组年龄、手术时间、术中低氧血症、苏醒时间、术前焦虑、手术部位、术中低血压、术前睡眠障碍差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);Logstic多因素回归分析显示年龄70岁(OR=3.214,%95CI:1.121～7.675)、手术时间150 min(OR=2.612,%95CI:1.721～9.623)、术前焦虑(OR=2.334,%95CI:1.021～10.421、术中低氧血症(OR=2.113,%95CI:1.733～7.316)、苏醒时间60 min(OR=3.043,%95CI:1.421～11.232)是老年脊柱手术术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。结论老年脊柱手术术后谵妄发生率较高,年龄70岁、手术时间150 min、术前有焦虑、术中出现低氧血症、苏醒时间60 min均会增加术后谵妄的发生风险。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.