水痘疫苗在学校水痘暴发疫情中保护效果的病例对照研究

目的 评价接种1剂水痘疫苗在学校水痘暴发疫情中的保护效果(vaccine effectiveness, VE)。方法 采用1:2配对病例对照研究,收集中山市2013—2021年水痘暴发疫情调查资料,将病例数≥5例的班的所有病例（共942例）作为病例组,按1:2的比例选取同班、同年龄（±1岁）、同性别的1 884名健康儿童作为对照组,调查其水痘疫苗接种史,采用条件logistic回归分析水痘疫苗保护效果。结果 共调查3～14岁儿童2 826名,儿童接种1剂水痘疫苗的保护效果为58%（95%CI:50%～66%）,3～5岁、6～14岁儿童接种1剂水痘疫苗保护效果分别为75%（95%CI:62%～83%）和51%（95%CI:40%～61%）。儿童接种1剂后≤2年、3～5年、6～8年、≥9年的保护效果分别为78%（95%CI:66%～86%）、66%（95%CI:57%～74%）、51%（95%CI:36%～62%）、23%（95%CI:-11%～46%）。儿童接种1剂水痘疫苗的保护效果随接种后时间的延长而降低（趋势χ²=13.071,P<0.001）。结论 儿童接种1剂水痘疫苗有助于防控水痘暴发疫情,但其保护效果随接种后时间的延长而降低,难以阻断水痘传播。建议儿童及时接种2剂水痘疫苗,以预防学校水痘暴发疫情。     

深圳市宝安区2007-2013年出生儿童接种1剂次水痘减毒活疫苗的保护效果评价

目的 评价深圳市宝安区2007-2013年出生儿童接种1剂次水痘减毒活疫苗的保护效果。 方法 获取深圳市宝安区2008-2016年水痘发病情况,选取其中2007-2013年出生儿童,其水痘免疫史从《深圳市免疫规划信息管理系统》中导出。计算水痘发病率、水痘疫苗接种率及疫苗保护效果。 结果 深圳市宝安区2007-2013年出生儿童水痘病例5 575例,突破病例833例,占14.94%。2007-2013年各年出生儿童水痘疫苗接种率逐年上升,随着水痘疫苗接种率升高,发病率下降,两者呈负相关(r=-0.963,P=0.000)。对2007年出生儿童接种1剂水痘疫苗的保护效果进行估算,总VE为74.42%(95%CI:71.30%~78.50%);接种后≤3年、接种4~5年、≥6年的VE分别为95.40%(95%CI:93.40%~96.70%)、90.80%(95%CI:88.30%~92.90%)、81.61%(95%CI:77.90%~84.60%),随着免疫后时间的延长,VE呈下降趋势(χ²_趋势=62.889,P=0.000)。 结论 深圳市宝安区2007-2013年出生儿童接种1剂次水痘减毒活疫苗的保护效果会逐年下降,实施2剂次水痘疫苗免疫策略十分必要。     

北京市海淀区实施2剂次水痘疫苗免疫程序后水痘发病特征北大核心

目的分析北京市海淀区实施2剂次水痘疫苗(VarV)免疫程序后水痘发病特征。方法通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集海淀区2007-2019年水痘报告病例,比较2剂次VarV程序实施前(2007-2012年)和实施后(2013-2019年)水痘发病率。结果海淀区2007-2012年、2013-2019年水痘发病率分别为98.41/10万、61.62/10万;其中0-14岁儿童发病率分别为461.94/10万、322.77/10万。2007-2015年出生队列第1剂次VarV(VarV1)、第2剂次VarV(VarV2)接种率分别为67.97%、55.72%;VarV1、VarV2接种率与水痘发病率均呈负相关(r=-0.29,P=0.457;r=-0.70,P=0.004)。结论海淀区实施2剂次VarV免疫程序显著降低了人群特别是儿童的水痘发病率,需提高适龄儿童两剂次VarV接种率。     

水痘疫苗在学校和幼儿园水痘暴发疫情中保护效力的回顾性队列研究

目的 评价水痘疫苗在学校和幼儿园水痘暴发疫情中的保护效力。方法 选择中山市2013-2014年有水痘暴发疫情的学校和幼儿园,采用回顾性队列研究方法评价水痘疫苗的保护效力。结果 共有1 278名学生纳入研究对象,水痘疫苗效力为52.7%（95% CI:43.3%～60.6%）;分层分析发现,接种年限为≤2年、3～年、5～年、7～年和≥9年的疫苗效力分别为71.0%（95% CI:57.7%～80.1%）、59.5%（95% CI:45.8%～69.7%）、52.6%（95% CI:33.7%～66.1%）、27.8%（95% CI:-11.5%～53.2%）和14.9%（95% CI:-20.6%～40.0%）,χ2_趋势检验显示:水痘疫苗效力随接种年限的延长呈逐步递减的趋势,差异有统计学意义（χ2_趋势=68.3,P<0.001）。结论 接种水痘疫苗有利于控制学校和幼儿园水痘暴发疫情;但由于水痘疫苗效力随接种年限延长逐步递减,建议实施儿童接种2剂水痘疫苗的免疫策略,从而减少学校和幼儿园的水痘暴发疫情。     

水痘疫苗保护效果的病例对照研究

目的 分析儿童接种水痘疫苗后的保护效果,探讨接种1剂次水痘疫苗的保护效果随时间推移而改变的规律,根据研究结果对无锡地区水痘疫苗免疫策略制定提出建议。方法 对病例与对照开展流行病学调查,收集调查对象人口学、水痘疫苗接种史等信息,比较两组水痘疫苗接种情况,探讨接种后的保护效果及其效果随时间推移而发生衰减的规律。结果 共纳入研究对象942例,其中病例组324例,对照组618例。水痘疫苗总体保护率为55%（95%CI:42%~65%）,1剂次水痘疫苗的保护率为26.6%（95%CI:3.3%-44.3%）,2剂次水痘疫苗的保护率为67.8%（95%CI:21.3%~86.9%）。接种后＜1年、1~年、2~年、3~年、4~年水痘疫苗保护率分别为79.3%、52.7%、33.0%、26.9%、13.6%（x2=8.258,P＜0.05）。结论 仅接种1剂次水痘疫苗预防疾病的效果较差,提倡免疫程序更改为2剂次,可显著提升水痘疫苗保护效果。1剂次水痘疫苗保护率不持久,接种后疫苗保护效果逐年递减,建议在接种3年后加强接种1剂次水痘疫苗。     

水痘减毒活疫苗高覆盖率的托幼机构水痘爆发调查

目的通过对北京市海淀区某托幼机构2010年发生的水痘爆发疫情调查,获得水痘减毒活疫苗(Varicella Attenuated Live Vaccine,VarV)的有效率及其影响因素,为VarV接种提供参考。方法对该托幼机构水痘爆发疫情进行流行病学描述,结合《北京市水痘监测方案》中水痘病例个案调查表、儿童水痘患病史和VarV接种史调查问卷,计算未接种和接种过VarV儿童的水痘罹患率、疫苗的有效率,并分析影响VarV效果的因素。结果 2010年3月10~29日,该托幼机构累计发生水痘12例,其中10例(83.33%)有VarV免疫史。首例患者,5岁,有VarV接种史,症状较轻(皮疹50个)。全部150名儿童中,既往无水痘患病史儿童144名,其水痘罹患率为8.33%(12/144),VarV接种率为93.75%(135/144),Var V对所有水痘预防的有效率为66.67%[95%可信区间(Confidence Interval,CI):19.13%~100%],对中度水痘预防的有效率为86.67%(95%CI:54.78%~100%);15月龄接种VarV儿童出现突破病例是≥15月龄接种儿童的5.310倍(95%CI:1.171~24.076)。结论有VarV接种史儿童发生水痘突破病例后,与普通水痘一样具有传染性。高水平的单剂VarV覆盖率可有效降低水痘罹患率,但无法预防水痘爆发。低月龄接种VarV是儿童发生水痘突破病例的危险因素。     

浙江省宁波市某区2010--2012年水痘突发疫情中疫苗保护效果分析

目的了解水痘疫苗接种在水痘突发疫情中的保护效果。方法收集宁波市某区2010--2012年水痘疫情报告信息,计算接种疫苗与否水痘发病率的比值比（OR）,疫苗保护率及疫苗的效果指数。随机抽取未出现疫情的小学生109名,使用ELISA法进行水痘IgG抗体检测,评价疫苗接种的效果。结果该区2010—2012年共发生3起一般水痘突发事件,共报告病例40例（无死亡病例）,均为幼托儿童和小学生。疫情发生所在班级学生161人,接种疫苗和未接种疫苗者发病率比较差异有统计学意义（19．42％：59．09％,X2=16．01,P〈0．01）,DR值为0．17（95％CI：0．07~0．43）。疫苗总体保护率为67．13％,疫苗效果指数为3．05。未出现疫情的109名学生中,有77人接种过疫苗,但水痘IgG抗体检测显示,仅40．26％（31／77）抗体阳性。结论幼托儿童、小学生接种水痘疫苗可有效降低水痘的发病率,水痘疫苗的质量及实际保护效果需进一步评估。     

2020—2021年合肥市蜀山区儿童水痘突破病例流行特征及疫苗保护效果分析

目的 分析合肥市蜀山区水痘突破病例的流行特征、水痘疫苗的保护效果,科学制定蜀山区水痘疫苗免疫策略和措施。方法 通过中国疾病监测信息报告管理系统收集2020—2021年合肥市蜀山区15岁以下散发水痘病例、校园聚集性病例以及2010—2019年各年份水痘疫苗接种信息,对病例个案开展流行病学调查,采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果 合肥市蜀山区共报告15岁以下儿童水痘病例812例,2021年儿童发病率(262.43/10万)显著高于2020年(177.33/10万),以托幼儿童(占34.36%)、小学生(占37.56%)为主;所有病例中,突破病例占65.76%,且在不同年份、不同职业、是否高峰期以及是否聚集性疫情中占比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);1～3岁组突破病例平均年龄高于原始病例(t=5.395,P<0.001);2010—2019年出生的儿童总体疫苗接种率为83.34%,2剂疫苗接种率仅为20.45%,水痘疫苗总体保护率为44.04%,其中1、2剂疫苗的保护率分别为28.19%、92.77%,而1剂疫苗免疫的儿童突破率(556.58/10万)显著高于2剂(56.00...     

2012年寿光市2～5岁儿童水痘疫苗接种率监测评价

[目的]评价寿光市儿童水痘疫苗接种率,探讨免疫防控策略。[方法]2012年3月,对寿光市通过山东省免疫规划接种率监测信息系统报告的2007～2010年出生(2～5岁)的儿童水痘疫苗接种率监测信息进行分析。[结果]寿光市2007～2010年出生儿童合计44 115名,水痘疫苗平均接种率为57.07%,其中2剂次接种率仅为0.65%。2007～2010年出生儿童水痘疫苗接种率分别为57.18%、61.07%、56.37%、53.79%。不同乡镇平均接种率为18.32%～84.57%。已接种水痘疫苗的25 134名儿童中,73.82%在12～17月龄完成首针接种,14.27%在18～23月龄接种。2007～2010年出生者,首针在12～17月龄接种者所占比例逐年提高,分别为64.30%、65.92%、69.74%、94.50%。[结论]寿光市儿童水痘疫苗接种率较低。应加强宣传,提高2剂次水痘疫苗接种率。     

2013—2017年连云港市水痘流行与水痘疫苗接种情况分析

目的 了解连云港市水痘流行病学特征及水痘疫苗的接种情况。 方法 采用描述流行病学方法,对2013—2017年连云港市报告水痘病例及水痘疫苗接种情况进行分析。 结果 2013—2017年连云港市共报告水痘病例6 149例,年均发病率为27.70/10万;发病呈双峰分布,12月略高,6月略低;发病年龄以<15岁儿童为主,占总病例数的76.55%,男性年均发病率显著高于女性(χ2=17.41,P<0.05);水痘疫苗于每年3月左右会出现接种高峰。 结论 该地区水痘发病率高于全省平均水平,水痘发病率与疫苗接种剂次呈负相关关系,建议尽快将水痘疫苗纳入国家免疫规划范围内,保护易感人群。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.