替米沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠左心室重构的影响

目的 研究替米沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)左心室重构的影响.方法 16只12周龄雄性SHR,随机分为替米沙坦组和SHR空白对照组,每组8只;另设同龄Wistar大鼠(WKY)8只为正常对照组.治疗组给予替米沙坦10 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃给药,饲养8 w后处死动物,测量左心室重量及心肌厚度,计算左心室重量与体重比(LVW/BW);通过Van Gieson染色法观察左心室心肌胶原纤维变化,对左心室心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)进行分析;电镜和HE染色观察左室心肌超微结构.结果 与正常对照组WKY大鼠相比,SHR空白对照组的尾动脉收缩压(SBP)、LVW/BW、左室壁厚度、CVF、PVCA均显著增高(P＜0.01);与SHR空白对照组相比,替米沙坦组能有效降低SHR的SBP,改善左心室肥厚(P＜0.01),减少心肌间质及心肌小动脉周围的胶原(P＜0.01),组织病理及电镜显示,替米沙坦治疗能显著改善SHR左心室重构.结论 替米沙坦能有效降低SHR血压,改善左心室重构.     

替米沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠心肌ACE2表达的影响

选择16只12周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠随机分为自发性高血压组（SHR组,n=8）和替米沙坦组（n=8）,替米沙坦组大鼠予以替米沙坦5mg／（kg·d）灌胃,给药时间8周,同时取8只12周龄雄性Wistar大鼠作为对照组,利用免疫组织化学染色和逆转录聚合酶链反应检测各组动物心肌血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）的表达。结果发现,与对照组比较,SHR组心肌ACE2表达显著降低（P〈0．05）,与SHR组比较,替米沙坦组经8周治疗后,ACE2表达显著增高（P〈0．05）,替米沙坦组血压、心肌重量指数及心肌胶原容积分数较SHR组均明显下降（P均〈0．05）。认为高血压大鼠心肌ACE2表达降低,替米沙坦能够上调高血压大鼠心肌ACE2的表达,该作用可能为血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体拮抗剂在高血压病心脏保护作用的新机制。     

抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体对自发性高血压大鼠阻力血管节律性振荡舒缩的作用

目的 观察抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)阻力血管节律性振荡舒缩的作用.方法 采用小血管张力测量仪测定SHR对照组、替米沙坦[5 mg/(kg·d)]组和咪哒普利[3 mg/(kg·d)]组离体肠系膜上动脉Ⅱ级分支血管环对不同浓度乙酰胆碱、硝酸甘油的反应性及对血管紧张素Ⅱ、去甲肾上腺素诱导的节律性振荡舒缩反应.结果 1)第16周时,替米沙坦组和咪哒普利组鼠尾动脉收缩压明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).2)与对照组相比,替米沙坦和咪哒普利能显著增强SHR肠系膜动脉血管环对乙酰胆碱(10-6～10-4 mol/L)的舒张反应(P＜0.01);替米沙坦,而不是咪哒普利,增强血管环对硝酸甘油(10-5 mol/L)的反应性(P＜0.05).3)替米沙坦,而不是咪哒普利,显著降低血管环对血管紧张素Ⅱ(10-6 mol/L)和去甲肾上腺素(10-5 mol/L)诱导的节律性振荡舒缩反应(P＜0.01).结论 替米沙坦和咪哒普利能显著降低SHR收缩压;替米沙坦可增强SHR肠系膜动脉内皮依赖和非内皮依赖的血管舒张功能,并显著降低SHR肠系膜动脉节律性振荡舒缩反应;咪哒普利虽能改善SHR肠系膜动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能,而对SHR肠系膜动脉节律性振荡舒缩反应无作用.     

早期运动训练延缓自发性高血压大鼠心脏病理变化的作用及机制

目的观察高血压前期有氧运动对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)血压、心脏功能与结构以及心肌血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)信号通路的影响,探讨运动训练改善心脏病理变化的作用机制。方法 5周龄雄性SHR和正常血压大鼠(WKY)各24只,随机分成安静组(S)和运动训练组(E)。运动训练大鼠进行16周中低强度的跑台运动。运动结束,评估4组大鼠血压、左心室收缩和舒张功能、左心室肥厚和纤维化程度。实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(realtime PCR)和Western blot分别检测左心室心肌ACE2、Mas受体mRNA和蛋白表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测左心室心肌组织血管紧张素(1-7)[Ang(1-7)]水平。结果 16周运动显著降低SHR收缩压(P0.01)和左心室舒张末期内压(LVEDP)(P0.01),增强左心室内压最大下降速率(P0.01)。运动训练还降低SHR左心室质量(LVM)、心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)(均P0.05),16周运动上调SHR左心室心肌ACE2和Mas受体mRNA和蛋白表达(均P0.01),增加心肌Ang(1-7)水平(P0.01)。16周运动不引起WKY左心室肥厚,但上调左心室心肌ACE2mRNA和Mas受体mRNA表达(均P0.05)及Ang(1-7)水平(P0.05)。结论高血压前期运动训练显著降低SHR血压、改善左心室功能并减轻心肌纤维化,其机制可能与运动增强心脏组织ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas轴功能有关。     

氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠心脏血管紧张素转换酶2-血管紧张素(1～7)-MAS-ERK通路的影响

目的探讨氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)心肌中血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)-血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang(1-7)]-MAS-ERK通路的影响。方法30周龄SHR随机分为SHR组(n=11)、氯沙坦组[氯沙坦灌胃30mg/(kg·d),n=12],以Wistar大鼠(WKY)作正常对照(n=12)。处理12周后,应用放射免疫法检测大鼠血浆及心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、血管紧张素(1～7)[Ang-(1-7)]水平;采用RT-PCR法检测各组大鼠心肌血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)、ACE2和MAS受体mRNA水平;采用Western blot法检测ACE、ACE2和磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(pERK1/2)蛋白表达水平。结果用药12周后,氯沙坦组血压明显低于SHR组[(164.3±21.6)比(241.3±24.5)mmHg,P<0.01];SHR组心肌ACE mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著高于WKY组,而ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、心肌MAS受体mRNA表达水平明显低于WKY组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);氯沙坦组ACE2 mRNA和蛋白表达、MAS mRNA表达水平高于SHR组(P<0.01),心...     

自发性高血压大鼠淋巴细胞4-氨基吡啶敏感Kv通道电流变化及替米沙坦对其阻滞作用

目的 研究不同周龄自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)外周血淋巴细胞4-氨基吡啶敏感Kv通道电流变化及替米沙坦对该通道的阻断作用,探讨淋巴细胞Kv在高血压病中的变化及替米沙坦对SHR淋巴细胞Kv通道的阻断作用.方法 取4周龄和16周龄SHR,雄性,使用密度离心法分离SHR外周血淋巴细胞,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测SHR外周血淋巴细胞Kv1.3 mRNA表达水平;全细胞膜片钳技术记录表达在淋巴细胞上Kv的电流密度,使用不同浓度替米沙坦灌流,观察其对SHR淋巴细胞Kv电流的影响.结果 (1)16周龄SHR淋巴细胞Kv电流密度为(119.0±9.6)pA/pF(n=30),4周龄SHR为(59.0±7.2)pA/pF(n=30),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(2)16周龄SHR收缩压和淋巴细胞Kv电流密度呈正相关(r=0.837,P＜0.05);(3)16周龄SHR Kv1.3mRNA表达高于4周龄SHR(P＜0.05);(4)替米沙坦浓度依赖性地阻滞SHR淋巴细胞Kv电流,不同浓度替米沙坦(10、30、100μmol/L)对Kv的阻断率分别为(10.5±3.4)%(n=30)、(45.8±3.7)%(n=30)、(81.6±4.2)%(n=30),P＜0.01.结论 成年SHR淋巴细胞上存在更多有功能的Kv通道;替米沙坦对其有阻滞作用,其意义有待进一步研究.     

替米沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠左心室重塑的影响

目的探讨替米沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)左心室重塑的影响。方法l6只16周龄雄性SHR,随机分为替米沙坦治疗组和SHR空白对照组;另设同源的WKY大鼠8只为正常对照组。治疗组给予替米沙坦10mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃给药,8周后处死动物,测量左心室心肌厚度并称重,计算左心室与体重比(LVW/BW);通过Van Gieson染色法观察左心室心肌胶原变化,对左心室心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)进行定性和半定量分析;电镜和HE染色观察左室心肌病理及超微结构。结果与WKY组相比,SHR空白对照组的尾动脉收缩压(SBP)、LVW/BW、左室壁厚度、CVF、PVCA、均显著增高(P<0.01);与SHR空白对照组相比,替米沙坦治疗组能有效降低SHR的SBP,改善左心室肥厚(P<0.01),减少心肌间质及心肌小动脉周围的胶原(P<0.01),组织病理及电镜显示,替米沙坦治疗能显著改善SHR左心室重塑。结论替米沙坦能有效降低SHR血压,改善左心室重塑。     

替米沙坦对高血压大鼠血管重构和AngⅡ1型受体表达的影响

目的 探讨替米沙坦对实验性高血压大鼠血管重构和AngⅡ1型受体(AT1R)的影响.方法 腹主动脉部分缩窄构建高血压大鼠模型,24只雌雄各半SD大鼠随机分成高血压组和替米沙坦组(3 mg·kg-1· d-1),另设假手术组为对照组.测定血流动力学指标和心室质量指数,主动脉进行图像分析,检测大鼠血浆与主动脉组织匀浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)含量,测定主动脉血管内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞AT1R蛋白的表达.结果 ①与假手术组比较,高血压组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MABP)、左室质量指数(LVMI)、中膜厚度/内径、中膜面积/内腔面积显著升高(P均＜0.05);高血压组大鼠血浆与主动脉组织匀浆中AngⅡ含量和AT1R表达较对照组明显增高(P均＜0.05);②高血压组血浆AngⅡ、血管平滑肌细胞AT1R、主动脉中膜厚度/内径比值或中膜面积/内腔面积比值三者之间互为显著正相关(r=0.88 ～0.93,P＜0.01 ～0.001);主动脉匀浆AngⅡ、血管平滑肌细胞AT1R、主动脉中膜厚度/内径比值或中膜面积/内腔面积比值三者之间亦互为显著正相关(r=0.82 ～0.91,P＜0.01～0.001).③替米沙坦能显著改善血流动力学指标,降低LVMI、中膜面积/内腔面积(P均＜0.05);替米沙坦组主动脉匀浆中AngⅡ水平、血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞AT1R均较高血压组降低(P均＜0.05).结论 过度表达的AT1R在高血压大鼠血管重构中起到了重要作用,替米沙坦通过抑制AT1R的表达从而逆转血管重构.     

自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构与ACE2 mRNA的表达

目的:观察不同月龄的自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)的心脏血管紧张素转换酶2(ACE2)mRNA表达水平,探讨心脏重构与ACE2的内在联系。方法:将12周龄雄性SHR 18只和12周龄WKY Wistar-Kyoto rats大鼠18只随机分为两组,从WKY大鼠组和SHR组中各抽取9只处死,剩余的9只再喂养12周后处死。测量大鼠心脏的质量(HW)与体质量(BW)并计算HW/BW的比值。以实时定量RT-PCR法检测ACE2 mRNA的表达。结果:①与同周龄WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组HW/BW的比值显著增加(P0.01);与12周龄SHR组比较,24周龄SHR组的HW/BW显著增加(P0.05)。②与同周龄的WKY大鼠组比较,SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01);与12周龄的SHR组比较,24周龄的SHR组ACE2 mRNA的表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:自发性高血压大鼠心脏重构伴随着心脏中ACE2 mRNA的表达下调。     

联合应用缬沙坦和雷米普利对心脑血管组织血管紧张素Ⅱ受体的影响

目的 探讨小剂量联合应用血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体阻滞剂(ARB)缬沙坦和血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)雷米普利对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)体内血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(AT1R)和2型受体(AT2R)基因表达的影响及该方法治疗高血压的可行性.方法 7～8周龄雄性SHR大鼠24只,WKY大鼠8只.SHR大鼠分成4组,每组6只.其中3组分别用缬沙坦30 mg/(kg·d),雷米普利1 mg/(kg·d)和缬沙坦15 mg/(kg·d) 雷米普利0.5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃.3月后,分别测定血压、心质量与体质量比值、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)值,血清一氧化氮(NO)值及心肌组织NO值.应用心肌胶原纤维特殊染色法及图像分析评估大鼠心肌纤维化程度.用RT-PCR方法测定各组大鼠左室心肌,主动脉及脑组织ACE mRNA、AT1R mRNA和AT2R mRNA表达情况.结果 联合应用半量的缬沙坦和雷米普利比单用组更全面抑制了SHR心肌、主动脉和脑组织中AT1R mRNA和ACE mRNA的表达(AT1R mRNA:P＜0.01 vs雷米普利组;ACE mRNA:P＜0.01 vs 缬沙坦组).联合组明显提升了AT2R mRNA与AT1R mRNA比值(约为SHR组、WKY组或雷米普利组3～4倍),增高了局部心肌组织NO的含量[联合组(7.2±1.2) vs SHR组(4.7±1.2),P＜0.05].结论 小剂量联合应用缬沙坦和雷米普利比单用组在高血压治疗方面获益更大.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.