人脑联合纤维的扩散张量纤维束成像初步研究

目的 :利用扩散张量纤维束成像显示人脑内联合纤维的三维结构 ,探讨其与解剖学描述的一致性。方法 :对5例正常志愿者进行单次激发回波平面扩散张量成像 ,利用纤维束成像软件包显示人脑联合纤维的三维结构 ,观察重建的联合纤维与解剖学描述的一致性。结果 :通过选择恰当的兴趣区 ,设置不同的分数各向异性阈值、角度阈值、步长和体素长度内采样数目等参数 ,扩散张量纤维束成像可以清楚地显示弓状纤维、扣带、钩束、上纵束、下纵束、上枕额束和下枕额束等联合纤维的三维结构 ,除上枕额束以外 ,其显示结果与解剖学描述具有良好的一致性。结论 :联合纤维束成像的结果与解剖学描述具有高度一致性 ,该方法是一种可靠的研究人脑纤维连接的方法。     

磁共振弥散张量成像对正常大脑白质纤维束构象的初步研究

目的利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究正常成人脑内各部位各向异性程度及正常白质纤维束构象特征.方法对25名正常志愿者进行常规MR及DTI序列检查,重建FA图及三维彩色编码张量图.分别在半卵圆中心、基底节区和大脑脚层面测量主要白质束的FA值.结果DTI显示灰质与白质区各向异性存在显著差异,不同部位的白质纤维束各向异性程度亦不相同,且左右两侧基本对称,重建FA图和三维彩色编码张量图可显示白质内大部分主要的白质纤维束.结论DTI可清晰显示脑内白质纤维束的走行及分布,为了解脑功能与白质通路间关系提供了有力研究手段.     

磁共振扩散张量及纤维束示踪成像对脊髓疾病的研究进展

弥散张量成像通过观察组织中异常运动的水分子来检测白质病变,已被证实非常有效;弥散纤维束成像则是运用三维后处理方法重建纤维束走行图。本文综述了弥散张量成像和弥散纤维束成像在脊髓肿瘤,损伤,炎症等脊髓疾病的特点,此方法比传统磁共振更能敏感检出和显示脊髓疾病,必将在临床有更广阔的应用。     

正常成人大脑胼胝体弥散张量纤维束成像研究

目的 :利用磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像技术 ,研究正常成人大脑胼胝体的形状和结构。方法 :分别对 1 0名正常志愿者 (男 5例 ,女 5例。年龄为 2 4～ 6 5岁 ,平均年龄 4 0 .9岁 )进行弥散张量成像 ,将所得数据输入个人计算机 ,应用日本东京大学附属医院放射科影像计算和分析实验室所研制的软件 :Volume one1 .5 6和diffusionTENSORVisualizer 1 .5 (dTV)进行大脑胼胝体纤维束成像。结果 :本研究成功的在活体显示大脑胼胝体的形状和结构 ,在彩色FA图矢状面上胼胝体呈半月形 ,在弥散张量纤维束图横断面上呈蜈蚣状。结论 :弥散张量纤维束成像可以显示正常人大脑胼胝体 ,为大脑白质纤维束的研究开辟了一新的广阔领域。     

颈髓白质纤维束磁共振扩散张量成像的初步研究

目的:利用磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)研究正常成人颈髓的各向异性程度,探讨颈髓白质纤维束成像的可能性和应用价值。方法:使用单次激发自旋回波平面回波(SE-EPI)序列对14例MR检查正常的健康志愿者行颈髓弥散张量成像检查。重建FA图,在颈髓各节段分别测量FA值。利用日本东京大学Masutani开发的DTVⅡ和VolumeOne纤维束示踪成像软件进行白质纤维束成像。结果:颈髓平均FA值0.6583±0.0737,所有FA图上颈髓显示清晰,没有明显图像失真。白质纤维束成像三维显示颈髓大部分主要的纤维束。结论:DTI有效地显示颈髓白质纤维的各向异性特征及白质纤维束的分布和走向,对颈髓疾病的研究提供了新的方法。     

扩散张量的三维纤维束成像在多发性硬化中的应用

目的 应用三维纤维束成像技术,研究多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)脱髓鞘斑块引起的白质纤维束的改变. 资料与方法 应用3 T 磁共振对34例MS患者和25名非MS健康志愿者行常规头颅MRI和扩散张量成像(DTI),观察MS病灶处和正常表现脑白质的纤维束变化. 结果 三维纤维束成像可以清楚显示脑内白质纤维束的方向、形态和结构.在MS斑块处可见纤维束中断、病灶远端纤维束缺失或稀少.病灶周围的纤维束表现为受压、推移改变.与相同年龄段的正常人对照,MS患者的正常表现胼胝体内纤维束稀少. 结论 基于DTI技术的纤维束成像能够直观地显示脑内白质纤维束,反映病变对纤维造成的影响.     

弥散张量成像对颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束解剖关系的评价

目的:评价弥散张量成像技术显示颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束解剖关系的价值。材料和方法:对5例正常志愿者及29例幕上星形细胞瘤及脑膜瘤进行弥散张量成像,在弥散各向异性图、彩色张量图及脑白质纤维束图上分析肿瘤与相邻脑白质纤维束的解剖关系,并对患者术前、术后的临床症状进行评价。结果:(1)9例脑膜瘤及11例Ⅰ-Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤推移相邻脑白质纤维束,患者术后临床症状明显改善。(2)6例Ⅲ-Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤及3例Ⅰ-Ⅱ级星形细胞瘤浸润、破坏相邻脑白质纤维束,患者术后的临床症状未明显改善。结论:弥散张量成像技术在显示颅脑肿瘤与相邻脑内主要白质纤维束的解剖关系方面具有重要价值,对神经外科术前治疗方案的确定具有重要指导作用。     

大脑胶质瘤DTT初步研究

目的:评价磁共振弥散张量纤维束成像技术在大脑胶质瘤所导致的大脑白质纤维异常改变中的价值。方法:分别对15例大脑胶质瘤患者进行弥散张量成像,对所获得的数据进行弥散张量纤维束成像,获得FA图、DEC图和DTT图,观察不同病变所引起的白质纤维束的改变情况。结果:15个病变累及的白质纤维束有弓状纤维、上纵束、内囊、上额枕束和胼胝体。白质纤维束的异常改变有2个类型:破坏 浸润5例、破坏 移位10例。结论:弥散张量纤维束成像可以显示颅内肿瘤所造成的白质纤维的异常改变,立体显示肿瘤与白质纤维束之间的关系,有利于肿瘤手术方案的制定和病人预后的预测。     

视放射区纤维束MRI弥散张量成像及梗死后改变

目的：利用弥散张量成像不同成像参数探索正常视觉通路的显示情况和枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死纤维束的变化。方法对20例正常志愿者和45例枕颞叶视放射区脑梗死患者,分别行常规磁共振检查、弥散加权成像及弥散张量成像,显示枕颞叶视放射区的纤维束走行,并测量梗死侧及对侧视放射区的各向异性值、表观扩散系数值、体积相对各向异性值及指数各向异性值。结果在正常对照组不同区域设置感兴趣区,可以较好地显示视神经、视束、视放射的走行。枕颞叶视放射梗死区弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像各参数值的变化,FA值在超急性期略升高,其余各期有不同程度的减低,ADC值在超急性期、急性期和亚急性期不同程度升高,慢性期减低;VRA与FA呈正相关关系（ r ＝0．789）, EA与ADC呈负相关关系（ r ＝-0．743）。结论弥散加权成像及弥散扩散张量成像可以较好显示视觉通路和枕颞叶视放射区纤维束的走行及梗死后的改变,有利于梗死预后的判断。     

纤维束弥散张量成像:3T和1.5T磁共振成像对比

目的:有报道提出3T弥散张量成像(DTI)比1.5T的成像质量更好,因为它具有更高的信噪比。但是目前还没有任何报道对3T和1.5T纤维束弥散张量成像进行比较。现对此进行研究评价二者的不同。方法:13名健康志愿者(男7名,女6名,年龄23～43岁,平均31岁)同时接受3T和1.5T脑纤维束弥散张量     

Diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography of C6 rat glioma

PURPOSE: To apply diffusion tensor images using 30 noncollinear directions for diffusion-weighted gradient schemes to characterize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) features associated with C6 glioma-bearing rat brains, and ideally visualize fiber tractography datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fiber tractographies of normal male Fischer 344 rat brains were constructed from DTI datasets acquired with a 30 noncollinear diffusion gradient scheme. Cultured C6 cell were intracranially injected into the cortex of male Fischer 344 rats. The time course of the tumor growth was monitored with DTI and fiber tractography using diffusion-weighting gradients in 30 noncollinear directions. RESULTS: Fiber tractographies through the corpus callosum (CC) were easily visualized with the 30-direction gradient scheme, and the fiber trajectories of the motor cortex and striatum were well represented in normal rats. Fiber tractography indicated that the neuronal fibers of the CC were compressed or disappeared by growing C6 glioma, which affected surrounding brain tissue. CONCLUSION: We have demonstrated in this study that fiber tractography with the 30 noncollinear diffusion gradient scheme method can be used to help provide a better understanding regarding the influence of a tumor on the surrounding regions of normal brain tissue in vivo.     

Three dimensional myoarchitecture of the human tongue determined in vivo by diffusion tensor imaging with tractography

PURPOSE: To study the anatomical relationships involving the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations of the human tongue employing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tractography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images of the human tongue in vivo were obtained using a twice-refocused spin echo DTI pulse sequence at 1.5 T, isotropic 3 x 3 x 3 mm(3) voxels, b-value 500 seconds/mm(2), and 90 different diffusion sensitizing gradient directions. Multivoxel tracts were generated along the vectors, corresponding to the directions of maximal diffusion in each voxel. The data was visualized using custom fiber tracking software and images compared with known anatomy. RESULTS: DTI tractography depicts the complete three-dimensional (3D) myoarchitecture of the human tongue, specifically demonstrating the geometric relationships between the intrinsic and extrinsic myofiber populations. These results define the manner in which key extrinsic fiber populations merge with the longitudinally-, transversely-, and vertically-aligned intrinsic fibers. CONCLUSION: The current results display for the first time the use of DTI tractography in vivo to visualize the complete structural anatomy of the human tongue and allow us to consider fundamental structure-function relationships.     

功能MRI对左侧语言相关脑区肿瘤的术前评价

目的 探讨联合应用fMRI及扩散张量纤维束成像对左侧语言相关脑区肿瘤的应用价值.方法 选取15例左侧语言相关脑区肿瘤患者行fMRI及DTI.其中3例患者失语,余患者语言功能轻度受损或正常.功能MR扫描采用视觉呈现、组块设计模式,以及语义相关判断任务.fMRI图像后处理采用个体化分析,在功能激活图与解剖图叠加的图像上测量获得的Broca区和中央前回"手结节"区边缘距离肿瘤边缘最短距离,并计算语言功能偏侧化指数(LI),DTI图像后处理应用Volume-one软件进行纤维束追踪成像,观察额叶白质纤维束,主要是弓状束与肿瘤的位置关系.术前与神经外科医师共同根据脑功能激活图和白质纤维束图显示的肿瘤与功能区和纤维束解剖关系制定手术方案,术后1年进行影像和语言功能随访.结果 语义相关判断任务很好地激活了前、后语言区和中央前回"手结节"运动区.12例患者患侧均可见Broca区、Wernicke区和其他语言处理相关脑区神经网络的激活,并测量Broca区和中央前回"手结节"区距离肿瘤的最短距离,另3例患者因头动明显,数据处理失败.8例患者为左侧语言优势半球,3例患者为右侧语言优势半球,1例患者为双侧语言优势.14例患者纤维柬重建后,3例患者左侧弓状束受浸润破坏,6例受压变形移位,5例完全正常.1例患者DTI图像头动伪影明显,图像处理失败.fMRI和扩散张量纤维束成像成功地帮助神经外科制定个体化手术计划.术后1年随访,1例患者死于并发症,其余患者没有发现肿瘤复发.术前语言功能受损的3例患者,因弓状柬受浸润破坏语言表达能力轻度改善,其余患者语言表达能力明显改善或正常.结论 fMRI及扩散张量纤维束成像联合应用能够更好地观察肿瘤、语言功能区及相关白质纤维束的解剖关系,辅助术前个体化手术方案的制定,最大程度地切除肿瘤,降低了术后语言功能障碍的比例.     

Basic principles of diffusion tensor MR tractography

Diffusion tensor MR tractography allows in vivo depiction of anatomical bundles composing the white matter of the brain and of spinal cord. Diffusion MRI uses the effects of heterogeneous water molecule movement to determine for each pixel the main axis and magnitude of local anisotropy. Tractography exploits these data to reconstruct the tridimensional geometry of the bundles providing neurologists with precise information about white matter tract architecture involvement by various pathologies. In this paper, the basic principles of molecular diffusion and the subsequent diffusion tensor that describes its geometrical and quantitative characteristics will be reviewed, in particular within bundles of white matter. Then main principles of diffusion tensor MR imaging and tractography will be presented.     

Three‐dimensional diffusion tensor microimaging for anatomical characterization of the mouse brain

Diffusion tensor imaging is gaining increasing importance for anatomical imaging of the developing mouse brain. However, the application of diffusion tensor imaging to mouse brain imaging at microscopic levels is hindered by the limitation on achievable spatial resolution. In this study, fast diffusion tensor microimaging of the mouse brain, based on a diffusion‐weighted gradient and spin echo technique with twin‐navigator echo phase correction, is presented. Compared to echo planar and spin echo acquisition, the diffusion‐weighted gradient and spin echo acquisition resulted in significant reduction in scan time and had minimal image distortion, thereby allowing acquisition at higher spatial resolution. In this study, three‐dimensional diffusion tensor microimaging of the mouse brains at spatial resolutions of 50‐60 μm revealed unprecedented anatomical details. Thin fiber bundles in the adult striatum and white matter tracts in the embryonic day 12 mouse brains were visualized for the first time. The study demonstrated that data acquired using the diffusion tensor microimaging technique allow three‐dimensional mapping of gene expression data and can serve as a platform to study gene expression patterns in the context of neuroanatomy in the developing mouse brain. Magn Reson Med 64:249–261, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Evaluation of local look diffusion tensor imaging for magnetic resonance tractography of the periprostatic neurovascular bundle

The purpose of this study was to compare diffusion tensor imaging using the local look technique and sensitivity encoding for tractography of the periprostatic neurovascular bundle. We compared the surrounding tissues of the prostate in eight healthy volunteers. The results of tractography in terms of the numbers of fibers and the fractional anisotropy map were evaluated. Distortion was evaluated using the dice similarity coefficient between isotropic diffusion images created from diffusion tensor images and T2-weighted images. The number of lines in tractography was significantly greater in diffusion tensor imaging using the local look technique (p?<?0.001). Although there was no difference in image distortion of the prostate between methods, an artifact appeared in the center of the diffusion tensor image using sensitivity encoding. In conclusion, diffusion tensor imaging using the local look technique was superior to that using sensitivity encoding for tractography of the periprostatic neurovascular bundle.     

脑缺血性卒中MR扩散张量成像的初步研究

目的利用磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)及扩散张量纤维束成像(DTT)评价缺血性脑卒中所致皮质脊髓束(CST)损伤程度与运动功能的关系。方法对9例急性期大脑中动脉供血区缺血性脑卒中病人进行常规MR、DTI和DTT检查,对数据进行离线后处理,采用dTV.II软件处理,获得FA图及方向编码彩色图,并重建双侧皮质脊髓束3D纤维束图。对梗死区及健侧相应区域白质进行FA测量。采用Brunnstorm标准判断脑卒中患者患手肌力。结果在脑卒中病人梗死区FA值显著低于健侧,两侧相比差异有显著统计学意义(t=4.570,P<0.001)。病变侧皮质脊髓束表现为受压、变形、移位和中断,皮质脊髓束受累情况与肌力和运动功能的恢复有良好的相关性(rs=0.888,P<0.05)。结论CST损伤严重程度与运动功能的恢复相关,DTI和DTT对观察CST的损害程度、预测恢复程度、指导临床康复治疗具有重要的价值。     

High-resolution line scan diffusion tensor MR imaging of white matter fiber tract anatomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: MR diffusion tensor imaging permits detailed visualization of white matter fiber tracts. This technique, unlike T2-weighted imaging, also provides information about fiber direction. We present findings of normal white matter fiber tract anatomy at high resolution obtained by using line scan diffusion tensor imaging. METHODS: Diffusion tensor images in axial, coronal, and sagittal sections covering the entire brain volume were obtained with line scan diffusion imaging in six healthy volunteers. Images were acquired for b factors 5 and 1000 s/mm(2) at an imaging resolution of 1.7 x 1.7 x 4 mm. For selected regions, images were obtained at a reduced field of view with a spatial resolution of 0.9 x 0.9 x 3 mm. For each pixel, the direction of maximum diffusivity was computed and used to display the course of white matter fibers. RESULTS: Fiber directions derived from diffusion tensor imaging were consistent with known white matter fiber anatomy. The principal fiber tracts were well observed in all cases. The tracts that were visualized included the following: the arcuate fasciculus; superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculus; uncinate fasciculus; cingulum; external and extreme capsule; internal capsule; corona radiata; auditory and optic radiation; anterior commissure; corpus callosum; pyramidal tract; gracile and cuneatus fasciculus; medial longitudinal fasciculus; rubrospinal, tectospinal, central tegmental, and dorsal trigeminothalamic tract; superior, inferior, and middle cerebellar peduncle; pallidonigral and strionigral fibers; and root fibers of the oculomotor and trigeminal nerve. CONCLUSION: We obtained a complete set of detailed white matter fiber anatomy maps of the normal brain by means of line scan diffusion tensor imaging at high resolution. Near large bone structures, line scan produces images with minimal susceptibility artifacts.     

Diffusion tensor MR imaging visualizes the altered hemispheric fiber connection in callosal dysgenesis

We report three cases of callosal dysgenesis that were evaluated by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber tractography. In partial agenesis of corpus callosum, fiber tracts from all regions of brain converged to a partially developed small genu portion and connected to the contralateral side. In complete callosal agenesis, fibers from the hemispheres failed to cross the midline and formed thick bundles running anteroposteriorly (eg, Probst bundle). The thickness of the anterior commissure was enlarged or smaller than normal brain, and other white matter tracts were not markedly different from normal brain tissue.