从须纤恙螨分离到恙虫病立克次体的研究

目的：研究纤须恙螨的恙虫病病原学意义及潜在媒介作用。方法：以７１～１５０只左右须纤恙螨为一批接种小白鼠，共分４批。结果：均成功地分离到恙虫病立克次体。传代小鼠的临床症状有弓背、耸毛、厌食等，内脏仅见肝脏肿大，脾脏只在最初２代有个别肿大。ＩＦＡ法检测传代阳性小鼠血清中的恙虫病立克次体ＩｇＧ抗体，均呈阳性反应，血清分型结果均为Ｇｉｌｉａｍ型。对须１１０４株ＬＤ５０测定结果为１０－１４３７５。结论：须纤恙螨是仅作为恙虫病立克次体的宿主，抑或既是宿主又可充当潜在媒介，在恙螨→人或恙螨→鼠之间起作用，值得进一步研究     

Field epidemiology: Methodological constraints and limitations in the developing world

Effective planning for health services and facilities requires knowledge of not only theillnesses prevalent in a community but also of the quantity, distribution and the factors affecting their occurrence. In many developing countries, such information is not readily available because of gross inadequacies in the demographic, vital and health statistics collection system. In the absence of a reliable data source, well designed epidemiological surveys may provide clues on the health status of the community. However, the conduct of epidemiological surveys in this part of the world is subject to setbacks, limitations and constraints. Some of the limitations and constraints confronting epidemiologists are discussed. Their implications in the possible malpractice of epidemiology in developing countries should be of much concern.     

石河子地区婴儿死亡率及死因分析

石河子地区1988年元月1日～1991年6月30日出生活产16401例,婴儿死亡438例,婴儿死亡率26.71‰,其中城市21.29‰,农场28.67‰;汉族25.98‰,少数民族46.39‰。婴儿主要死因及顺位畸形、呼吸系疾患、低体重、滞产,占总死因的71.3％.产母的年龄≥35、产次≥3、未做产前检查、非住院分娩、臀位产、婴儿出生体重小于2500g等是影响婴儿死亡的危险因素。     

Detection of antimicrofilarial ES antigen-antibody in immune complexes in Bancroftian filariasis by enzyme immunoassay

An enzyme immunoassay using penicillinase conjugated to Wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial ES antigen has been developed to detect specific antibody in circulating immune complexes in Bancroftian filariasis. Immune complexes were prepared by 3% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation. 44 sera belonging to different groups were tested. 16 of 19 clinical filarial and two of 16 endemic normal sera but none of the non-endemic normal sera showed the presence of antimicrofilarial ES antigen-antibody in immune complexes.     

The in vivo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine combination in Ibadan,Nigeria

Fifty-eight Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria were allocated randomly into two groups and treated with either chloroquine (25 mg/kg over three days) or Fansidar (35 mg sulphadoxine (+ $\text{1}\text{20}$ pyrimethamine) per kg single dose)). They were observed for 28 days during which blood films were examined periodically for malaria parasites.Asexual forms of P. falciparum, which were present in the blood films of all the patients in both groups before commencing treatment, disappeared rapidly from the blood so that by the fourth day after starting treatment no parasites were seen in the blood films. The blood films thereafter remained negative in both groups throughout the rest of the 28-day observation period. The rate of fever clearance was also similar in both groups. The study did not show resistance to Fansidar or to chloroquine. There is therefore, at present, no case for the indiscriminate use of Fansidar on the basis of suspected chloroquine resistance.     

综合疗法治疗脑卒中100例疗效观察及综合生活质量评价

目的观察综合疗法治疗脑卒中的疗效以及治疗前后患者的综合生活质量状况。方法将患者随机分为三组,A组100例给予常规治疗,B组100例给予常规治疗＋血栓通治疗,C组100例给予综合疗法治疗。同时将三组患者治疗后第1年作为评价时段,采用综合生活质量评定问卷对各组患者的生活质量进行测评并比较,已进一步验证三组患者采用不同治疗方法的整体疗效以及综合生活质量。结果C组患者整体疗效和综合生活质量较好,B组患者次之,A组最差。结论综合疗法治疗脑卒中的疗效肯定,安全可靠,可明显提高患者的综合生活质量。     

An inter-racial study of the prevalence of hypertension in an urban South African population

This study was done to compare and contrast the prevalence of hypertension in the three racial groups of Durban, namely the Africans (Zulus), Indians and Whites, and was a random house-to-house study of 1,000 of each group. The prevalence of hypertension according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was highest in the African (25%), intermediate in the White (22·8%) and lowest in the Indian (19%). Age-corrected prevalence rates were: African 25%, Whites 17·2% and Indians 14·19%. Prevalence of hypertension was more common in females than in males in the African and Indian population, unlike the Whites. In all racial groups the mean arterial pressure rose with age. Unlike the White study, African females between the ages of 35 and 40 years had a higher prevalence than males. There was an association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the Indian population. This study showed that all three population groups had hypertension which was undiagnosed, undetected or inadequately treated. The high prevalence of hypertension in the White and Indian population could explain the high incidence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in South Africa. In the African population, whilst they are spared IHD, hypertension is a major factor for the high incidence of cerebrovascular episodes. The lower prevalence of hypertension in the rural Zulu population and the difference in the years of residence between the hypertensive and normotensive urban Zulu suggests that urbanization plays an important part in the aetiology of hypertension in the Zulu.     

Blood transfusion induced malaria in Iran

Blood transfusion plays the main rôle in induced malaria in Iran. Over 111 cases of transfusion malaria were recorded during the 10 years from 1963 to 1972. Seventy-three% of the species of plasmodia have been P. malariae and 27% P. vivax. 9 cases of transfusion induced quartan malaria in blood recipients have been studied. In 2 blood donors who were proved to be carriers of P. malariae by the fluorescent antibody test, scanty malaria parasites were detected in thick films made from blood concentrate obtained by centrifugation.     

Chromium complexes with proteins and mucopolysaccharides and their relationship to chromium allergy in sensitized guinea pigs

Theoretical considerations and equilibrium dialysis are utilized to refute previous reports on the amounts of chromium that can be complexed to proteins and mucopolysaccharides. Purified chromium complexes containing no free chromium were then used to test chromium-sensitized guinea pigs. The chromium-albumin complex is the only one of those studied found to reproducibly elicit.     

A preliminary survey of malnutrition and helminthiasis among school-children in one mountain and one lowland ujamaa village in Northern Tanzania

The nutritional status, parasite prevalence and immediate skin hypersensitivity to Ascaris and Schistosoma antigens were determined for 185 schoolchildren living in two ujamaa villages in Northern Tanzania.In the lowland village of Kwamsisi the parasite ova found were Schistosoma haematobium (53·8%), Ascaris (26·0%) and hookworm (24·7%). 57·5% of the children examined were regarded as malnourished, being less than 80% of their expected weight for age.In the mountain village of Ubiri the parasite prevalence rates were 15·2% for Schistosoma haematobium, 1·6% for S. Mansoni, 65·2% Ascaris and 24·1% hookworm. Malnutrition was found in 81·9% of the boys and in 41·2% of the girls. This sex difference is considered to be due to the physiological effects of living in a hilly environment.Correlation between malnutrition and multiple infections of Ascaris, hookworm and Schistosoma gave a chi-square value of 5·972 (p = 0·02). All other statistical comparisons between parasite prevalence and nutritional status were insignificant.Immediate skin hypersensitivity tests proved unreliable with 23·3% false negatives (negative skin test with parasite ova found). The serum IgE levels were extremely high with a mean of 3174 units per ml suggesting that the immune mechanisms were not retarded by undernutrition.     

Echinococcus multilocularis infection in India: first case report proved at autopsy

The occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis is reported in India for the first time. The patient was a young man, various clinical diagnoses were made and he finally died after an attempted membranotomy for suspected membranous obstruction in the inferior vena cava. Autopsy revealed classical E. multilocularis infection of the liver with direct spread of the inferior vena cava, the right atrium and through the diaphragm into the base of the left lung. It also had caused an outflow tract obstruction to the hepatic venous flow by direct physical pressure distorting the proximal intrahepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. In addition the patient had multi-valvular lesions of rheumatic origin and a terminal infective endocarditis due to staphyloccal infection.     

The termination of early pregnancy in the mouse by β-momorcharin

β-Momorcharin is a basic glycoprotein found in the seeds of $\text{Momordica charantia}$ L. It differed immunologically from α-momorcharin also of the same source but possessed similar midterm abortifacient activity. Intraperitoneal administration of β-momocharin into mice on Days 4 and 6 of pregnancy led to an inhibition of pregnancy. $\text{In vitro}$ study showed that the protein disturbed peri-implantation development by: (a) blocking the hatching of embryos from the zona pellucida; (b) decreasing the incidence of successful attachment of the blastocyst; (c) reducing the trophoblast outgrowth; and (d) disrupting the development of inner cell mass. It is likely that β-momorcharin inhibited embryonic implantation by a similar biological action previously described for α-momorcharin.     

Protection by antioxidants against the toxicity of ozone to microbial systems

Antioxidants of a wide range of chemical classes were shown to protect a bacterium and a protozoan against ozone toxicity.     

Effect of norethindrone acetate released from a single silastic implant on serum FSH, LH, progesterone and estradiol-17beta of women during first eight months of treatment

4 healthy women of proven fertility and normal menstrual cycles were implanted with a single silastic implant D, filled with norethindrone acetate (ENTA) in order to study the effect of continuously released low levels of ENTA (150 mcg/day) on serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol-17beta, and progesterone and to assess the site of action. Steroids were measured by radioimmunoassay before the implant and 2-4 cycles during the first 8 months of treatment. Values of steroids prior to implant indicate that all subjects were ovulatory before treatment. During the 1st few months of use, values indicate that ovulation continued unsuppressed. Later cycles demonstrated hormonal disturbances with low serum progesterone during the luteal phase in most of the treatment cycles when compared with controls. Results indicate a gradually increasing suppression on the pituitary-gonadal function.     

Detection and measurement of species-specific malarial antibodies by immunofluorescence tests.

Species-specific serodiagnosis of malaria could be made by means of the standardized indirect fluorescent antibody test, either by determination of the usual end-point titres or by fluorescent intensity measurements on antigens. The malarial antibody levels could also be measured by the fluorescent intensity measurements at a single serum dilution. Thus the fluorescent intensity measurements could effectively replace the end point titre determination, with the advantages of standardization and saving in technician time.     

Potentiation of Cd-induced pulmonary injury in α1-antitrypsin suppressed rats

The interrelationship of α₁-antitrypsin (α₁-AT) or serum trypsin inhibitor capacity (TIC) level and cadmium exposure in the induction of pulmonary lesions was investigated. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CdCl₂, galactosamine, or galactosamine + CdCl₂ for 24 hr. Biochemical study indicated a 20% reduction of serum TIC in animals exposed to galactosamine. A marked, 50%, reduction of serum TIC was induced in animals exposed to galactosamine + CdCl₂. Histopathological study revealed no major morphological lesions in lungs of animals exposed to either CdCl₂ or galactosamine. However, extensive lesions, including polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration, distortion and distention of the alveolar spaces, and massive hemorrhages were observed in the lungs of animals exposed to galactosamine + CdCl₂. It is believed that cadmium can induce rapid lesions in the pulmonary tissues when the α₁-AT is significantly suppressed. The present investigation has provided direct evidence on the importance and interrelationship of cadmium and α₁-AT in pulmonary lesion development.     

对上海市区县以上医院1994—1996年平均住院日的分析和评价

平均住院日是反映医院工作效率、医院综合效益的关键指标。作者通过对上海市区县以上医院1994～1996年的平均住院日资料的统计分析,指出影响平均住院日的因素是多方面的,缩短平均住院日是可行的,提出了建立卫生资源宏观调控机制的设想。     

Kala-azar in Zambia: first report of two cases

Two autochthonous cases of kala-azar, the first such report of the disease from Central and Southern Africa, are described. Both patients presented with generalized macules, papules and nodules without ulceration and both also had tuberculosis. Amastigotes were cultured from blood and identified in skin, bone marrow, liver and spleen.     

Sibling aggregation of blood pressure: Nature or nurture?

The finding of sibling aggregation of blood pressure has been extended to include young children. At the Specialized Center of Research, University of Miami School of Medicine, we have demonstrated this tendency among a group of sibships each of which contains a 1-month-old infant. In another study, we have demonstrated higher correlations between blood pressures of full siblings than half-siblings. These findings, taken together, are most compatible with the existence of genetic determinants of the tendency toward sibling aggregation of blood pressure.     

对20644名出入境人员传染病监测结果分析

本文报道了昆明卫生检疫局1991年1月～1993年12月对出入境人员的传染病监测体检情况。对20644人传染病监测体检中发现HIV抗体阳性10例．梅毒抗体阳性7例，HBsAg阳性557例．非传染性疾病606例。