鼻内镜下前颅底重建经验分享：附94例分析

目的 介绍鼻内镜下前颅底重建的方法及经验。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院2012年1月～2021年12月间行单纯鼻内镜入路前颅底病变切除及重建的患者94例,重建时根据前颅底缺损的面积,选择大腿阔筋膜、人工硬膜、带蒂鼻中隔-鼻底黏膜瓣或游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣进行修复。结果 94例单纯鼻内镜下前颅底肿瘤切除加颅底重建患者中,除1例术后因黏膜瓣移位仍有大量脑脊液鼻漏,于次日再次鼻内镜下重新铺置黏膜瓣,其余患者颅底重建均一次成功;1例术后随访发现脑膜脑膨出。结论 鼻内镜下前颅底重建成功的关键在于根据颅底缺损分级选择合适的重建方法及材料,并且要确保修复材料填塞在位。     

应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的研究

目的:探讨利用鼻内自体材料在内镜下重建鼻颅底缺损治疗脑脊液鼻漏的方法及可行性。方法:内镜下应用鼻内自体组织对96例患者进行颅底缺损重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏。根据颅底骨缺损的部位、大小决定修复的材料和方法,18例缺损直径<0.5 cm,取游离中鼻甲黏骨膜外置法重建;35例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂中鼻甲外置法重建;12例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径0.5~<1.0 cm,应用带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣外置法修复;19例缺损直径1.0~<1.5 cm,应用游离鼻中隔软骨-黏骨膜瓣修复;7例缺损位于筛顶和筛板,缺损直径1.5~2.5 cm,应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂中鼻甲重建;5例缺损位于蝶鞍斜坡,缺损直径1.5~2.5cm,则应用筛骨垂直板加带蒂鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣重建颅底。结果:随访6个月~6年,2例患者分别于术后1年和2年再次出现脑脊液鼻漏,1例经保守治疗后脑脊液漏停止,1例患者经再次手术治愈;3例患者于术后出现短暂性脑脊液漏,未经特殊处理自愈;其余患者未再出现脑脊液漏。结论:应用鼻内自体材料在内镜下进行颅底重建治疗脑脊液鼻漏具有取材方便、手术成功率高等优点;不同大小和不同部位的颅底缺损宜选择不同的鼻内自体材料进行重建。     

鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣在颅底缺损修复重建中的应用

目的介绍鼻内镜下纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜一软骨瓣修复颅底硬脑膜缺损的方法,总结其疗效,并探讨其应用适应证。方法回顾性分析应用纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣鼻内镜下修复颅底肿瘤手术后硬脑膜缺损病例16例,其中嗅神经母细胞瘤5瘤,颅咽管瘤2例,垂体瘤5例,脑膜瘤3例,生殖细胞瘤1例。依据颅底缺损范围的大小,设计鼻中隔取材组织瓣的切取范围,将一侧的部分黏软骨膜及软骨作为整体一并切下,对组织瓣进行修整并环形缝合防黏骨膜撕脱,利用软骨自身的弹性将软骨完全嵌入缺损骨壁的内层,而将黏软骨膜平铺于缺损骨质的外壁,从而形成一种夹层修复。结果所有病例均一次性重建成功,无脑脊液鼻漏和颅内感染发生;5例嗅母细胞瘤和1例生殖细胞瘤患者术后辅助放射治疗,随访6个月以上;其余病例随访6个月至5年,均未发生脑脊液鼻漏及颅内感染。结论鼻内镜下经鼻入路采用纽扣式鼻中隔黏软骨膜-软骨瓣修复颅底肿瘤术后硬脑膜缺损是一种可靠的颅底重建方法。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中进路行额窦底壁切除的可行性研究

目的:探讨鼻内镜下额窦底壁鼻中隔正中进路的可行性。方法:①对60例经甲醛固定的成人尸头进行CT扫描,并进行三维CT重建。②取30例尸头紧贴一侧鼻中隔沿矢状线锯开,对重要解剖标志进行相关解剖学观测。③结合CT和解剖学数据,在30例尸头上,进行鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路额窦模拟手术。记录模拟手术时间、手术步骤、手术过程中手术标记的寻找、鼻内镜度数的视野影响、视野中额窦各壁的可视度、手术器械的影响、鼻中隔以及嗅丝的损伤程度等等。结果:①额窦底后缘均在中鼻甲根部的前端,中鼻甲根部均附着于筛顶与筛板交界处。②中鼻甲垂直部与水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点称为M点,M点到鼻骨的水平距离为(20.07±6.21)mm,M点到第一对嗅丝距离为(24.38±7.68)mm,第一对嗅丝到额窦底后缘距离为(9.57±2.73)mm,中鼻甲根部附着缘到额窦底后缘距离为(5.38±1.23)mm,额窦底壁前后径为(7.62±2.45)mm,额窦底壁左右径为(9.41±3.37)mm,额窦间隔上下径为(16.97±3.23)mm,额窦间隔前后径为(12.34±2.23)mm。③结合CT和解剖学测量,在鼻内镜下完成鼻中隔正中入路的额窦手术,模拟手术平均时间为1h45min。鼻内镜0°镜下的视野可以观察到部分额窦内侧壁、后壁和顶壁,30°镜下完成鼻中隔切除,0°镜下暴露额窦底壁并将其切除,70°镜下3例不能观测到额窦外侧壁,30例均能观测到部分额窦顶壁、内侧壁、前壁以及后壁,鼻中隔损伤范围约为2.23cm×2.59cm,嗅丝未见损伤。结论:鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中径路容易寻找额窦,以此进路进行额窦底壁切除是可行的。     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变的应用解剖

目的 探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变的解剖学基础。方法 在30例经甲醛固定的成人尸头上对鼻中隔与额窦相邻解剖结构分别进行解剖学测量。结果 中鼻甲垂直部与水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点称为M点,M点到鼻骨的水平距离为（20.07±6.21）mm, M点到额窦底内侧最前端距离为(27.59±7.71)mm, M点到额窦底内侧最后端距离为(25.35±6.69) mm, 中鼻甲根部颅底附着处到第一嗅丝的距离为（5.53±1.41）mm,额窦底前后径为(7.62±2.45)mm, 额窦底左右径为(9.41±3.37)mm, 额窦间隔上下径为(16.97±3.23)mm, 额窦间隔前后径为(12.34±2.23)mm。中鼻甲根部颅底附着处与第一嗅丝的连线与鼻颅底呈65°角。结论 鼻中隔顶端前份和额窦底相连,中鼻甲垂直部和水平部交接点与鼻中隔相对应的点即M点以及中鼻甲根部颅底附着处与鼻中隔夹角处的第一嗅丝是鼻内镜下鼻中隔正中入路治疗额窦病变手术的重要安全标志,通过尸头解剖模拟鼻中隔正中入路和解剖学测量,认为鼻中隔手术入路是可行的。     

头颈科学

前蒂鼻腔外侧壁瓣：一项前颅底损伤重建的新技术 随着经鼻内镜颅底手术适应证不断扩展,经鼻内镜径路可切除更大、更复杂的肿瘤,同时也对如何重建缺损颅底提出了新的挑战。常用的临近组织瓣有鼻中隔瓣、中鼻甲瓣、下鼻甲瓣,     

鼻科学

20050153 鼻中隔及下鼻道黏骨膜瓣修复前颅底缺损的解剖学研究 /贡振扬… //中国耳鼻咽喉颅底外科杂志 2004, 10(4) 204~206目的:利用鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣对前颅底部分骨质缺损和脑脊液鼻漏进行修补的研究。方法:在 20具尸头上测量鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜相关径线的数值和面积。结果:鼻中隔黏骨膜瓣面积为17 06cm2,下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 6 16cm2,鼻中隔和下鼻道黏骨膜瓣面积为 23 22cm2,即可覆盖前颅底约 5cm×4 5cm以下的骨质缺损。结论:在鼻腔、鼻窦肿瘤侵蚀到前颅底的手术病例中,对于骨质缺损较大和 /或形成脑脊液鼻漏时,可据此数据转…     

带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣在侵及前颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤切除术颅底重建中的应用

目的　回顾性分析应用带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣修复内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤术后颅底缺损的效果。方法　2008年9月～2016年5月内镜下切除侵及颅底鼻腔鼻窦恶性肿瘤31例,应用以鼻后中隔动脉和筛前-筛后动脉为供血的两种类型带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣,修复重建前颅底切除后较大颅底缺损。结果　31例患者前颅底重建均一次性修补成功。1例肿瘤复发二次手术患者术后发生脑脊液漏,给予椎管置管引流1周愈合;1例术后10 d撤出鼻腔填塞物后出现脑脊液鼻漏,颅内感染3例,余无颅内出血或血肿等并发症发生。术后随访3～66个月见黏膜瓣愈合良好,无移植瓣膜坏死和脑膜脑膨出发生。结论　血管化带蒂鼻中隔黏膜瓣是内镜颅底外科的一种首选的、可靠的前颅底修补用材料。     

内镜经鼻入路前颅底重建

目的 探讨内镜经鼻入路颅底手术后使用钛网行前颅底重建的可行性.方法 2006年4月至2007年1月,选择8例内镜经鼻颅底手术后颅底骨质缺损的患者,术中尝试内镜下经鼻入路使用钛网行前颅底重建.将钛网剪成双排网眼约3.0 cm×2.0 cm的条状,采用内镜引导下经鼻植入前颅底,依次由前向后使其横行嵌入双侧眶上壁与前颅底硬脑膜间,以修复前颅底骨质缺损.结果 8例患者中前颅底骨质缺损2例,前颅底及蝶鞍骨质缺损2例,前颅底、蝶鞍及斜坡骨质均缺损4例.组织病理学类型:嗅神经母细胞瘤2例,鳞状细胞癌1例,软骨肉瘤1例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤1例,脑膜瘤2例,脊索瘤1例.术后随访2～10个月,1例钛网移位于鼻腔,其余7例均未发生移位,且鼻腔侧有黏膜覆盖.结论 内镜经鼻入路使用钛网行前颅底重建方法简便、安全、可行,并能够获得满意的重建效果.     

鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修复鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨鼻内镜下鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣用于修补鼻中隔穿孔和脑脊液鼻漏的疗效。方法2005年8月～2008年2月北京同仁医院鼻科共11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏患者。鼻中隔穿孔位于鼻中隔前部,穿孔大小0.8 cm～2.0 cm,在鼻内镜下采用邻近穿孔后上方的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)向前下反转覆盖于鼻中隔穿孔黏膜缺损处,对侧采用穿孔前下方带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)和鼻底黏膜瓣或下鼻甲带蒂黏膜瓣覆盖修补穿孔。8例脑脊液鼻漏患者,2例漏出部位在嗅裂,5例漏出部位在筛顶,1例漏出部位位于嗅裂延续至后筛顶,面积大小为0.1 cm×0.8 cm～0.3 cm×0.8 cm。采用邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣反转覆盖于缺损处,必要时黏膜瓣中间夹层钩突或中鼻甲骨片,外覆邻近的鼻中隔带蒂黏膜瓣修补漏出部位。结果11例鼻中隔穿孔和8例脑脊液鼻漏均一次修补成功,随访3个月～3年,未见复发。鼻中隔黏膜转瓣后供区黏膜缺损区在2周后基本上皮化。结论鼻中隔带蒂黏骨膜瓣(黏软骨膜瓣)自身有血供,成活率高,获取容易,取材区域广泛,转蒂距离充足,是修补鼻中隔穿孔和嗅裂和筛顶脑脊液鼻漏的良好材料。     

鼻内镜辅助下外鼻整形同期鼻中隔偏曲矫正术

目的 总结33例外鼻畸形伴鼻中隔偏曲患者施行内镜辅助下鼻整形术同期鼻中隔偏曲矫正术的临床资料,分析手术方法和术后疗效。 方法 患者均在全麻下经鼻小柱鼻前庭做切口,骨膜下暴露鼻骨及上颌骨额突,在内镜辅助下进行截骨整复并矫正鼻中隔,酌情将取出的自体鼻中隔骨质及软骨条修整后填于塌陷处或支撑鼻小柱、修整鼻尖等。术中可同期行下鼻甲成形术。随访3个月以上。 结果 全部患者术后均取得满意的整形效果,鼻腔通气良好。 结论 鼻内镜辅助下鼻整形术同期行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术效果好,无排异反应,不仅能改善鼻部外观,而且能改善鼻腔通气效果。     

扩大鼻瓣膜区治疗鼻瓣膜区狭窄性鼻阻塞

目的:研究治疗鼻瓣膜区狭窄性鼻阻塞的新方法.方法:32例鼻瓣膜区狭窄患者,行下鼻甲前端切除术10例,鼻外侧软骨凸出矫正术4例(左侧2例、双侧2例),骨性梨状孔狭窄扩大术6例(左侧2例、双侧4例),观察手术前后鼻通气改善情况以判定疗效.结果:32例患者经半年～2年随访,疗效显著26例,占81.2,好转6例,占18.8%,总有效率为100%,无手术并发症.结论:手术扩大狭窄鼻瓣膜区符合鼻腔解剖和生理功能,手术操作简单,术野清晰,组织损伤小,出血少,术后反应轻,痛苦小,无手术并发症.     

Nocturnal nasal congestion and nasal resistance.

OBJECTIVES: To compare total nasal resistance (TNR) in upright and supine positions in patients who did and did not complain of nocturnal (supine) nasal congestion symptoms without daytime (upright) congestion, and to determine what other conditions were associated with nocturnal nasal congestion (NNC) symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study comparing objectively measured nasal airflow in different positions (upright and reclining) with subjective patient symptoms. METHODS: Subjects completed a questionnaire about nasal symptoms. Anterior rhinomanometry was performed with patients upright, reclined 45 degrees, and supine. TNR in subject subsets was compared using the Student t test. RESULTS: TNR did not differ between upright patients with (n = 27) and without (n = 20) NNC. Supine TNR (P < .04) and increase in TNR (P < .02) between upright and supine was greater in patients with NNC. Smokers (n = 15, 10 with NNC, 5 without) had greater TNR increases when supine versus nonsmokers (P < .02). Patients with rhinitis symptoms (n = 29, 18 with NNC, 11 without) had greater TNR increases when supine than patients without rhinitis (P < .01). Patients who both smoked and had rhinitis (n = 11, 7 with NNC, 4 without) had a greater supine TNR than patients who smoked or had rhinitis alone (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: Some patients without daytime nasal congestion experience NNC. They have a significantly greater TNR increase when supine versus patients without NNC. Smokers and patients with rhinitis, with or without NNC, have a significantly greater TNR increase when supine versus nonsmokers or patients without rhinitis. Smoking cessation and treatment of rhinitis may improve the patients' NNC.     

鼻部气道的气流感觉

为了观察正常人鼻部气流感觉与鼻通气度的关系，采用视觉类比标度法和前鼻测压法进行研究，发现鼻部对气流的主观感觉与实际鼻通气度即鼻气道阻力之间无明显相关性；并证实感觉鼻通气度的部位主要在鼻前庭。传统中药治疗鼻阻塞的挥发类药物（樟脑和薄荷）只能改善鼻通气的感觉，并不能改善鼻气道阻力。提示鼻部对气流的主观感觉不能完全反映实际的鼻通气程度。临床上诊断和治疗以鼻阻塞症状为主诉的患者时，应将患者鼻部对气流的主观感觉和测定鼻气道阻力结合起来，以对实际的鼻通气度和治疗效果作出客观评价。     

Inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps

OBJECTIVE: Since some controversy exists concerning the frequency of inflammatory cells in nasal polyps, we have compared the frequency of tissue inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and plasma cells) including 11 kinds of lymphocyte subsets in the same specimens of nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. METHODS: Histopathological observations and flow cytometric analyses were performed on eight mucosal specimens of the inferior turbinates of patients with nasal polyps and on 13 polyp specimens. RESULTS: Nasal polyps contained significantly more eosinophils, neutrophils and plasma cells than nasal mucosa, and EG2+ cells (activated eosinophils) were significantly more frequent in nasal polyps than in nasal mucosa. Flow cytometric analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the frequencies of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets (CD1+, CD2+, CD3+, CD5+, CD7+, CD4+, CD8+, CD10+, CD19+, CD20+ and HLA-DR+ cells) including CD4/8 ratios between nasal mucosa and polyps, though, both nasal mucosa and polyps contained significantly more lymphocytes than eosinophils, neutrophils or plasma cells. The T cell lineage (CD2+, CD3+, CD5+ and CD7+ cells) was found in high frequency and B cell lineage (CD10+, CD19+ and CD20+ cells) in low frequency in both nasal mucosa and polyps. The frequency of HLA-DR+ cells (most of which were activated T cells) was not significantly different between nasal mucosa and nasal polyps. CONCLUSION: Histopathological and flow cytometric analyses were performed on the composition of inflammatory cells in nasal mucosa of the inferior turbinates and in polyps from the same patients. The elevated numbers of activated eosinophils, neutrophils and plasma cells in nasal polyps compared with nasal mucosa suggest that inflammatory processes play important roles in the pathophysiology of nasal polyps. The frequencies of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets were not significantly different between these two tissues.     

布地奈德鼻腔雾化治疗鼻息肉的作用

目的探讨布地奈德鼻腔雾化治疗鼻息肉的可行性。方法对20例鼻息肉患者行布地奈德鼻腔雾化治疗,并以20例地塞米松静滴治疗作为对照,测定鼻息肉组织中T细胞激素分泌调节因子（regulated on activalion、normal T-cell expressed and secreted,RANTES）的表达及嗜酸性粒细胞数量的变化,结合扫描电镜观察鼻息肉表面纤毛的情况明确其治疗效果。结果经布地奈德治疗后鼻息肉组织中RANTES的表达较治疗前显著降低（P〈0.05）,且嗜酸性粒细胞也随之下降,二者具一定的相关性;但与对照组相比差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。而布地奈德治疗组鼻息肉纤毛治疗后排列整齐,恢复部分功能。结论布地奈德鼻腔雾化治疗鼻息肉可下调RANTES的表达,减少嗜酸性粒细胞的局部浸润,同时恢复部分鼻息肉纤毛的功能。     

Use of nasal flowmeter to measure nasal patency

We determined nasal peak flow using a peak flowmeter with a face mask (PALROD peak expiratory flowmeter) and nasal airway patency with an anterior rhinomanometer (Nihon Koden MPR-1100) at a minimum time interval in the same individual. We compared the values obtained by two kinds of measurements to evaluate the usefulness of the peak flowmeter for nasal airway patency. In this study, the nasal patencies were experimentally changed and measured in 30 patients using alpha-1 stimulant spray and in 25 patients with nasal allergy using nasal provocation of antigens. We also measured the natural circadian changes of nasal patency in 21 patients with nasal allergy and in 18 normal persons every two hours from 8:00 A.M. to 8:00 P.M. and from 9:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M., respectively. As a result, we found close correlations between percent change of the peak flow and the nasal airway patency measured after spraying alpha-1 stimulant (r = 0.699, p less than 0.01), after antigen provocation (r = 0.585, p less than 0.01), and during circadian change (r = 0.464, p less than 0.01 in normal persons and r = 0.251, p less than 0.05 in allergy patients). In conclusion, peak flowmeter is handier and cheaper than rhinomanometer and is useful in evaluating the effect of vasoconstrictors and nasal provocation on nasal patency and in measuring the circadian changes of nasal patency. Since nasal secretion in the nose affects the measurement of peak flow, it should be removed as much as possible immediately before the flowmeter is used.