临床常见革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解我院革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性特征。方法 对临床分离的806株革兰阴性杆菌耐药性进行回顾分析。结果 分离率占前几位的革兰阴性杆菌是肺炎克雷伯菌（30.8%)，大肠埃希菌（26.3%)，铜绿假单胞菌（12.7%)，阴沟肠杆菌（8.1%)。沙雷杆菌（5.7%)，变形杆菌（4%），不动杆菌（3.8%)等；大肠埃希菌，肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌等对头孢菌素产生较高的耐药率，而对亚胺培南，阿米卡星耐药率较低。结论 几种最常分离的革兰阴性杆菌均有较高的耐药性，进行常规的耐药性监测，根据药敏试验合理应用抗生素十分重要。     

2005～2006年华西院内感染革兰阴性杆菌耐药性比较

比较2005～2006年华西医院病房送检标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌各100株的耐药情况变化,采用E-test法测定对10种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC值).2005年分离率较高的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(39%),不动杆菌属细菌(17%)、肠杆菌属细菌(17%)、铜绿假单胞菌(15%)和克雷伯菌属细菌(12%),2006年分离率较高的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(34%)、铜绿假单胞菌(24%)、不动杆菌属细菌(17%)、克雷伯菌属细菌(13%)和肠杆菌属细菌(10%);铜绿假单胞菌的分离率较2005年有较显著的增加.     

533株革兰阴性杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性监测

目的 为提高临床用药的科学性。方法 采用法国梅里埃VITEK32系统。结果 分离680株革兰阴性杆菌，其中分离率前6位的有533株，它们依次为大肠埃希菌占30．02％，肺炎克雷菌占18．39％，铜绿假单胞菌占15．95％，柠檬杆菌属占13．32％，肠杆菌属占12．38％，不动杆菌属占9．94％。结论 氨苄西林的耐药率均＞80％，头孢噻肟、头孢他啶的耐药率较低；亚胺培南极少出现耐药。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的产ESBLs菌株，建议临床不用β－丙酰胺类抗生素，而推荐用碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及加入棒酸类的复合抗生素。     

医院感染中常见革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

临床标本按常规方法分离培养,用API鉴定系统鉴定菌种,药敏采用K-B法.2008年～2010年共分离1024株革兰阴性杆菌,位于前四位的分别是大肠埃希菌(23.8％),铜绿假单胞菌(20.6％),鲍曼不动杆菌(20.1％),肺炎克雷伯菌(15.2％).大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属的ESBLs检出率分别为49.2％和44.2％.对革兰阴性杆菌敏感性最高的抗菌药物为亚胺培南(62.0％),其次为头抱哌酮/舒巴坦(59.4％)、阿米卡星(59.0％),但存在耐药率逐年增加的趋势,应引起临床的高度重视.     

革兰阴性菌菌群分布及其耐药性研究

目的 了解2000－2001年福建省立医院临床标本革兰阴性菌菌群分布及其耐药现状，指导临床合理用药。方法 采用常规法和法国梅里埃公司的API、ATB系统对分离的病原菌进行鉴定并采用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果 福建省立医院病原菌主要是革兰阴性菌，以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌属、不动杆菌属多见，以呼吸道感染为主。2001年产ESBL的革兰阴性菌阳性率明显高于2000年（P＜0．05）。2000－2001年监测比较，发现大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌属及铜绿假单胞菌对4种头孢菌素耐药率都有不同程度的增长，有的增长率可达32％。不动杆菌属、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对大多数抗生素耐药率高达50％以上。结论 医院内临床标本病原菌分布以革兰阴性菌为主，多数分离菌耐药问题严重。故在临床使用抗生素时应严格掌握用药适应症，尽量避免长期使用广谱抗生素。应继续进行细菌耐药性监测，及时掌握细菌对抗生素耐药的最新动态。     

我院2000年～2003年革兰阴性菌分离及耐药性分析

目的了解我院2000年-2003年革兰阴性菌分离及耐药性状况。方法细菌鉴定用手工法和VITEK全自动微生物鉴定仪，药物敏感性试验采用纸片琼脂扩散法。结果2000年～2003年共分离细菌4812株，革兰阴性菌3491株（72．5％），铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、不动杆菌属和阴沟肠杆菌为主要分离菌。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、氨曲南、头孢噻肟和阿莫西林／克拉维酸的耐药率在30％以下，对环丙沙星的耐药率高于50％（50．1％～70．6％）。克雷伯菌属对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟和头孢他啶的耐药率低于30％，对环丙沙星的耐药率在5．6％～33．3％；产ESBLs大肠埃希菌检出率为17．1％～20．6％；产ESBLs克雷伯菌属检出率为18．8％～27．6％。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为21．1％～41．6％，不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0～11．5%。结论四年问分离的致病菌以革兰阴性菌为主，且非发酵菌分离率已超过肠杆菌科细菌。耐药菌株的分离率及细菌对抗生索的耐药性逐年增加。临床医师应当合理使用抗生素以降低细菌的耐药性并采取有效的措施以控制耐药菌株的播散。     

2008年本院细菌耐药性监测

目的:了解某院临床送检标本分离株的抗菌耐药性。方法:采用K-B法,参照2008年CLSI判定标准判断结果,并用WHONET5.4软件进行数据处理。结果:1075株非重复菌株中,革兰阳性球菌246株(22.9%),革兰阴性杆菌829株(77.1%)。前5位病原菌为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、克雷伯菌属、不动杆菌属、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌。MRSA、MRCNS的检出率为52.7%、79.3%。未有万古霉素不敏感菌株。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属的检出率62.4%、28.9%,变形杆菌属对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率低于30%,肠杆菌属对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率大于40%。碳青霉烯类(亚胺培南)对肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性较好。除头孢哌酮/舒巴坦外,不动杆菌属对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均高于铜绿假单胞菌。结论:某院临床常见病原菌革兰阴性杆菌占绝大多数,碳青霉烯类(亚胺培南)对肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性最好,临床常见细菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性严重。     

2004-2011年医院急诊科感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析复旦大学附属华山医院静安分院急诊科医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的构成比及耐药性现状,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月-2011年12月我院急诊科临床分离的453株革兰阴性杆菌,采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验,结果判定参照CLSI 2009年版标准.结果 急诊科分离率最高的医院感染革兰阴性杆菌依次为大肠埃希菌(20.09％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(19.87％)、铜绿假单胞菌(17.66％)和鲍氏不动杆菌(13.69％).453株革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物均表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药率较低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为1.1％、1.1％和6.6％.非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为13.8％、22.5％和12.5％,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为32.3％、37.1％和9.7％.结论 医院革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性严重,加强细菌耐药性的临测与控制,对控制感染非常重要.     

革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率的变迁

目的调查近4年革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率变化。方法收集2003年7月～2006年6月从我院住院患者各种临床标本中分离的革兰阴性杆菌，使用Vitek-60全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种的鉴定和药敏试验，对结果进行回顾性调查。结果共分离出革兰阴性杆菌8714株，97个细菌种，其中肠杆菌科细菌3510株，占40．3％（3510／8714）；非发酵菌5152株，占59．1％（5152／8714）。分离率前5位的细菌分别是铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南的耐药率非常低，除弗氏柠檬酸杆菌外，低于1％。嗜麦芽寡养假单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、脑膜脓毒性金黄杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为97．8％、98．6％、98．3％、60．7％和45．3％。结论临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌以非发酵菌为主，亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌具有非常强的体外抗菌活性，铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率呈上升趋势。     

呋喃妥因对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性分析

目的 了解呋喃妥因对革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性,为临床合理使用呋喃妥因提供依据.方法 监测某医院2009年1月至2012年12月临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌5 589株;采用VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌培养鉴定仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,以Whonet 5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 大肠埃希菌和产酸克雷伯菌对呋喃妥因的抗菌活性较好（耐药率＜4.3%）,阴沟肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对呋喃妥因的抗菌活性尚好（耐药率25.6%～36.3%）,铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、奇异变形菌和黏质沙雷菌对呋喃妥因的抗菌活性较差（耐药率93.7%～98.9%）,耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌（IRPA）、耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物鲍曼不动杆菌（CR-AB）和耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）对呋喃妥因的耐药率分别为100.0%（108/108）、100.0% （335/335）和96.1% （74/77）.结论 呋喃妥因对尿液、血液、脓汁和分泌物标本中分离的大肠埃希菌的抗菌活性较好;痰液标本中分离的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率较高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.