Describing the health-related quality of life impact of HIV infection: Findings from a study using the HIV Overview of Problems—Evaluation System (HOPES)

This study aimed to describe the results of findings from data collected with an HIV-specific health-related quality of life tool, and to examine the relationship between clinical and biological factors and health-related quality of life (HRQL). Data were collected as a cross-sectional, patient-completed assessment of health-related quality of life. Laboratory data were abstracted from the medical chart. Patients (n=318) with HIV infection including asymptomatic (37%), ARC (20%), AIDS (25%), and AIDS with cancer (18%) were receiving health services at one of the medical centres serving HIV-infected patients in the Los Angeles community, including UCLA, community physicians, Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, and a county hospital. Additional data were contributed by the Johns Hopkins University Medical Center CMV Retinitis Clinic. Symptomatic patients and patients with the lowest CD4 counts reported poorer HRQL than asymptomatic patients and patients with higher CD4 counts. However, medical and demographic variables explained only 35% of the variability of HRQL ratings in this sample of HIV-infected patients. While clinical status and Karnofsky performance status may be used to estimate the impact of HIV infection on HRQL, they are not a substitute for independent assessment of HRQL by the patient.This research was funded in part by the UCLA AIDS Clinical Research Center and CARES Consultants. To obtain more information about the HOPES, please contact the second author at CARES Consultants, 2210 Wilshire Blvd, Suite 359, Santa Monica CA 90403     

A study of the reliability,validity and responsiveness of the HIV Overview of Problems Evaluation System (HOPES) in assessing the quality of life of patients with AIDS and symptomatic HIV infection

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, reliability, validity and responsiveness of the HIV Overview of Problems Evaluation System (HOPES) in a Dutch sample. The HOPES was administered three times in a one-year period to a sample of 106 outpatients with a symptomatic HIV-infection (n=23) or AIDS (n=83). The HOPES is a self-report HIV-specific quality of life (QOL) questionnaire including five scales: physical, psychosocial and sexual functioning, medical interaction and partner relationship. QOL was also assessed with the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30), a 30-item self-report instrument. Clinical data included Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stage, date of diagnosis and CD4 cell count. Patients needed approximately 20–30 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The five scales had good internal consistency reliability. Multitrait scaling analysis provided moderate support for item discriminant and convergent validity. The HOPES exhibited adequate levels of construct validity: (1) the inter-scale correlations and correlations with the EORTC QLQ-C30 were in the predicted direction; (2) it discriminated clearly between patients with AIDS and ARC and (3) it was able to document changes in QOL over time. Moreover, the HOPES was responsive to changes in clinical status over time as indicated by CD4 counts. This study provides further evidence of the reliability and validity of the HOPES and shows that this instrument is responsive to changes in CD4 cell counts.This research was made possible by a grant from the Dutch Ministry for Welfare, Public Health and Culture (grant no. 88-52).     

Quality of life in adult survivors of lung,colon and prostate cancer

In a cross-sectional study design, a disease free sample of 57 lung, 117 colon, and 104 prostate cancer survivors who represented short, intermediate and long-term survivors completed a detailed assessment of quality of life (QOL) and rehabilitation needs using the CAncer Rehabilitation Evaluation System (CARES). Demographic and medical data, social support, and a global QOL rating were also assessed. Lung cancer patients showed no differences in QOL with respect to their period of survival. QOL improved for survivors of colon cancer as they lived for longer periods, but declined with time for survivors of prostate cancer. The best predictor of QOL for all groups was KPS, although other variables such as type of hospital, gender, and work status were predictive for survivors of colon cancer. For survivors of prostate cancer comorbidity with other medical illnesses, time since diagnosis and comorbidity due to psychiatric difficulties were predictive of QOL. All groups had significant rehabilitation problems in the domains of physical, psychosocial, sexual, medical interaction, and marital relationships. Lung cancer survivors had more problems than the other cancer survivors. We conclude that patients who survive cancer do not return to a state of normal health. They demonstrate a variety of difficulties with which they must cope as they continue to survive. Greater efforts need to be made early in diagnosis and treatment to understand rehabilitation problems and target interventions in the hope of reducing later sequelae.Currently in private practice, Glendale, CaliforniaC. A. C. Schag was supported in part by Veterans Administration Health Research and Development Grant 83-002 and in part by Cares Consultants, 2210 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 359, Santa Monica, CA 90403.Address requests for Information about CARES to: CARES Consultants, 2210 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 359, Santa Monica, CA 90403, USA. Tel: (+1) 310-450-7410; Fax: (+1) 310-399-0016     

Assessment of quality of life among HIV-infected persons in Pune,India

Objective: To study dimensions of Quality of Life (QOL) amongst HIV infected persons, their relationship with socio-demographic characteristics and disease progression.Design: Cross-sectional study with one time assessment of QOL.Methods: Modified Medical Outcome Study (MOS) core instrument [The Medical Outcome Study 116 core set of Measures of functioning and well being, Appendix A, core survey instrument (internet)] was interview -administered to 100 HIV infected individuals.Results: The instrument showed significant positive inter-domain correlations and desired linear association between QOL scores and the CD4 counts. The scale had a Cronbach α value of 0.75. QOL was markedly affected in the domains of physical health, work and earnings, routine activities and appetite and food intake. Women had significantly lower QOL scores than men despite having less advanced disease. The QOL scores were significantly lower among persons with lower CD4 counts mainly in different domains of physical health.Conclusions: The modified MOS scale had the desired reliability and validity for evaluation of QOL in the HIV-infected persons in India. Low scores in the domains of physical health compared to other domains suggest a strategy to focus on medical intervention. A need for psychosocial intervention for women was perceived. Longitudinal studies must be done to assess the impact of anti-retroviral therapy being rolled out through the national programme on QOL.Source of Funding: National AIDS Research Institute, Intra-mural funds Indian Council Of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.     

湖南省国家艾滋病综合防治示范区基线调查结果分析

目的 探明湖南省国家艾滋病综合防治示范区与艾滋病防治有关的资源，各类高危人群的人数与分布，艾滋病KAP（知识、态度、行为）水平及HIV感染情况。方法 召开政府多部门协调会议，进行知情访谈，问卷调查，采集血样检测。结果 6个示范区用于防艾经费仅为16．8万元，查出HIV感染者55例，估计感染者和病人分别有457和150例；吸毒人群HIV感染率最高为8．9％。高危人群安全套使用率仅为27．6％，艾滋病知识知晓率均在50％以下，获得知识的最佳途径是电视。结论 6个示范区艾滋病防治工作处于起步阶段，防艾经费投入很少，高危人群数量多，行为感染HIV的危险性高，此次基线调查为示范区下一步开展有针对性艾滋病防治工作提供了重要依据。     

299例人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者生命质量的调查

目的用定性访谈和36条目简明量表（short form-36,SF-36）定量调查的方法研究人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者的生命质量,评价HIV感染者的敌意心理趋势。方法在四川、湖北和贵州抽取299例HIV感染者,用SF-36调查其生命质量,并进行信度效度分析。对感染者和防治人员进行访谈,以了解感染者目前最关注的内容。SF-36曾用于与本次调查对象具有相似经济文化背景的四川普通农村居民（1603例）,将两次调查的结果进行比较。通过与相关专家及防治人员进行小组讨论,设计7个条目以评价感染者的敌意心理趋势。结果SF-36共有8个维度,各维度内部一致性信度系数范围0．75～0．90,重测信度系数范围0．54～0．80（40例）。条目与其维度的相关系数范围为0．46～0．97。HIV感染者各个维度平均得分在28．50～77．87之间,四川普通农村居民各个维度平均得分在70．27～91．87之间,各维度得分经Mann-Whitneytest检验,U值在-17．43～-23．87之间,P值均〈0．01。评价敌意心理趋势的7个条目平均得分范围为46．21～82．89。结论HIV感染带来生命质量的严重恶化。SF-36可用于HIV感染者生命质量的研究。     

中国艾滋病病毒感染者生命质量测定量表的编制

目的编制用于测定中国HIV感染者生命质量的量表，评价其信度和效度。方法参考现有量表，并与相关专家、基层疾病预防控制人员、HIV感染者进行访谈以形成初始量表，在443例HIV感染者中试用。根据条目应答率、因子分析、相关系数矩阵、内部一致性分析等进行条目精简，形成最终量表。分析最终量表的信度和效度。结果形成的中国HIV感染者生命质量量表（QOL—CPLWHA）共44个条目。各维度没有严重的天花板效应和地板效应（最高为21．0％），内部一致性信度系数均≥0．70，全量表的为0．90。量表总分2周重测信度系数为0．80，有2个维度的重测信度系数低于0．6，4个维度的在0．6～0．7之间。各条目的成维率均为100％。量表总得分与SF-36总得分的spearman相关系数为0．69。结论所形成的QOL—CPLWHA量表首次引入了敌意心理趋势维度。量表具有较好的内部一致性信度、结构效度及内容效度等，可应用于中国HIV感染人群。     

安徽省皖北地区艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人生存质量评价

目的 了解安徽省皖北地区艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人的生存质量现状及其影响因素,为进一步改善其生存质量提供相关依据。方法 采用方便样本法选取皖北10个县（市、区）艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人,使用艾滋病病毒感染者医疗结局健康调查表简体中文版进行面对面匿名调查,均数比较采用t检验和方差分析,多因素分析采用多元线性回归方程评价其生存质量。结果 艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人的生理健康总分为（48.29±8.73）分,心理健康总分为（46.67±8.45）分。他（她）们的总体健康、躯体健康、社会功能、肌体疼痛、心理健康、活力6个维度得分均低于正常人群（均有P<0.05）。不同文化程度、职业、居住地、年收入分别与生理健康总分、心理健康总分及不同维度差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）,文化程度和收入与他（她）们的生理健康总分、心理健康总分及躯体健康、认知功能、肌体疼痛、心理健康、活力均呈正相关,而打短工与他（她）们的角色功能、肌体疼痛均呈负相关。结论 艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人的生存质量低于常人,其受文化程度、职业、居住地、年收入等多因素影响,今后可通过提高他（她）们的文化程度和收入以改善其生存质量。     

心理资本在艾滋病社会支持与生命质量作用

目的 了解人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人的生命质量,分析影响生理和心理因素,为干预提供依据。方法 应用Duke-UNC功能性社会支持问卷FSSQ、心理资本(psychological capital)问卷和健康调查简表(SF-36)对424例HIV感染者/AIDS病人进行调查分析。结果 性别、年龄、婚姻、与家人关系对HIV感染者/AIDS病人的生命质量有影响;心理资本的自我效能和希望2个维度在HIV感染者/AIDS病人社会支持与生命质量关系中起到完全中介作用。结论 HIV感染者/AIDS病人的生命质量应引起足够重视,并采取有针对性的干预措施加以改善,以提高生命质量水平。     

Impacts of HIV infection and HAART use on quality of life

Background: Studies have shown the detrimental effect of HIV disease on quality of life (QOL). Changes in QOL related to the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been inconsistent and it is unknown how QOL after HAART compares to pre-infection levels. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of becoming HIV infected and using HAART on QOL within individuals followed in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Methods: Using the standard Medical Outcome Study SF-36 form, QOL data were collected pre-seroconversion, post-seroconversion but before HAART initiation, and after HAART initiation for 68 seroconverters. The QOL physical health summary score (PHS) and mental health summary score (MHS) were used as outcomes. The effects of HIV infection and HAART use on QOL summary scores were determined using random effects mixed linear models after controlling for possible confounders. The clinical significance of QOL change was assessed using the Cohen’s effect size method. Results: Compared to pre-seroconversion values, the PHS decreased after seroconversion (mean difference (diff) = −1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): [−3.20, −0.03]) and after HAART initiation (diff = −4.20; 95% CI: [−5.86, −2.54]) with small to medium effect sizes. The score remained significantly lower than prior to HIV infection (diff = −6.16; 95% CI: [−8.09, −4.23]) after being on HAART for more than 4 years. The MHS did not significantly differ upon seroconversion (diff = −1.16; 95% CI: [−3.32, 1.00]). After using HAART for more than 4 years, the MHS was significantly greater than prior to HIV infection (diff = 2.93; 95% CI: [0.31, 5.55]) with a small effect size. Conclusion: The QOL of participants has been dynamic over the HIV disease course. HIV infection deteriorated physical but not mental QOL. In this group, although the PHS following HAART has remained lower than that prior to infection, HAART has enhanced mental health functioning.     

河南省HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量评价

目的 了解河南省HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量状况及其影响因素,为改善HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量提供参考依据.方法 采用世界卫生组织艾滋病生存质量简表对河南省艾滋病高发区112例HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量及相关因素进行问卷调查.结果 HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量总分为(72.00±10.10)分;HIV感染者/AIDS患者得分除精神支柱/个人信仰领域高于中国常模外(P<0.05),其他领域得分及总评分均低于中国常模,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同抑郁状况(t=-6.31,P=0.00)、相关症状数(t=-2.32,P=0.02)、家庭支持度(t=3.66,P=0.00)HIV感染者/AIDS患者生存质量比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 HIV感染者/AIDS患者的生存质量低于一般人群,对HIV感染者/AIDS患者医疗救助的同时进行心理咨询可以提高其生存质量.     

Changes in quality of life among persons with HIV infection

Health-related quality of life (QOL) is an important component of the evaluation of patient outcome in HIV infection where disease is progressive and debilitating. This paper compares patient-reported QOL obtained from questionnaires which cover functional ability, social functioning, cognition, mental health, disability days, disease symptoms, and overall health in the previous 3 months. These scales have been validated on HIV populations. We compared changes in health status over 12 months for 669 patients with varying HIV disease severity: 134 asymptomatic, 416 symptomatic (previously termed ARC), and 119 AIDS. Groups were evaluated at baseline for demographic and health status differences (i.e., age, CD4+). Declines in health status and psychosocial status were found over the year for all persons. Individuals with symptomatic disease or AIDS had significant declines of 10–20% (p<0.001) in all aspects of role functioning (social, daily activities, energy, and global health) and increased disease symptoms, but no significant declines in cognition or mental health. Persons with AIDS had greater declines than those with symptomatic disease. AIDS and symptomatic patients also reported significantly fewer hours at work and more disability days than asymptomatic patients. The impact that HIV disease has on the health status of non-AIDS symptomatic patients is especially striking.This research was supported by a grant from the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (HS06211) to James F. Fries, Principal Investigator. This paper was presented at the VIII International Conference on AIDS, Amsterdam, July 1992.     

A psychometric comparison of health-related quality of life measures in chronic liver disease

Four generic [the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP-68), Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), EuroQol instrument (EQ-5D), COOP/WONCA charts], two domain-specific health-related quality of life measures [the sexuality scale of the HIV Overview Problems Evaluating System (HOPES), Multi-dimensional Fatigue Index (MFI-20)], and a self-developed 12-item symptom index were compared in terms of feasibility, test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and known groups validity in patients with chronic liver disease. All instruments could be completed within 10 min and exhibited a good psychometric performance in patients with chronic liver disease. The SF-36 and the MFI-20 performed relatively best in terms of reliability, construct validity, and discriminative ability. The sexuality scale of the HOPES demonstrated a relatively poor performance, as the missing value rate was higher than 5%. Further research is needed into the sensitivity to important clinical changes of the instruments.     

Assessing HIV and AIDS treatment safety and health‐related quality of life among cohort of Malaysian patients: a discussion on methodological approach

Background

Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) is increasingly recognized as an important outcome and as a complement to traditional biological end points of diseases such as mortality. Unless there is a complete cure available for HIV/AIDS, development and implementation of a reliable and valid cross cultural quality of life measure is necessary to assess not only the physical and medical needs of HIV/AIDS people, but their psychological, social, environmental, and spiritual areas of life.

Methods

A qualitative exploration of HIV/AIDS patients' understanding, perceptions and expectations will be carried out with the help of semi structured interview guide by in depth interviews, while quantitative assessment of patient reported adverse drug reactions and their impact on health related quality of life will be carried out by using data collection tool comprising patient demographics, SF‐12, Naranjo scale, and a clinical data sheet.

Results/Outcomes

The findings may serve as baseline QOL data of people living with HIV/AIDS in Malaysia and also a source data to aid construction of management plan to improve HIV/AIDS patients' QOL. It will also provide basic information about HIV/AIDS patients' perceptions, expectations and believes towards HIV/AIDS and its treatment which may help in designing strategies to enhance patients' awareness which in turn can help in addressing issues related to compliance and adherence.     

Quality of life of HIV-infected patients: Psychometric properties and validation of the German version of the MQOL-HIV

Objective: to determine the psychometric properties of the recently developed German version of the Multidimensional Quality of Life Questionnaire for HIV/AIDS (MQOL-HIV) and to test its performance in a sample of HIV-infected patients. Methods: Two-hundred and seven outpatients with HIV/AIDS were interviewed with the German version of the MQOL-HIV; 109 patients were interviewed a second time approximately 2 weeks later. Patients also completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II (WHODAS II). Results: The German version of the MQOL-HIV showed satisfactory internal consistency (r: 0.74–0.85, sexual functioning: r = 0.61) and test–retest reliability in most subscales (r: 0.74–0.89, medical care: r = 0.67). Convergent validity with WHODAS II and BDI was satisfactory for most domains. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a seven-factor solution with separate factors for physical, emotional, cognitive, social and financial aspects, sexual functioning and medical care. CD4 count and source of infection were associated with most QOL domains, whereas age and gender showed no major impact on QOL. High rates of missing values were seen in the partnership domain and substantial ceiling effects in the area of medical care. Conclusions: Overall the German version of the MQOL-HIV showed satisfactory reliability and validity. However, the domains of partnership, sexuality and medical care should generally receive more emphasis in future research on QOL assessment in patients with HIV/AIDS and the MQOL-HIV may be improved in these domains.     

Measurement of the quality of life in cancer survivors

A QOL instrument was developed to measure the specific concerns of long term cancer survivors. The QOL-CS is based on previous versions of the QOL instrument developed by researchers at the City of Hope National Medical Centre (Grant, Padilla, and Ferrell). This instrument was revised over a one year pilot by Hassey-Dow and Ferrell. The revised instrument included 41 items representing the four domains of quality of life incorporating physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well being. The present study was conducted as a mail survey to the membership (n=1,200) of the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship with 686 subjects responding to the survey. This survey included a Demographic tool, QOL-CS and the FACT-G tool developed by Cella. Psychometric analysis, performed on 686 respondents, included measures of reliability and validity. Two measures of reliability included test-retest and internal consistency. The overall QOL-CS tool test-retest reliability was 0.89 with subscales of Physicalr=0.88, Psychologicalr=0.88, Socialr=0.81, and Spiritual,r=0.90. The second measure of reliability was computation of internal consistency using Cronbach's coefficient as a measure of agreement between items and subscales. Analysis revealed an overallr=0.93. Subscale alphas average ranged fromr=0.71 for spiritual well being,r=0.77 for physical,r=0.81 for social, andr=0.89 for psychological.Several measures of validity were used to determine the extent to which the instrument measured the concept of QOL in cancer survivors. The first method of content validity was based on a panel of QOL researchers and nurses with expertise in oncology. The second measure used stepwise multiple regression to determine factors most predictive of overall QOL in cancer survivors. Seventeen variables were found to be statistically significant accounting for 91% of the variance in overall QOL. The fourth measure of validity used Pearson's correlations to estimate the relationships between the subscales of QOL-CS and the subscales of the established FACT-G tool. There was moderate to strong correlation between associated subscales including QOL-CS physical to FACT physical (r=0.74), QOL-CS Psych to FACT Emotional (r=0.65), QOL Social to FACT Social (r=0.44). The overall QOL-CS correlation with the FACT-G was 0.78. Additional measures of validity included correlations of indimeasures of validity included correlations of individual items of the QOL-CS tool, factor analysis, and construct validity discriminating known groups of cancer survivors. Findings demonstrated that the QOL-CS and its subscales adequately measured QOL in this growing population of cancer survivors.     

Quality of life measurement in paediatric and adolescent populations with HIV: a review of the literature

Purpose   To review the quality and utility of currently available self-report generic quality of life (QOL) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures for use with children and adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).
Methods   Literature searches were conducted to identify QOL and HRQOL measures developed for, adapted for, or otherwise used with paediatric and adolescent populations with HIV/AIDS. The quality of measures (i.e. item generation techniques, instrument properties including reliability, validity and responsiveness) were compared and critically evaluated.
Results   Nineteen QOL/HRQOL measures were identified. Item content was generated from the respondent (adult) population in only eight (42%) measures. Seventeen (90%) measures reported internal reliability in the accepted range between 0.70 and 0.90 and four (21%) reported reproducibility statistics in this range. Although validity was reported for 19 (100%) measures, only six (32%) showed evidence for three or more properties, with construct validity being the most commonly reported aspect. The authors of eight (42%) measures reported evidence for responsiveness.
Conclusions   While almost all measures reviewed demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, only one-third demonstrated all aspects of validity, and less than half demonstrated responsiveness. None included paediatric or adolescent populations with HIV/AIDS in their development, neglecting to obtain input from target respondents in item generation to determine what health-related and daily functioning factors are of importance to them. Despite noted limitations, the AUQUEI or the SWED-QUAL appear the best currently available generic measure, and the MQOL-HIV the preferred disease-specific measure, at least for use with older adolescents/young adults.     

Determination of Quality of Life and Their Perceived Social Support from Family of Patients with HIV/AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a significant disease which affects the individual physically, emotionally, and socially. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the quality of life and social support of patients with HIV/AIDS. 49 patients with HIV/AIDS who applied to the Infectious Diseases Polyclinics of the university hospital between November 2010 and December 2011 were enrolled in study. All the data were collected using a personal information form, SF 36 quality of life scale (QOL) and perceived social support from the family scale (PSS-Fa). Average age of patients was 41.23 ± 10.62, 65.3 % of them were male. It was found that the diagnosis period for 55.1 % of patients was 24 months or longer, and 55.1 % of them were diagnosed at a university hospital, 81.6 % received a treatment. When the average scores of QOL was analyzed, it was found that the average score of functional status subscale was 39.35 ± 8.90, well-being subscale was 42.59 ± 14.70, general health perception subscale was 19.18 ± 6.25 and global quality of life score was 33.70 ± 9.31. The mean PSS-Fa score of patients was 28.65 ± 9.56. Comparing socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and average scores of QOL and PSS-Fa, there was not a statistically significant relation (p > 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was found between the average scores of QOL and PSS-Fa. These results showed that quality of life was poor and perceived social support was moderate in patients with HIV/AIDS. According to these results, it is recommended that patients with HIV/AIDS should be supported in this regard.     

艾滋病“四免一关怀”政策对农村家庭及其子女的影响

为有效控制艾滋病、保障社会安全和维护国民健康,2003年以来,我国政府开始实施＂四免一关怀＂政策,对经济困难人群中的艾滋病患者实行免费抗病毒治疗,对艾滋病患者遗孤实行免费就学,对孕妇实施免费艾滋病咨询、筛查和免费抗病毒药物治疗;将生活困难的艾滋病患者及其家庭纳入政府救助范围。文章结合实证访谈,评述了这一政策的贯彻落实所获得的积极成效,分析了在救助艾滋孤儿方面有待进一步解决的问题和应采取的措施。该文的研究资料基于2006-2007年间在中国中部2个农村县所作的实证调查,包括对65人的详细访谈。研究结果显示,这一政策已经获得一定的积极成效,但仍有某些需要改善之处。     

某医学院校师生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为的调查分析

目的 了解医学院校教师和医学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为状况,探讨健康教育的方向.方法 采用自填式问卷调查,调查某医学院校教师和医学生共110名,进行流行病学现况研究.结果 约90%的调查对象对HIV/AIDS相关知识掌握较好;75%左右的调查对象认为患艾滋病是不光彩的事情,害怕别人知道;37.3%的教师和13.7%的医学生对由不良行为感染HIV者心存厌恶态度;工作中接触到艾滋病患者时,仅有32.2%的教师和51.0%的医学生愿意做全部的工作;在自己感染HIV后,仅有55.9%的教师和54.9%的医学生能够正常工作生活.教师和医学生认知程度无明显差别(P＞0.05),但态度和行为存在差别(P＜0.05),且差别不一致.结论 应加强HIV/AIDS态度和行为相关的健康教育,端正医学院校教师和医学生对艾滋病人或HIV感染者的态度和行为.