胸壁肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的平片与CT诊断

目的：探讨胸壁肿瘤的Ｘ线与ＣＴ诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾性分析２９例经手术病理证实的胸壁肿瘤和肿瘤样病变的Ｘ线和ＣＴ表现，并与８例胸壁结核作了对照。结果：按照病变的影像学表现分型，Ⅰ型：由胸壁突向肺野的软组织肿块。有滑膜肉瘤、Ａｓｋｉｎ瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤、软骨瘤、动脉瘤样骨囊肿各１例，神经鞘瘤２例。Ⅱ型：以肋骨为中心的梭形软组织肿块。有恶性血管外皮细胞瘤２例，转移瘤３例，骨髓瘤２例，软骨瘤１例，结核３例。Ⅲ型：肋骨外方胸壁软组织肿块。有脂肪瘤、脂肪肉瘤各１例，结核５例。Ⅳ型：单纯肋骨膨胀性或密度改变。有骨纤维异常增殖症９例，良性纤维组织细胞瘤和骨瘤各１例。结论：ＣＴ对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病变的诊断较常规Ｘ线明显优越。影像学方法对鉴别胸壁肿瘤的良恶性有肯定作用，也有一定限度。     

颅底骨源性肿瘤的MRI影像诊断

目的：分析颅底骨源性肿瘤的ＭＲＩ表现并与ＣＴ和病因对照，研究ＭＲ在诊断中的价值与限度。材料与方法：搜集了经手术病理证实的颅底骨源性肿瘤２２例（软骨肉瘤３例，软骨瘤２例，转移瘤２例，脊索瘤１０例，骨巨细胞瘤２例，恶性纤维组织瘤１例，骨化性纤维瘤２例），全部行ＭＲ检查（１１例行增强检查），８例行ＣＴ检查。结果：绝大部分肿瘤均有一清晰的边缘，Ｔ１Ｗ上呈低或等信号，Ｔ２Ｗ上呈不均匀高信号，Ｔ１Ｗ上呈低信号     

颅底骨源性肿瘤的CT、MRI影像诊断

目的：分析颅底骨源性肿瘤的 Ｃ Ｔ 、 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 表现并与病理对照,探讨 Ｃ Ｔ 和 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 对该类疾病的诊断价值与限度。方法： 收集了经手术和病理证实的颅底骨源性肿瘤２３ 例（ 软骨肉瘤５ 例、软骨瘤２ 例、转移瘤３ 例、脊索瘤８ 例、骨巨细胞瘤２ 例、动脉瘤样骨囊肿１ 例、骨化性纤维瘤２ 例） ,全部病例均行 Ｃ Ｔ 和 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 检查（ 其中１１ 例行增强 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 检查,７ 例行增强 Ｃ Ｔ 检查） 。结果：大部分肿瘤边界清晰, Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ Ｔ１ Ｗ Ｉ 呈低或等信号, Ｔ２ Ｗ Ｉ 呈不均匀高信号,且 Ｔ１ Ｗ Ｉ 低信号区在 Ｔ２ Ｗ Ｉ 上随回波时间延长信号仍呈低信号而提示钙化。 Ｃ Ｔ 上显示不同程度骨质破坏及钙化。 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 显示斜坡、岩骨破坏较敏感。结论： Ｃ Ｔ 能准确显示骨质破坏情况及钙化程度, Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ 在显示病变的范围方面要优于 Ｃ Ｔ ,两者相结合是诊断颅底骨源性肿瘤的最佳影像学检查方法。     

颅内畸胎瘤的CT诊断(附6例报告)

颅内畸胎瘤罕见,为了提高对此肿瘤的认识,笔者搜集经ＣＴ扫描及手术病理证实的畸胎瘤６例,临床资料及ＣＴ表现总结如附表：１　讨论附表　颅内畸胎瘤例号性别年龄　　　　　　　　　　　　ＣＴ表现病理１男１１岁双侧脑室体部巨大混杂密度肿块,大小７．５ｃｍ×７．８ｃｍ,ＣＴ值－４５～９７ＨＵ,含软组织、脂肪、钙化等多种成份,形态不规则（图１）,增强后不均匀强化恶性２男１１个月双侧脑室体部巨大混杂密度肿块,大小８．６ｃｍ×７．９ｃｍ,ＣＴ表现同例１恶性３男１２岁双侧脑室体部巨大肿块,大小６．３ｃｍ×５．４ｃｍ,…     

甲状腺病变的CT诊断（附30例分析）

目的：观察甲状腺病变的ＣＴ表现，重点研究ＣＴ检查对病变良恶性定性诊断的作用。材料与方法：总结３０例各种甲状腺病变的ＣＴ表现，并将其分为三大类型（局限型、弥漫肿大型、混合型）进行分析。结果：（１）局限型：８例甲状腺腺瘤，７例结节性甲状腺肿及１例甲状腺癌属此型；（２）弥漫肿大型：２例桥本甲状腺炎，１例Ｇｒａｖｅｓ病属此型；（３）混合型：６例结节性甲状腺肿，４例甲状腺癌属此型。本组病例中有１例为隐匿性甲状腺癌。ＣＴ对恶性组的定性诊断符合率达８３．３％；对良性组的定性诊断符合率为７５．０％。结论：ＣＴ对甲状腺病变的良恶性定性诊断具有很高价值（良性组符合率不够高的主要原因是对病变的ＣＴ表现特点掌握不够）；在判断混合型病变的良恶性时，观察重点应是病变与腺外结构的分界情况而非腺内结构的边缘。并强调了增强扫描对诊断的重要性。     

软组织病变的MRI诊断

目的：评价ＭＲＩ对软组织病变（包括肿瘤和非肿瘤性病变诊断作用）。方法：研究了７９个病人的９５个（良性４９个，恶性４６个）软组织病变的影像特点，将ＭＲ表现与最终诊断（病理结果ｎ＝７５和临床综合诊断ｎ＝２０）做比较。从（１）ＭＲ对病变的显示；（２）定位诊断；（３）定性诊断及（４）造影剂增强对显示病变的作用等方面进行分析。结果：在综合分析Ｔ１ＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ图像的基础上，ＭＲＩ对各种软组织病变的检出率为１００％。ＭＲ对病变的位置、边界、病变侵犯骨和神经血管的显示与手术结果对照符合率达１００％，显示病变大小为８１．３％。９５个病变定性诊断的正确率达７３．７％，而对其中１９例脂肪瘤、海绵状血管瘤和囊肿等病变，ＭＲ不仅诊断正确率高（９４．７％），而且可以做出组织学诊断。静脉增强后（１２／１３）９２．３％的病变可以提供更多的诊断信息。结论：ＭＲ对软组织病变是一很好的诊断方法。     

脾脏肿瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨脾脏肿瘤的ＣＴ表现。材料与方法：搜集３０例经病理和临床证实的脾脏肿瘤的ＣＴ资料,包括脾原发恶性淋巴瘤４例,恶性淋巴瘤浸润３例,脾血管肉瘤１例,脾转移瘤１５例,脾淋巴管瘤３例,脾血管瘤３例,脾错构瘤１例。均作ＣＴ平扫及增强检查。结果：ＣＴ对脾脏肿瘤的发现率极高,对病变的大小、形态、密度及周围组织脏器的显示较其他影像学检查更准确。结论：ＣＴ对脾脏肿瘤有较高的诊断价值。     

纵隔生殖细胞肿瘤的CT特征

笔者分析研究了１１例经手术病理证实的纵隔生殖细胞肿瘤的ＣＴ特征。７例良性肿块中，６例囊性（其中５例为厚壁囊性），１例混合性；肿块内出现脂肪４例，脂肪／液体平面１例，钙化４例。４例恶性肿块中，３例实质性，１例混合性；钙化１例，未见脂肪。笔者认为：ＣＴ能肯定良性肿块（畸胎瘤）的诊断，对恶性生殖细胞肿瘤和其他常见病变如恶性胸腺瘤、淋巴瘤的鉴别，则有一定限度。     

骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的CT诊断(附11例报告)

目的：探讨骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的ＣＴ表现及其诊断价值。方法：对１１例手术病理证实的骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的ＣＴ表现进行回顾性分析。结果：１１例骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤的基本ＣＴ表现为（１）溶骨性骨破坏，可呈地图样、虫蚀样或无结构的溶骨性破坏。（２）软组织肿块，范围大于溶骨病变，软组织块内可见钙化点。（３）患骨破坏区呈膨胀性改变。结论：Ｘ线平片仍是检出骨肿瘤的首次检查主要手段，但ＣＴ通常能更清晰显示骨和软组织的解剖和病理结构细节，象肿瘤大小、范围、形状、轮廓、密度、钙化、坏死等，因此，ＣＴ在诊断骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤上具有重要价值     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的非典型CT表现

目的：分析肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（ＲＡＬ）的非典型ＣＴ表现，探讨提高非典型ＲＡＬ的ＣＴ诊断水平。材料和方法：回顾分析了２５例经手术、病理证实的ＲＡＬ的非典型ＣＴ表现，并与病理结果对照。结果：２５例ＲＡＬ非典型ＣＴ表现为：（１）较均匀的脂仿密度（７例）；（２）较均一的软组织密度（４例）；（３）伴肾静脉、下腔静脉栓塞（２例）；（４）其它：肿瘤与邻近结构界面不清、出血、合并其它肾病变（１５例）。结论：适当的扫描方法是ＣＴ诊断非典型表现ＲＡＬ的关键。     

Gallbladder Tuberculosis: CT Findings with Histopathologic Correlation

Objective

We wanted to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of gallbladder tuberculosis (TB) and to correlate them with pathologic findings.

Materials and Methods

There were seven patients (M:F = 3:4; mean age, 46.3 years; age range, 32 to 78 years) in whom gallbladder TB was eventually diagnosed. All of them underwent cross-sectional imaging with CT, a pathologic examination and a retrospective review. CT imaging evaluation was done in each case, including the findings of a mass versus nodule, wall thickening (uniform or irregular) and the enhancement patterns (homogeneous or heterogeneous).

Results

All the cases of gallbladder TB revealed the following three different CT findings: micronodular lesion of the gallbladder wall (n = 1), a thickened wall (n = 4) and a gallbladder mass (n = 2). There were three cases of homogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including homogeneous enhancement with nodular lesion, homogeneous uniform thickness enhancement and homogeneous thickness enhancement in one case each, and these cases pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with a little caseating necrosis in one case and tuberculous granuloma with rich fibrous tissue, but little or no evident caseating necrosis in two cases. Four cases of heterogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including heterogeneous uniform-thickness enhancement in two cases, heterogeneous enhancement with a local mass lesion in one case and heterogeneous enhancement with a mass that replaced the gallbladder in one case; in these cases, pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with marked caseation or liquefaction necrosis in three cases and tuberculous granuloma by fibrous and calcifications accompanied by caseating necrosis in one case. Among the seven cases of gallbladder TB, six cases were accompanied by abdominal extra-gallbladder TB, including abdominal lymph node TB in five cases and hepatic TB in four cases.

Conclusion

Gallbladder TB has various CT manifestations, and the enhanced CT findings are well matched with pathological features. An irregularly thickened gallbladder wall or a gallbladder wall mass with multiple-focus necrosis or calcifications accompanied by the typical CT findings of abdominal extra-gallbladder TB should suggest the diagnosis of gallbladder TB.     

螺旋CT及重组技术对粪石性肠梗阻的诊断价值

目的:评价螺旋CT及重组技术对粪石性肠梗阻的定位、定性的诊断价值.方法:对35例经手术证实为粪石性肠梗阻的螺旋CT表现及重组技术进行回顾性分析.结果:螺旋CT对粪石性肠梗阻的定位诊断35例(100%)均正确:空肠5例,空回肠交界处17例,回肠13例;32例(91.4%)定性诊断正确,1例粪石误诊为肠套叠,2例误诊为肿瘤.主要征象有:肠梗阻(35/35,100%),类圆柱形或椭圆柱形相对低密度灶(31/35,88.6%),病灶内呈筛状结构和"气泡征"(27/35,77.1%)及肠壁强化征(27/35,77.1%).结论:粪石性肠梗阻有典型的CT表现,螺旋CT及MPR、STS-MIP重组对粪石性肠梗阻的定性、定位诊断具有重要的临床价值.     

Computed tomography in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of glioblastomas

Summary The CT patterns of 295 glioblastomas examined with pre- and postcontrast scans using an EMI scanner mark I (Matrix 160/160) have been reviewed and compared with the CT appearances of other brain tumors, metastases and abscesses. There is a great variety of CT patterns with glioblastomas. However, a garland-shaped CT appearance, representing a subgroup of ring-shaped lesions, seems to be most typical for glioblastomas since it was observed in 19% of ring-shaped glioblastomas but in only one out of 172 metastases and in no case of an astrocytoma grade II or an abscess in our series. The initial CT diagnosis, based on the CT finding, the patient's history and the clinical data, was correct in 69.8% of the glioblastomas, 41 recurrent glioblastomas included. In 12% of the cases the presence of a glioblastoma was within differential diagnosis. These results lead to the conclusion that in many cases additional diagnostic methods, such as serial scintigraphy and/or cerebral angiography, are required for a reliable differential diagnosis.     

肌肉软组织包虫囊肿的CT诊断

目的 探讨原发性肌肉软组织包虫囊肿的CT表现.资料与方法 分析11例经手术病理证实的肌肉软组织包虫囊肿的CT表现.结果 11例中,发生在颈部3例,胸壁2例,腰大肌3例,背部1例,腹壁1例,臀部1例;其中单发6例,多发5例,共17枚病灶.CT平扫均表现为单囊型包虫囊肿,呈圆形或卵圆形囊性低密度肿物, 密度均匀,接近水的密度, 边缘光滑清楚,周围组织有受压、推移改变.增强扫描囊肿无强化.结论 CT可显示肌肉软组织包虫囊肿的部位、大小、形态和内部特征.     

Computed tomography of chest wall masses

The authors argue that CT is superior to other imaging techniques for the examination of the bones and soft tissues of the chest wall. They also note the importance of CT in planning therapy for lesions involving these structures. In support of these theses they present computed tomograms showing 26 different types of lesion involving the chest wall ranging from sternal fracture to malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Malignant neoplasms involving the chest wall by metastasis or direct extension from the breast, lung or mediastinum are emphasized.     

Computed tomography of localized pleural mesothelioma

The computed tomographic (CT) features of six pathologically proven cases of fibrous mesothelioma were reviewed. There were no pathognomonic CT characteristics, but in all cases CT suggested or supported the preoperative diagnosis. CT findings included well delineated, often lobulated, noncalcified soft-tissue masses in close relation to a pleural surface, associated crural thickening, and absence of chest wall invasion. An obtuse angle of the mass with respect to the pleural surface was not particularly useful. Rather, a smoothly tapering margin was more characteristic of a pleural lesion.     

Incidentally Detected Enhancing Breast Lesions on Chest Computed Tomography

Objective

To evaluate the nature and imaging appearance of incidental enhancing breast lesions detected on a routine contrast-enhanced chest CT.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-three patients with incidental enhancing breast lesions on contrast-enhanced chest CT were retrospectively reviewed. The breast lesions were reviewed by unenhanced and enhanced CT, and evaluated by observing the shapes, margins, enhancement patterns and backgrounds of breast lesions. A histopathologic diagnosis or long-term follow-up served as reference standard.

Results

Sixteen (70%) patients had malignant breast lesions and seven (30%) had benign lesions. In 10 patients, the breast lesions were exclusively detected on contrast-enhanced CT. Using unenhanced CT, breast lesions with fibroglandular backgrounds were prone to be obscured (p < 0.001). Incidental primary breast cancer showed an non-significant trend of a higher percentage irregular margin (p = 0.056). All of the four incidental breast lesions with non-mass-like enhancement were proven to be malignant.

Conclusion

Routine contrast-enhanced chest CT can reveal sufficient details to allow for the detection of unsuspected breast lesions, in which some cases may be proven as malignant. An irregular margin of incidental enhancing breast lesion can be considered a suggestive sign of malignancy.     

胸部腹外型侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现

目的：分析发生于胸部的腹外型侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现,提高对本病的诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析19例经手术病理证实的胸部侵袭性纤维瘤病患者的CT 表现。19例均行 CT 平扫,9例行增强扫描,1例行 CTA 检查。结果：19例共检出23个病灶,其中3例为多发病灶（发生于软组织1例、骨骼2例）。病变位于软组织15例共16个病灶（两侧和前胸壁8个、背部5个、肩部1个、腋窝1个）,位于骨骼4例共7个病灶（肋骨5个、胸肋关节1个、胸骨上段1个）。16个软组织肿块中呈类圆形或梭形13个,分叶形或不规则形3个;边界不清13个,边界清晰3个（其中2个有假包膜）;CT平扫表现为等或低密度肿块14个,囊实性肿块2个,3个病灶内可见钙化（分别呈点状、弧形和爆米花样）;增强扫描9例共10个病灶中,表现为轻度均匀强化2个,明显不均匀强化2个,边缘轻度强化1个,边缘明显强化2个,轻中度不均匀强化2个,多发小圆形轻中度环形强化1个;5个病灶可见肿瘤与骨质粘连伴骨质破坏。4例共7个骨骼病灶,CT 平扫6个表现为骨内软组织肿块、膨胀性骨质破坏（1个出现周缘硬化边）,1个表现为软组织肿块伴有局限性骨皮质压迫吸收;肿块呈较低密度3个,等或稍低密度3个,稍高密度1个;1例行增强扫描,肿瘤呈轻度～中度不均匀强化。结论：胸部侵袭性纤维瘤病的CT表现有一定特征性,CT对本病具有较高的诊断价值。     

Role of Spiral and Multislice Computed Tomography in the evaluation of traumatic and spontaneous oesophageal perforation. Our experience

PURPOSE: To assess the role CT in the evaluation of traumatic and spontaneous oesophageal perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to May 2003, we studied 12 patients (7 males and 5 females; age range: 25-66 years, mean age: 43.5 years) with suspected oesophageal perforation due to motor-vehicle accidents (4 cases), stab wound (one case), post-intubation (2 cases), foreign body ingestion (2 cases) and spontaneous (3 cases). Five patients underwent standard chest and cervical radiography; two patients with suspected foreign body ingestion also underwent a gastrografin swallow study; all of the 12 patients underwent CT of the neck, chest and abdomen before and after intravenous, and in four cases oral, administration of contrast material. RESULTS: In 5 patients with cervical, thoracic and abdominal trauma, the CT examination showed the presence of pleuroparenchymal injury (pneumothorax, pleural effusion and subcutaneous emphysema) as well as findings suggestive of oesophageal perforation: peri-oesophageal air (5 cases), peri-oesophageal fluid (4 cases), oesophageal wall thickening (3 cases), oesophageal wall laceration (2 cases) with abnormal course of the nasogastric tube in one of them and extraluminal extravasation of oral contrast material (2 cases). In 2 patients with post-intubation complications, CT showed the presence of a small peri-oesophageal fluid collection containing small gas bubbles in one case, and a gross perioesophageal abscess-like collection in the second case. In the 2 patients with foreign body ingestion, the plain radiography associated with CT showed the presence of a thin metal object in the cervical region (fragment of a dental plate) and a small extraluminal extravasation of gastrografin in one case, whereas in the other case CT showed the presence of a foreign body (chicken bone) in the hypopharynx with oesophageal wall thickening and peri-oesophageal oedema. In the remaining three patients with suspected spontaneous oesophageal perforation, CT showed the presence of a intramural haematoma in one case, oesophageal fluid distension with gas and a small peri-oesophageal fluid effusion (Mallory-Weiss syndrome) in another, and oesophageal rupture (Boerhaave syndrome) in the last case. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that in patients with suspected traumatic and spontaneous oesophageal perforation, standard cervical and chest radiography may suggest a suspected oesophageal perforation in only a small proportion of cases, whereas oral contrast oesophagography has a higher sensitivity. Through the careful analysis of suggestive and specific signs of oesophageal perforation, a correct CT examination enables an accurate and timely diagnosis which significantly affects prognosis and provides valuable indications for treatment.     

股骨上段骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的平片与CT表现(附24例分析)

目的　分析股骨上段骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的平片与CT表现 ,旨在提高对该区病变的诊断水平。方法　 2 4例经手术病理证实的病例 ,回顾性分析平片与CT表现 ,并与手术病理结果相对照。结果　 19例 ( 79.2 % )包括转移性肿瘤 6例 ,骨巨细胞瘤 4例 ,骨纤维异常增殖症 4例 ,骨囊肿 3例 ,软骨肉瘤、骨肉瘤各 1例 ,术前诊断与手术病理结果一致。 5例 ( 2 0 .8% )包括不典型骨肉瘤、海绵状血管瘤、软骨黏液样纤维瘤、骨恶性纤维组织细胞瘤及淋巴瘤各 1例 ,平片与CT表现不典型 ,术前定性诊断与手术病理结果不完全一致。结论　平片是股骨上段骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的主要检查方法。CT对病灶内部细致观察及显示软组织侵犯较平片为好。局部病灶活检是确诊的有效方法