满洲里口岸出入境人员梅毒监测结果分析

目的了解梅毒在满洲里口岸出入境人员及口岸从业人员中的感染情况,为口岸传染病监测和预防工作提供有效的技术支持和依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）方法进行初筛,使用梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验（TPPA）对阳性者进行确认,同时使用TRUST或RPR法进行滴度测定。结果3636名出入境人员及口岸从业人员中,检出梅毒抗体阳性46例,阳性率1．27％,其中男性35例,女性11例,男女之间梅毒感染率无统计学差异（X^2=0．32,P〉0．05）。梅毒感染者主要分布在31～50岁年龄段,占总感染人数的78．26％。梅毒感染者的人群分布表明劳务人员所占比例最高,占总感染人数的69．57％,其次为商务人员,占总感染人数的21．74％。结论应加强对口岸出入境人员及口岸从业人员性病防治知识的宣传教育,以达到从源头上控制梅毒的传播和流行。     

宁波口岸出入境人员梅毒检测结果分析

〔目的〕通过对宁波口岸出入境人员梅毒血清学检测结果的分析,了解梅毒在出入境人员中的感染情况,掌握其流行特点,为传染病监测和积极作好预防控制工作提供技术支持。〔方法〕对宁波口岸出入境人员和口岸从业人员的梅毒检测结果进行相关分析。实验采用甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)进行初筛,对阳性结果进行复检并测定滴度;用梅毒螺旋体抗体血凝试验(TPHA)进行确认。〔结果〕21183名出入境人员和口岸从业人员的梅毒检测结果表明,检出梅毒抗体阳性81例,阳性率0.38%,其中男性42例,女性39例,男女之间梅毒感染率差异无显著意义(χ2=0.02,P>0.05)。梅毒感染者主要分布在20￣49岁年龄段,占感染总人数的86.42%,梅毒感染者的人群分布表明劳务人员所占比例最高,占感染总人数的55.56%,其次为港澳台胞人员,占感染总人数的16.05%。〔结论〕切实加强出入境人员和口岸从业人员的传染病监测是控制梅毒传播和流行的重要手段,也是卫生检疫执法和卫生保健的重要技术保障。     

大连口岸出境人员梅毒血清学检测结果分析

〔目的〕掌握大连口岸出入境人员中梅毒感染情况,以便有针对性的开展防治工作。〔方法〕对2000年度18313名经大连口岸出入境的人员进行了梅毒感染监测。采用快速血浆反应索试验(RPR)进行初筛;采用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)进行确证。〔结果〕在18313名出入境人员中检出梅毒感染者28例,总检出率为0.15％。其中男性检出率为0.11％;女性检出率为0.23％,2者进行比较,差异有显著性(x~2=4.05,P<0.05)。从感染者的年龄上看,20～30岁年龄组感染率最高,为0.38％。〔结论〕出入境人员中的梅毒感染者大多为隐性感染者,是造成梅毒传播的主要传染源,应加强对口岸出入境人群梅毒感染情况的监测。     

江西口岸出入境人员梅毒血清学检测结果分析

〔目的〕通过对江西口岸2005年出入境人员梅毒血清学检测结果的流行病学分析,从而了解江西出入境人群中梅毒的感染情况,为做好口岸梅毒的防治工作提供科学依据。〔方法〕对2005年度江西口岸5737名出入境人员采取静脉血,用甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)进行初筛,初筛阳性标本采用梅毒螺旋体抗体血清凝集试验(TPPA)进行确认;并结合对梅毒感染者的年龄、性别、职业进行统计学分析。〔结果〕全年从出入境人员中检出梅毒感染者35例,梅毒感染者在性别、年龄、职业分布上都存在明显差异。在性别分布中,男性相对女性感染率高,男性感染率为0.73%;在年龄分布中,20～50岁的年龄段的感染者较多,占感染者总数的97.14%;在人群分布中,劳务人员中感染者最多,占感染者总数的71.43%。〔结论〕出入境人群不同于一般的社会人群,国境口岸检验检疫机构对梅毒的监测,对防治传染病的传入和传出具有重要的意义。     

1例梅毒与HIV双重感染病例的流行病学调查和分析

目的通过传染病监测,掌握满洲里口岸出入境人员中梅毒与艾滋病流行情况,分析流行病学调查资料,防止疫情扩散。方法采用甲苯胺红不加热试验(TRUST)和梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)对出入境人员进行梅毒血清学检测;采取酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和免疫印迹法对出入境人员进行抗HIV抗体检测。结果从出境人员中检出1例梅毒与HIV双重感染者。结论加强口岸传染病监测,保障口岸卫生安全。     

福州口岸出入境人群梅毒感染情况的分析

〔目的〕　为了进一步了解福州口岸出入境人群的梅毒感染情况及趋势,我们对2 0 0 1～2 0 0 3年福州口岸出入境人群的梅毒感染情况进行流行病学调查分析。〔方法〕　采用甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)对被检者血清进行梅毒筛查,并用梅毒螺旋体微粒凝集试验(TPPA)进行确认。感染者的流行病学资料进行统计学分析。〔结果〕　2 0 0 1～2 0 0 3年福州口岸出入境人群梅毒感染率为4 .99‰,男性与女性感染率比较差异无显著性(χ2 =3.2 3,P >0 .0 5 )。介于2 1～5 0岁之间的感染者占总感染者的80 .5 6 %。有婚外性史的感染者约占总感染者的4 7.81%。值得注意的是多数感染者无自觉症状。〔结论〕　为了防止梅毒的传播和扩散,必须加强对出入境人群的梅毒监测。除此之外,在人群中开展梅毒筛查工作将有助于梅毒的早期诊断与治疗。     

太仓口岸出入境人员梅毒监测结果分析

〔目的〕了解太仓口岸出入境人员中梅毒的发生情况及其在该人群中的分布情况。〔方法〕对1997～2001年从太仓口岸出入境的7082名出入境人员用快速血清反应素试验(RPR)进行梅毒初筛检测,阳性者血清采用梅毒螺旋体抗体血凝试验(TPPA)进行确认,并进行流行病学调查。〔结果〕从7082名出入境人员中检出梅毒感染者15例,感染率为2.12‰。〔结论〕加强对出入境人员进行梅毒监测具有重要意义,强化对该人群的卫生宣传教育是预防性传播疾病的重要手段。     

清远口岸出入境人员梅毒检测结果分析

目的了解清远口岸出入境人员梅毒的感染情况,为国境口岸有效开展梅毒的监测和预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法采用甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)梅毒螺旋体抗体血凝试验(TPPA),对清远口岸2009年1月~2013年12月3 748名出入境人员进行梅毒血清学实验室检测,并对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果 3748名出入境人员中共检出梅毒阳性32例,感染率为0.85%,感染者均为男性。年龄分布在30~59岁之间,以出国劳务人员为主,占总感染人数的71.87%,感染途径以婚外性接触感染为主。结论监测结果显示清远口岸出入境人员中,中国籍劳务人员梅毒感染率最高,应重点加强对出国劳务人员的梅毒监测和卫生宣传教育工作,并且加强对其出境后的监督管理,督促其归国后到检验检疫机构进行健康体检。     

莆田口岸出入境人员梅毒感染流行病学调查

〔目的〕了解莆田口岸出入境人员中梅毒感染状况,掌握本地区梅毒发病情况和流行特点,为口岸传染病监测提供科学依据。〔方法〕用甲苯胺红不加热血清试验、TP-ELISA试验初筛和梅毒螺旋体抗体血凝试验(TPHA)确认,对2003￣2005年17 696名经莆田口岸出入境人员的血清标本进行梅毒检测,并对检测结果进行分析。〔结果〕共检出梅毒感染者48例,总检出率为0.27%。梅毒感染者中,以劳务人员和旅游探亲人员为主,男女之比为3.8:1,年龄分布在30￣60岁之间,以30￣49岁为主,占77.08%,感染途径以婚外性接触感染为主。〔结论〕在预防和控制性传播疾病过程中,应加强更广泛、深入的健康教育,提高出入境人员的自我保护意识,提高监测水平,尽早控制性传播疾病。     

湛江口岸人群梅毒血清学监测结果的分析

〔目的〕掌握湛江口岸人群中梅毒的流行动态。〔方法〕湛江国际旅行卫生保健中心从1998年～2001年4月,对11 571名出入境人员和口岸饮服从业人员进行了梅毒血清学监测。〔结果〕检出梅毒感染者50例(男性44例;女性6例),感染率为0.43％。不同职业人员感染率为:交通员工0.34％;劳务人员1.13％;口岸饮服从业人员0.30％;其他人员0.08％。〔结论〕劳务人员、交通员工应作为梅毒感染监测的重点人群;对口岸涉外宾馆的饮服从业人员应结合年度体检工作,加强性病监测。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.