迷迭香酸通过AMPK/mTOR通路减轻新生大鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤研究

目的 探讨迷迭香酸对新生大鼠缺血缺氧脑损伤（hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy,HIE）的影响,及其对单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶（adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK）/雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR）通路的调控作用,初步探讨其脑保护机制。方法 取7 d龄SD新生大鼠,随机分为对照组、模型组、迷迭香酸（300 mg/kg）组、AMPK/mTOR激动剂MT6378（10 mg/kg）组、AMPK抑制剂GSK-690693（30 mg/kg）组和迷迭香酸（300 mg/kg）+MT6378（10 mg/kg）组,每组20只。建立HIE模型,给予相应药物进行干预,采用TTC染色法检测大鼠脑梗死情况;透射电镜（TEM）观察大鼠海马神经元结构损伤及自噬状况;免疫荧光法检测大鼠海马神经元自噬标记物微管相关蛋白1轻链3B（microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B,LC3B）阳性表达;TUNEL法检测大鼠海马神经元凋亡率;免疫组化法检测大鼠海马神经元磷酸化AMPK（p-AMPK）阳性表达;Western blotting检测大鼠海马组织活化的半胱氨酸蛋白酶3（cleaved Caspase-3）、mTOR及其磷酸化蛋白（p-mTOR）、Unc-51样自噬激活激酶1（uncoordinated-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1,Ulk1）及其磷酸化蛋白（p-Ulk1）、LC3B表达。结果 与对照组相比,模型组大鼠脑梗死严重,海马神经元结构损伤及自噬空泡形成较多,细胞自噬及凋亡水平升高,AMPK/mTOR通路活化（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,迷迭香酸组及GSK-690693组大鼠脑梗死、海马神经元结构损伤、凋亡及自噬减弱,AMPK/mTOR通路被抑制（P<0.05）;MT6378组海马组织AMPK/mTOR通路进一步激活,大鼠脑梗死、海马神经元结构损伤、凋亡及自噬进一步加重（P<0.05）;MT6378可逆转迷迭香酸的上述作用（P<0.05）。结论 迷迭香酸可能通过抑制AMPK/mTOR通路激活,降低海马神经元自噬及凋亡进程,发挥抗HIE脑损伤作用。     

Ginkgo biloba extract protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by restoring autophagy via adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway modulation

Studies demonstrated that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) played a cardioprotective role in diabetic conditions. Impaired autophagy is one of the mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). The effect of GBE on autophagy has been observed in several diseases; however, whether GBE can ameliorate DCM by regulating autophagy remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of GBE on DCM and the potential mechanisms regarding autophagy using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model and a high-glucose (HG)-stimulated H9C2 cell model. We demonstrated that GBE attenuated metabolic disturbances, improved cardiac function, and reduced myocardial pathological changes in diabetic rats. Impaired autophagy as well as dysregulation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/ mammalian target of the rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) signaling pathway were observed in diabetic hearts, as evidenced by the reduced conversion of LC3B-I to LC3B-II along with excessive p62 accumulation, decreased AMPK phosphorylation, and increased mTOR phosphorylation, which could be reversed by GBE treatment. In vitro, GBE reduced the apoptosis induced by HG in H9C2 cells by activating AMPK and inhibiting mTOR to restore autophagy. However, this effect was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. In conclusion, the ameliorative effect of GBE on DCM might be dependent on the restoration of autophagy through modulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway.     

当归多糖对糖尿病肾病KK-Ay小鼠肾脏AMPK信号通路及线粒体自噬的影响

目的 研究当归多糖对糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）KK-Ay小鼠肾脏磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶（AMPactivated protein kinase,AMPK）信号通路及线粒体自噬的影响。方法 SPF级雄性KK-Ay小鼠用高糖高脂饲料喂养,随机分为模型组、厄贝沙坦（25 mg/kg）组和当归多糖高、中、低剂量（400、200、100 mg/kg）组,每组10只;将10只雄性C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组。给予药物干预4周,观察小鼠一般情况,每周称定体质量并检测血糖;末次给药后,心脏取血并处死小鼠,分离血清检测尿微量白蛋白（urine microalbuminuria,U-ALB）、肌酐（creatinine,SCr）、尿素氮（urea nitrogen,BUN）;采用苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察肾组织病理变化;采用Western blotting检测肾组织线粒体自噬相关蛋白[微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)、p62、Nix]和线粒体裂变蛋白[线粒体动力相关蛋白1(dy...     

Suppressive effect of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma on glutamic acid-induced autophagy of interstitial cells of Cajal

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus (Zhishi, ZS) and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma (Baizhu, BZ)-containing serum on glutamate-induced autophagy in rat colonic interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and to analyze the underlying mechanism.MethodsRat colonic ICCs cultured in vitro were identified by fluorescence and then stimulated with glutamic acid (5 mmol/L) for 24 h to establish a cell model of autophagy. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of ZSBZ-containing serum or rat serum. The viability of the ICCs was detected with cell counting kit-8 assays, and cell apoptosis rates were examined with flow cytometry. The ultrastructure and autophagosomes in the ICCs were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The effects of ZSBZ-containing serum on apoptosis-associated mediators were assessed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-Akt and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) expression was detected via Western blotting analysis.ResultsCompared to those in the model group, ICC viability and apoptosis rates were significantly increased by ZSBZ-containing serum (P < 0.05). In addition, the expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3, p-PI3K, p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly lower (P < 0.05) and Bcl-2 expression was higher in the ZSBZ-containing serum treatment groups than in the model group (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that ZSBZ protects glutamic acid-stimulated ICCs, and this beneficial effect may be mediated by a reduction in autophagy via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.     

Thymoquinone attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-dependent pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Thymoquinone (TQ) has been proved to exert wide-ranging pharmacological activities, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antimicrobial, anti-tumor, and antidiabetic properties. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of TQ on a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in C57BL/6 N mice in vivo and free fatty acid (FFA)-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in vitro. Further, the underlying mechanisms of TQ to promote hepatic autophagy were also discovered. Data showed that TQ caused (p < 0.01) body weight reduction, improved glucose homeostasis, alleviated hepatosteatosis, and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation related to the induction of autophagy in HFD-fed mice. In vitro, TQ obviously increased (p < 0.01) autophagic flux in FFA-induced HepG2 cells and consequently reduced the lipid accumulation in combination with activation of AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathways. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the AMPK pathway by addition with AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC) or silence of ULK1 by transfection with siRNA(ULK1) into HepG2 cells reversed these beneficial effects of TQ on triggering hepatic autophagy and reducing lipid accumulation (p < 0.01). Taken together, these results suggested that TQ alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation by triggering autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-dependent signaling pathway. Our study supports a potential role for TQ in ameliorating NAFLD.     

迷迭香酸对心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用研究

目的：研究迷迭香酸对大鼠乳鼠原代心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的保护作用。 方法：体外培养大鼠原代心肌细胞,复制心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤模型,分别观察细胞活力和LDH漏出的改变,采用化学发光法检测细胞ATP含量变化,利用荧光探针技术检测细胞内ROS产生的变化,采用流式细胞术及Western blot法进一步考察迷迭香酸对心肌细胞凋亡,cleaved-caspase 3,Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达的影响。 结果：实验结果显示,25,50,100 mg·L^-1迷迭香酸均能显著抑制缺氧复氧导致的细胞活力下降,LDH漏出及ROS的过度产生,并能维持细胞内ATP水平;50,100 mg·L^-1迷迭香酸显著抑制缺氧复氧诱导的心肌细胞凋亡和下调cleaved-caspase 3 蛋白表达,并且100 mg·L^-1迷迭香酸能够明显上调p-Akt 蛋白的表达。 结论：迷迭香酸具有显著的抗心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤作用,能够改善心肌细胞能量代谢和减少细胞凋亡,其保护作用可能是通过激活Akt通路实现的。     

基于代谢组学的灯盏花素抗阿霉素心脏毒性作用机制研究

目的 通过体内外实验研究灯盏花素对阿霉素诱导心脏毒性的保护作用及机制。方法 体内实验中,将C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、右雷佐生(12 mg/kg)组和灯盏花素低、中、高剂量(4、8、16 mg/kg)组,给予药物干预3周后,采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察小鼠心肌组织的病理变化;采用ELISA法检测各组小鼠血浆N端B型利钠肽前体(amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)水平;采用超高效液相色谱/四极杆飞行时间质谱(UHPLC/Q-TOF MS)研究其代谢途径和主要代谢产物。体外实验中,将大鼠心肌细胞H9c2随机分为对照组、阿霉素组、右雷佐生组和灯盏花素组,给予药物处理后,检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平,观察H9c2细胞抗氧化能力;采用TUNEL及Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测各组细胞凋亡情况;采用Western blotting法检测H9c2细胞核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2 related ...     

肝豆汤对Wilson病模型高铜诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞自噬效应的影响及其作用机制

目的:研究肝豆汤对高铜诱导的人神经母细胞瘤(SH-SY5Y)细胞自噬效应的影响及其作用机制,为中医药防治脑型Wilson病(Wilson disease,WD)提供新的治疗靶点和研究思路。方法:噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法筛选硫酸铜(CuSO_4)造模浓度(0,100,200,400,800,1 600μmol·L-1)及时间; MTT比色法筛选含药血清浓度(5%,10%,15%,20%)及时间;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放实验检测细胞LDH漏出率;流式细胞法检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的含量;荧光染料JC-1检测细胞线粒体膜电位;流式细胞仪对自噬进行定量分析。蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测肝激酶B1(LKB1),腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK),自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3A/B(LC3A/B),哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR),unc-51样激酶1(ULK1),磷酸化ULK(p-ULK),磷酸化AMPK(p-AMPK)蛋白的表达。结果:MTT结果显示,CuSO_4对细胞的损伤呈现一定的量效和时效关系(P 0. 01),随着CuSO_4作用浓度及时间的增加,细胞存活率呈现下降趋势; 10%含肝豆汤兔血清可显著抑制CuSO_4诱导的细胞死亡(P 0. 01)。LDH释放实验显示,与正常组比较,CuSO_4作用细胞后LDH漏出率显著增加(P 0. 01),与模型组比较,含肝豆汤兔血清明显降低CuSO_4损伤细胞的LDH漏出率(P 0. 05)。DCFH-DA荧光染色显示,与正常组比较,CuSO_4可显著增加细胞内ROS生成(P 0. 01),与模型组比较,含肝豆汤兔血清可显著抑制CuSO_4诱导的细胞内ROS产生(P 0. 01)。JC-1染色结果显示,与正常组比较,CuSO_4诱导细胞线粒体膜电位Δψm显著降低(P 0. 01),与模型组比较,含肝豆汤兔血清明显抑制CuSO_4诱导的线粒体膜电位降低Δψm(P 0. 05)。Western blot结果显示,与正常组比较,模型组细胞内LKB1,AMPK,LC3A/B,ULK1及p-AMPK蛋白的表达显著增加,mTOR及p-ULK蛋白的表达显著降低(P 0. 01)。与模型组比较,含肝豆汤兔血清组LKB1,AMPK,LC3A/B,ULK1及p-AMPK蛋白表达显著降低,mTOR及p-ULK蛋白表达显著增加(P 0. 01)。结论:高铜可通过诱导细胞内线粒体氧化应激,上调自噬相关蛋白LKB1,p-AMPK,AMPK,LC3A/B及ULK1的表达,下调自噬相关蛋白mTOR及p-ULK的表达,导致细胞发生自噬性死亡,而肝豆汤可通过调控LKB1/AMPK信号通路,下调自噬相关蛋白LKB1,p-AMPK,LC3A/B,ULK及AMPK的表达,上调自噬相关蛋白及基因mTOR及p-ULK的表达,抑制自噬的发生,阻断高铜诱导的神经元损伤,从而发挥神经保护作用。     

In vitro and in vivo anticancer potential and molecular targets of the new colchicine analog ⅢM-067

Objective: The current study evaluated various new colchicine analogs for their anticancer activity and to study the primary mechanism of apoptosis and in vivo antitumor activity of the analogs with selective anticancer properties and minimal toxicity to normal cells.Methods: Sulforhodamine B(SRB) assay was used to screen various colchicine analogs for their in vitro cytotoxicity. The effect of N-[(7S)-1,2,3-trimethoxy-9-oxo-10-(pyrrolidine-1-yl)5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a] heptalene-7-yl] acetami...     

Yiqi Huoxue Decoction modifies the expression of myocardial cytoskeleton-associated proteins by regulating the AMPK signaling pathway in H9c2 cells exposed to hypoxic conditions

BackgroundIn myocardial ischemia, hypoxia leads to destruction of the cytoskeleton, and especially the imbalance of microtubule polymerization-depolymerization, which seriously affects the structure and function of cardiomyocytes. We previously showed that a Yiqi Huoxue Decoction (YQHX) improves mitochondrial function and decreases anti-oxidative effects in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cell injury. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether YQHX protects against hypoxia-induced damage by decreasing damage to the cardiac cytoskeleton.MethodsAfter reaching 70%–80% confluence, H9c2 cells were synchronized in serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium for 6 hours, then divided into control, model, and YQHX (100, 200, 400 μg/mL) groups, which were then grown in a hypoxic atmosphere for 12 hours. Cardiac cell viability was assessed using an xCELLigence system. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, maleic dialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase in H9c2 cell supernatants were measured. Hoechst 33258 staining was employed to observe cardiac cell apoptosis. Confocal microscopy, immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the protective effects of the YQHX against hypoxia-induced injury in the H9c2 cell line.ResultsCells that were pretreated with YQHX were more able to maintain their microtubule structure in the early stages of hypoxia and had better myocardial fitness in response to hypoxia compared with cells that were not pretreated. However, hypoxia-induced upregulation of α-tubulin and β-tubulin expression antagonized the protective effect of YQHX (100 μg/mL). In addition, YQHX (100 μg/mL) treatment significantly upregulated MAP4 protein expression (P = .003) and downregulated p-AMPKα protein expression (P < .001) compared with the model group.ConclusionThe results indicate that YQHX plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress injury and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Notably, our results suggested that the YQHX could mitigate the damage to the cardiac cytoskeleton and the dysregulation of AMPK-related protein signaling pathways that are induced by hypoxia.     

人参糖蛋白对阿霉素所致心肌毒性的保护作用及其机制研究

目的通过体内外实验,探讨人参糖蛋白对阿霉素心脏毒性的保护作用及机制。方法建立SD大鼠心肌损伤模型,给予人参糖蛋白进行干预后,检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(lactatedehydrogenase,LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶MB(creatinekinase isoenzymes-MB,CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性及谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)水平;采用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色法观察大鼠心肌组织病理变化。建立心肌细胞H9c2损伤模型,采用CCK-8法检测H9c2细胞活力;通过流式细胞术检测H9c2细胞周期、细胞凋亡、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平和线粒体膜电位变化;采用Western blotting法检测H9c2细胞凋亡相关蛋白、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路相关蛋白、沉默信息调节因子2相关酶类3(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 3,Sirt3)...     

6-Methoxydihydrosanguinarine induces apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer MCF-7 cells by accumulating ROS to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway

6-Methoxydihydrosanguinarine (6-MDS) is a natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid extracted from Hylomecon japonica (Thunb.) Prantl. It is the first time to explore the effect and mechanism of 6-MDS in breast cancer. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation technology were adopted to identify the potential targets and pathways of 6-MDS in breast cancer. Besides, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and western blotting assays were conducted to investigate the effect of 6-MDS on MCF-7 cells. Network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation results confirmed the effect of 6-MDS on resisting breast cancer via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In addition, the functional experiments results demonstrated that 6-MDS inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis and autophagy. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and the silence of Atg5 augmented the effect of 6-MDS on promoting apoptosis. Furthermore, 6-MDS suppressed the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 enhanced these changes and promoted the 6-MDS pro-apoptotic and autophagy effects. 6-MDS triggered the generation of reactive oxygen species. The pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine reversed the changes induced by 6-MDS, including increases in apoptosis and autophagy and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, 6-MDS induces the apoptosis and autophagy of MCF-7 cells by ROS accumulation to suppress the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.     

基于mTOR信号通路研究黄芩苷对对乙酰氨基酚诱导肝损伤后肝修复作用

目的 探讨黄芩苷对对乙酰氨基酚（acetaminophen,APAP）诱导的肝损伤后肝再生的作用及机制。方法 C57BL/6小鼠随机分成对照组、模型组和黄芩苷（40、80 mg/kg）组,小鼠ip APAP（300 mg/kg）1 h后ig黄芩苷,ip APAP 24 h或48 h后检测血清中天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）活性;通过苏木素-伊红（HE）染色法观察肝脏的病理变化;采用qRT-PCR检测肝脏组织中肝细胞生长因子（hepatocyte growth factor,HGF）和表皮生长因子（epidermal growth factor,EGF）mRNA表达;通过BeyoClick^™ EdU法检测肝脏组织细胞增殖情况;通过免疫组化染色法观察肝脏组织中增殖细胞核抗原（proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA）阳性细胞数量;通过Western blotting检测肝脏组织中PCNA、细胞周期蛋白D1（Cyclin D1）、p62、微管相关蛋白1轻链3（microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain,LC3B）、磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin,p-mTOR）和p-S6蛋白的表达。给予mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素后,观察雷帕霉素对黄芩苷促进肝修复作用的影响。结果 黄芩苷可以显著减少APAP诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠的肝坏死面积（P＜0.05、0.01）,上调肝脏HGF、EGF mRNA表达和PCNA、Cyclin D1、p62、p-S6、p-mTOR蛋白表达（P＜0.05、0.01）,下调LC3B蛋白表达（P＜0.05、0.01）,从而激活mTOR信号通路,促进APAP诱导的肝损伤后肝再生。此外,黄芩苷对肝再生的促进作用在给予mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素后减弱（P＜0.05）。结论 黄芩苷能够通过激活mTOR信号通路,促进肝细胞增殖,并抑制其介导的自噬,从而促进肝修复。     

Effects of a combination of Japanese Raisin Tree Seed and Flower of Lobed Kudzuvine against acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice

ObjectiveThe Flower of Lobed Kudzuvine [Pueraria lobata (Willd.)Ohwi; Gehua in Chinese; GH] and Japanese Raisin Tree Seed (Hovenia dulcis Thunnb.; Zhijuzi in Chinese; ZJZ) are herbs that have been used in China for the treatment of alcohol intoxication and liver diseases. We aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of a combination of these in mice with acute alcohol-induced liver injury, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved.MethodsMale ICR mice were randomly allocated to six groups: a control group, an alcohol-administered group, and groups that were administered alcohol and one of silibinin, the GH, the ZJZ or a GH-ZJZ combination (at a ratio of 2:1). Animals were orally administered 56% alcohol (Er Guo-tou white spirit, 0.12 mL/10 g/d) for 10 days and at the end of this period, hepatic biochemical indicators, antioxidant parameters, alcohol metabolic enzymes, and histopathologic changes were evaluated. Moreover, the expression of the signaling molecules KEAP1, NRF2, and AQP9 were measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting.ResultsCompared with the model group, GH-ZJZ (2:1) had lower serum ALT (12.15 ± 0.39, P = .003), AST (104.07 ± 1.03, P = .001), and ALP (148.09 ± 2.55, P = .010) activities, and lower TC (1.97 ± 0.05, P = .001) and TG (1.54 ± 0.07, P = .002) concentrations. GH-ZJZ (2:1) also significantly increased the hepatic activities of SOD and GSH (4.24 ± 0.25 and 1.57 ± 0.06, respectively; both P < .01), reduced the ROS and MDA concentrations (97.50 ± 3.00 and 2.39 ± 0.19, respectively; both P < .01), and upregulated Nrf2 expression (P < .01). GH-ZJZ (2:1) significantly reduced the expression of KEAP1 and AQP9 in the liver, compared with alcohol-administered mice (P < .01). Importantly, the GH-ZJZ combination caused a more marked improvement in acute liver injury than GH or ZJZ alone.ConclusionWe have demonstrated protective effects of GH-ZJZ (2:1) against acute alcohol-induced hepatic injury, and shown that these effects may be associated with improvements in lipid and alcohol metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation.     

褐藻素诱导肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡和自噬的机制

目的：通过c-Jun氨基末端激酶（c-jun N-terminal kinase,JNK）信号通路来研究蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物的抗炎作用机制。方法：采用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT法）测定倍比稀释的蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物（浓度区间为0~640 mg·L^-1）作用于密度为5×10⁴个/mL的RAW264.7细胞24 h后的细胞活力,计算出药物对细胞的无毒浓度;测定JNK抑制剂SP600125（终浓度分别为25,12.5,6.25 μmol·L^-1）作用于细胞密度为5×10⁴个/mL的RAW264.7细胞24 h后的细胞活力,计算出SP600125作用的安全有效浓度;测定蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物（终质量浓度分别为5,2.5,1 mg·L^-1）作用于LPS诱导细胞密度为5×10⁴个/mL的RAW264.7细胞12,24,36,48 h后的细胞活力,计算出药物抑制细胞增殖的浓度。采用蛋白质印迹（Western-blot）法测定蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物（5 mg·L^-1）作用于LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞24 h后p-JNK（磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶）蛋白、JNK蛋白和环氧化酶-2（COX-2）蛋白的表达变化。结果：蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物作用于LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞,测定p-JNK,JNK,COX-2相对灰度值分别为：0.12±0.03,0.48±0.03,0.18±0.04,无药物作用的LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞,测定p-JNK,JNK,COX-2,相对灰度值分别为：0.68±0.05,0.83±0.04,0.58±0.04,两组数据比较具有明显差异（P<0.01）。蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞增殖,下调p-JNK,JNK,COX-2等炎性蛋白的表达。结论：蹄叶橐吾醇化乙酸乙酯萃取物抗炎机制通过JNK信号通路来完成。     

Salvadora persica extract attenuates cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal damage by modulating oxidative stress,inflammation and apoptosis in rats

Objective: Salvadora persica(SP) is used as a food additive and is a common ingredient in folk medicine.This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial effects of SP against cyclophosphamide(CYP) toxicity in rats.Methods: In a 10-day study, 32 male rats were equally allocated into 4 groups(8 rats/group) as follows:the normal control(NC group), normal rats that only received oral aqueous extract of SP(100 mg/[kg·d];SP group), animals treated with intraperitoneal CYP inj...     

Antioxidant properties of magnesium lithospermate B contribute to the cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro

Objective

To determine the cardioprotective effect of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury and to investigate the antioxidant potential in vivo and in vitro.

Methods

MI/R injury was induced by the occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h in rats. After reperfusion, hearts were harvested to assess infarct size, histopathological damages, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin (cTnI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Furthermore, simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R) injury in vitro was established by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 2 h followed by 24-hour recovery period in cardiomyocytes. The activity of LDH in the cultured supernatant and the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), SOD and MDA in cardiomyocytes were also measured. Finally, cardiomyocytes apoptosis was determined with flow cytometry.

Results

MLB significantly limited infarct size, ameliorated histopathological damages and prevented leakage of CK-MB, cTnI and LDH. Additionally, SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH activities were notably increased by MLB, along with the MDA content decreased as compared with the model group in rats. In vitro study, MLB also decreased LDH activity in the cultured supernatant, increased SOD activity in cardiomyocytes, reduced intracellular ROS and MDA levels, and significantly suppressed cardiomyocytes apoptosis.

Conclusion

MLB possessed remarkably cardioprotective effects on MI/R injury in vivo and in vitro. The protection of MLB may contribute to its antioxidant properties.     

基于网络药理学探讨芪苈强心胶囊治疗充血性心力衰竭的作用机制＊

目的 探讨芪苈强心胶囊（简称：QLQX）用于治疗充血性心力衰竭的活性成分和分子作用机制，为临床使用和深入开发提供依据。方法 采用超高压液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法对QLQX中的主要化学成分进行定性分析，利用数据库查找其相关作用靶标。检索相关网络信息，筛选并确定充血性心力衰竭靶标，运用网络药理学方法，构建化学成分-靶标相互作用网络，检索DIVID数据库，进行生物过程和生物通路分析，获得QLQX的作用靶标和相关生物通路信息。结果 通过UPLC-MS/MS法在QLQX中共检测出103个化学成分，可作用于827个靶标。深入研究表明，QLQX中的98个化学成分组成的活性成分群可与91个相关靶标相互作用。网络分析表明，QLQX的主要活性成分为25个，关键靶标19个，包括STAT3、VEGFA、ADORA1、TP53、IL6、EDN1、SIRT1、ADORA3、ADRB2、HTR2A、MAPK14、MMP9、MTOR、NOS2、NOS3、TNF、PPARG、AGTR1、IL1B。QLQX可通过调节14条心血管疾病相关通路来发挥治疗DHF的作用，其中最主要的生物通路有4条，包括钙生物通路、HIF-1生物通路、TRP通道炎症介质调节和血管平滑肌收缩。结论 本研究从系统和整体的角度阐释了QLQX的作用机制，初步明确了组方的活性成分，可为QLQX物质基础和活性作用机制的深入研究提供依据。     

Cardioprotective effect of Yiqi Huoxue granule through regulation of mitophagy after myocardial infarction in rats

ObjectiveTo investigate the cardioprotective effect of Yiqi Huoxue granule (YQHXG) in the regulation of autophagy in rats induced with myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsAn acute MI animal model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in Sprague-Dawley rats. Besides, 20 rats received sham operation were classified into a control group. The remaining 59 rats were randomly divided into MI model group (n = 19), YQHXG group (n = 20), and perindopril group (n = 20). Relevant indicators on days 7 and 28 were observed in each group. Left ventricular function was determined by echocardiography. The structure and morphology of mitochondria, and the number of autophagic vesicles, were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The mRNA and protein expression levels of LC3, FUNDC1, Beclin-1, and BNIP3 were examined in the tissue of the MI marginal area.ResultsCompared with the MI model group, YQHXG showed obvious improvements in cardiac functions. Observing the microscopic morphology of the heart tissue, myocardial tissue damage attenuated, autophagic signs of autophagosomes and autolysosomes reduced, vacuolization in mitochondria mitigated, and mitochondria arranged in order. YQHXG could reduce the degree of tissue lesion after MI and regulate the expression of autophagy-related molecules at different stages. On Day 7, YQHXG significantly downregulated the expression of Fundc1, Becn1, Bnip3 mRNA and reduced the levels of FUNDC1, Beclin-1, BNIP3, and LC3 B proteins expression (all P < .001). On Day 28, YQHXG could upregulate the expression of Becn1, Fundc1 and Bnip3 mRNA and increased the levels of the corresponding proteins expression (all P < .001). Besides, it also increased LC3 B protein expression level (P = .0344).ConclusionYQHXG regulated the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related factors in myocardial tissue and mitochondrial autophagic activity at different stages to protect the heart following MI.