Seasonal photoperiodic influence of pineal melatonin on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-hippocampal-receptor in male ratsOA

Background: Based on the effect of seasonal changes on human visceral function, this study investigated the impact of seasonal photoperiod of the pineal body on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-hippocampal-receptor in rats, aiming to reveal the mechanism by which pineal gland melatonin regulates the seasonal secretion of hippocampal neurotransmitters.Methods: Vernal equinox, summer solstice, autumn equinox, and winter solstice were selected as four experimental time points, and rats were rand...     

Integrated network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the mechanism of Sangqi Qingxuan formula against hypertensive vascular remodelingOA

Objective: To investigate the bioactive components of Sangqi Qingxuan formula(SQQX), predict the pharmacological targets, and explore the mechanism of hypertensive vascular remodeling(HVR).Methods: Network pharmacology was adopted to predict how SQQX acts in HVR. The effectiveness was assessed by blood pressure measurements and pathological morphology observation based on a spontaneously hypertensive rat model, while the mechanism of SQQX on HVR was validated by immunohistochemistry(IHC) and wes...     

Hemostatic mechanism of the effect of Jianpi Yiqi Shexue decoction on vascular factors in immune thrombocytopenia model miceOA

Objective: To explore the hemostatic mechanism of Jianpi Yiqi Shexue decoction(JYSD) by regulating vascular factors in an immune thrombocytopenia(ITP) mouse model.Methods: An ITP mouse model was established by the passive-immune modeling method, and interventional drugs used were prednisone tablets and JYSD. The platelet count; vascular activity-related factors v WF, VCAM-1, and TM; and VEGF and b FGF were used as observational indicators.Results: On the 8th day of administration, compared with ...     

Tangshenping granule inhibits pyroptosis in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy via the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway

ObjectiveTo explore the inhibitory effect of Tangshenping (TSP) on pyroptosis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy (DN) rat model.MethodsDN was established in Sprague–Dawley rats. Rats were randomly divided into DN (model group), irbesartan, and TSP low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, besides the control group. The 24 h albuminuria content, and serum content of TC, TGs, Scr, IL-1β, UREA, LDLs, and IL-18 were assessed. Hematoxylin & eosin and Mallory staining were performed to examine pathological changes in the kidney. The mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, caspase 1, and GSDMD in the kidney were also examined.ResultsThe 24 h albuminuria content was obviously lower in the treatment groups compared to the model group (all P < .01). Levels of TC, TGs, Scr, UREA, LDLs, and IL-18 after drug interventions were obviously lower compared to the model group (all P < .05). The serum content of IL-1β in the TSP medium- and high-dose groups were much lower compared to the model group (P = .013 and P = .001, respectively). Through immunohistochemistry and western blotting, we observed that the protein expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 were lower after drug interventions compared to the model group (all P < .05). Using qPCR, we observed that the mRNA expressions of caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and GSDMD after drug interventions were significantly lower compared to the model group (all P < .05). The mRNA expressions of NLRP3 in the TSP medium- and high-dose groups were both lower compared to the model group (all P < .05).ConclusionTSP downregulated mRNA and protein expressions of NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD. Our findings demonstrate that the beneficial effects of TSP on renal function are at least partly mediated by the inhibition of micro-inflammation and modulation of the expression of pyroptosis-related factors.     

Hewei Jiangni granule alleviates visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of non-erosive reflux disease via transient receptor potential channel signaling

ObjectiveTo uncover the underlying mechanism of Hewei Jiangni granule (HWJNG) on non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) treatment by examining histological changes, gastrointestinal neurochemicals release and visceral hypersensitivity-related receptor expression in NERD model rats.MethodsA NERD rat model was established via a combination of basal sensitization and acid perfusion. HWJNG treatments at different doses were then administered. Pathological changes to tissues, mast cell (MC) activation, serum levels of esophageal visceral hypersensitivity-related neurochemicals, and transient receptor potential (TRP) receptor mRNA and protein levels were investigated.ResultsCompared with the control group, the expression of tryptase in MCs, the changes of intercellular space, and the serum levels of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) and proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) increased in the model group (all P < .05). The expression of TRP vanilloid 1 (Trpv1) mRNA decreased in esophagus and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the model group (P = .030 & P = .013), and the expression of TRP melastatin channel subfamily member 8 (Trpm8) mRNA decreased in the esophagus of model group (P < .01). The level of esophageal TRPV1 protein increased in the model group (P < .01) and the level of TRPM8 protein decreased in esophagus and DRG of the model group (both P < .05). Compared with the model group, the serum levels of SP, CGRP, and PAR2 in the medium-dose HWJNG group showed significant decreases (all P < .05). The expression of Trpv1 mRNA in esophagus and DRG of the HWJNG groups and the Omeprazole group remarkably decreased (all P < .05), as was the expression of Trpm8 mRNA in esophagus of the HWJNG groups (all P < .05).ConclusionHWJNG alleviated visceral hypersensitivity in NERD model rats by regulating TRP-mediated signaling. Our results indicate that HWJNG has potential as a therapeutic agent for NERD.     

Clinical study on tuina therapy for degenerative spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine

目的：推拿治疗腰痛有确切疗效,进行两种推拿手法治疗退行性腰椎滑脱症的疗效对比观察,以期探索推拿治疗腰椎滑脱症的最佳手法。方法：将121例退行性腰椎滑脱症患者,按就诊顺序及病情分级随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组61例,其中Ⅰ度34例,Ⅱ度27例;对照组60例,其中Ⅰ度34例,Ⅱ度26例。两组一般资料无显著差异。两组在进行相同软组织推拿基础上,实验组采用脊柱微调手法,对照组采用屈髋屈膝垫枕法。每星期治疗3次,10次为1个疗程。治疗1个疗程后评价疗效。结果：实验组与对照组总有效率、Ⅰ度患者愈显率均有显著差异（P〈O．01）,Ⅱ度患者总有效率也存在显著差异性（P〈0．05）。结论：脊柱微调手法对退行性腰椎滑脱症的疗效较好,且病情越轻,疗效越好。     

Intervention of the Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodou decoction on immune imbalance in atopic dermatitis-like model mice

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of intervention on the immune imbalance of atopic dermatitis (AD) by studying the effects of Mahuang Lianqiao Chixiaodou decoction (MLCD) on skin damage and inflammation factors in an AD-like mouse model.MethodsNinety-six male BALB/c mice were divided into normal, model, positive control (mometasone furoate), and traditional Chinese medicine treatment (MLCD) groups by a random number table. 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene was used to induce AD-like mice in all groups except the normal group. The treatment or intervention was administered for seven consecutive days on days 4, 18, 32, and 39. The mRNA relative expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the serum immunoglobulin E, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsCompared with the normal group, the hematoxylin-eosin staining of the skin lesions of the mice in the model group was significantly thickened on days 11, 25, and 39. Compared with the model group, the epidermal thickness of the positive control group was significantly alleviated on day 39 (P < .001), and that of the MLCD group was significantly improved on days 25 and 39 (P < .001). Compared with the four observation time points, MLCD had the best treatment effect on day 39 of the experiment and significantly improved the skin damage performance and relieved pathological lesions. On day 39, compared with the model group, MLCD downregulated the skin mRNA relative expressions of IL-4 (P = .009), TSLP (P = .030), and TSLPR (P < .001), and reduced the mouse serum levels of IL-4 (P = .003). For other serum indicators, no significant difference was observed between the model and MLCD groups.ConclusionMLCD improved AD-like mice skin damage by regulating the Th1/Th2 immune imbalance.     

Core muscle functional strength training for reducing the risk of low back pain in military recruits: An open-label randomized controlled trial

Background: Core muscle functional strength training(CMFST) has been reported to reduce injuries to the lower extremity. However, no study has confirmed whether CMFST can reduce the risk of low back pain(LBP).Objective: This study identified the effects of CMFST on the incidence of LBP in military recruits.Design, setting, participants and intervention: We performed a prospective, open-label, randomized, controlled study in a population of young healthy male naval recruits from a Chinese basic c...     

Effect of the pineal gland on 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid secretion in the hippocampus of male rats during the summer and winter

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of seasonal variation on neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus of normal rats and rats with pineal excision.MethodsTwo time points, the summer and winter solstice, which are the longest and shortest days of the year, respectively, were selected. Male Sprague–Dawley rats that underwent a sham operation without pineal excision were included as a control group. The concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined by radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively.ResultsIn the winter, the 5-HT and GABA levels in normal rats exhibited a significant difference compared with those in the operation group (P < .01). A difference was also noted in GABA levels between the normal group and the sham operation group (P < .05). The concentrations of 5-HT and GABA in the hippocampal tissues of the normal group exhibited a seasonal rhythm consisting of elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter (P < .01), while the GABA levels in the sham operation group exhibited a significant difference, with elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter (P < .01). In the operation group, GABA showed the same trend (P < .01).ConclusionThe seasonal rhythm of neurotransmitter secretion by the hippocampus (5-HT and GABA) consisted of elevation during the summer and reduction during the winter. During the winter, the pineal gland exhibited a reverse regulatory effect on the secretion of 5-HT and GABA in the hippocampus, and it exhibited seasonal selectivity with regard to the regulation of 5-HT.     

肾着汤结合手法、小针刀、腰椎牵引治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的分析肾着汤结合手法、小针刀、腰椎牵引治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法选取2015年1月—2018年12月的住院腰椎间盘突出症患者495例,随机分两组,对照组236例,给予常规手法、小针刀、腰椎牵引治疗;试验组259例,在对照组的基础上联合口服肾着汤,治疗2周后进行疗效分析。结果试验组在显效率、日本骨科学会(JOA)评分方面明显优于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。结论肾着汤治疗腰椎间盘突出症疗效确切,结合手法、小针刀、腰椎牵引治疗具有疗效快、疗程短等优点,可以在临床上作为保守治疗腰椎间盘突出症的方案推广使用。     

Effects of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo explore the effects and dose–response relationship of Tai Chi for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate the methodological quality of the included trials and evidence quality of the outcomes.MethodsNine major English and Chinese databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of Tai Chi for T2DM from inception to December 2021. The effects and dose–response relationships were assessed with a meta-analysis and meta-regression using Stata.16. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the risk of bias tool. The evidence quality of the outcomes was assessed using the GRADE tool.ResultsA total of 24 studies with 1314 patients were included. Compared with the usual care, Tai Chi improved HbA1c (MD = ?0.80%, 95% CI [?1.05, ?0.54], P < .001, I² = 18.29%, very low–quality evidence), FBG (SMD = ?0.58, 95% CI [?0.86, ?0.31], P < .001, I² = 53.2%, low-quality evidence), fasting insulin (FIN), diastolic blood pressure, BMI, and the outcomes of quality of life (QoL) in patients with T2DM. However, when Tai Chi was compared with other exercise, there was no between-group difference in the HbA1c, FBG, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, BMI, and waist circumference (WC). Furthermore, the findings showed that an increase at every 18 weeks in length or an 823-h increase in the total time of Tai Chi intervention resulted in approximately a one unit reduction in the SMD of FBG.ConclusionCompared with usual care, Tai Chi may improve HbA1c (with clinical significance), FBG, FIN, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, and outcomes of QoL in T2DM patients. The effects of Tai Chi were similar to those of other exercises on the HbA1c, FBG, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, BMI, and WC. Given the overall poor methodological quality and evidence quality, these findings should be treated cautiously.     

Effects of Xiangsha Liujunzi decoction drug serum on gastric antrum smooth muscle cells from rats with functional dyspepsia by regulating gastrointestinal hormones

ObjectiveTo observe the effect and mechanism of Xiangsha Liujunzi decoction (XSLJZD) drug serum on gastric antrum smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in rats with functional dyspepsia (FD).MethodsGastric antrum SMCs from rats with FD were isolated, cultured, and then divided into six groups as follows: control, model, domperidone, low-dose XSLJZD (LXSLJZD), medium-dose XSLJZD (MXSLJZD), and high-dose XSLJZD (HXSLJZD). Each group was administered the corresponding drug serum for intervention. Drug serum intervention conditions and proliferative activity of SMCs were tested by cholecystokinin octapeptide. Ghrelin, gastrin, somatostatin, and substance P (SP) levels were measured by ELISA. Somatostatin and SP mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR.ResultsA concentration of 10% drug serum for 24 h was decided to be the best intervention condition for later study. The mean optical density value in the model group was lower than that in the control group (P = .001). Optical density values in the domperidone and HXSLJZD groups were higher than those in the model group (P = .025, P = .032, respectively). Gastrin, SP, and ghrelin levels in the model group were lower (P = .007, P = .037, P = .005, respectively), but somatostatin levels were higher, compared with those in the control group (P = .031). Gastrin, SP, and ghrelin levels in the domperidone, MXSLJZD, and HXSLJZD groups were higher than those in the model group (all P<.05). Somatostatin levels in the four drug-treated groups were lower than those in the model group (P = .002, P = .007, P = .001, P = .009, respectively). SP mRNA levels in the model group were lower than those in the control, domperidone, MXSLJZD, and HXSLJZD groups (P = .037 P = .016, P = .025, P = .002, respectively). Somatostatin mRNA levels in the model group were higher than those in the control and MXSLJZD groups (P = .042, P = .035).ConclusionsXSLJZD and domperidone drug serum effectively promote proliferative activity of gastric antrum SMCs in an FD model. The mechanism of this activity may be regulated by gastrointestinal hormones.     

Effects of electroacupuncture combined with hydrogel on the formation and changes in the glial scar in rats with spinal cord injuryOA

Objective: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture(EA) combined with oriented conductive bioprotein hydrogel(OCBH) on the recovery of nerve function in rats with complete spinal cord injury(SCI)and to explore its effect and mechanism on the formation and changes of glial scars.Methods: A total of 72 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups according to the treatment received. A rat model of complete SCI was constructed using a spinal cord transection.Behavioral assessment...     

Hypercholesterolemia treated with medicinal pad-separated moxibustion: A randomized clinical trial隔药饼灸治疗高胆固醇血症-随机临床试验

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of medicinal pad-separated moxibustion for reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the patients with hypercholesterolemia.DesignClinical randomized controlled trial with blinding for outcome assessors and statisticians.SettingDepartment of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Department of Physical examination of the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine and three community health centers adjacent to the Hospital and University, from July 2015 to December 2017.Patients60 patients with hypercholesterolemia (elevated LDL-C).InterventionsThe therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) was provided in both groups.In the experiment group, medicinal pad-separated moxibustion was applied using two groups of acupoints (Group No.1: Jùquē [巨阙CV14], Tiānshū [天枢ST25] and Fēnglóng [丰隆ST40]). Group No.2: Xīnshū [心俞BL15], Gānshū [肝俞BL18] and Píshū [脾俞BL20]) alternatively for 3–5 times a week. In the control group, Simvastatin tablets were administered orally by the patients in accordance with instructions in the medication guides (10 mg/d).Main outcome measuresChange of LDL-C after 12 weeks of treatment compared with the baseline.ResultsAfter 12 weeks of treatment, LDL-C was reduced in both the medicinal pad-separated moxibustion group and the simvastatin group compared with that at baseline (both P < 0.05). The difference on change of LDL-C was not significant between groups (P > 0.05). At week 4 of follow-up, LDL-C was reduced compared with that at baseline in the medicinal pad-moxibustion group (P < 0.05), and the difference on change of LDL-C was significant between groups (P < 0.05). At week 12 of follow-up, the difference on change of LDL-C was not significant when compared with the baseline in each group (both P > 0.05) and between groups (P > 0.05). In comparison with values before treatment, the values of triglyceride (TC) and triacylglycerol(TG) were reduced in both groups (all P < 0.05), while value of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased in the medicinal pad-separated moxibustion group after 12 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). The change of TG and HDL-C values were significantly different between groups (both P < 0.05). At week 4 of follow-up, values of TC and TG were lower (both P < 0.05) and HDL-C was higher (P < 0.05) when compared with that at baseline in the medicinal pad-separated moxibustion group; and value of TC was lower and HDL-C higher in the medicinal pad-separated moxibustion group compared with that in the simvastatin group (both P < 0.05). At week 12 of follow-up, compared with that at baseline, all blood lipid outcomes were not significantly different either within (P > 0.05) or between groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionMedicinal pad-separated moxibustion could reduce LDL-C and increase HDL-C in patients with hypercholesterolemia. However, these results need to be further verified by study with large sample size.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT02269046.     

Effects of different acupuncture manipulations on protein expression in the parietal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats

ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of twirling reinforcing and reducing manipulations on protein expression in parietal cortex of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), and elucidate the main mechanisms and differences between two manipulations in hypertension treatment.MethodsRats were randomly divided into the control, model, twirling reinforcing manipulation (TRFM), and twirling reducing manipulation (TRDM) groups. The control and model groups received catch and fixation stimulations once a day for 14 days. The TRFM and TRDM groups were intervened once a day for 20 min for 14 days. On days 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14 after acupuncture, rat systolic blood pressures (SBPs) were measured. Differential protein (DP) expression in the rat parietal cortices was detected. Thereafter, GO functional significance and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed.ResultsCompared with the model group, SBP of rats in the TRDM and TRFM groups decreased on days 6 and 10 of acupuncture, respectively (P = .009; P < .001). Moreover, SBP of the TRDM group was significantly lower than that of the TRFM group on days 10 and 14 of acupuncture (P = .015; P = .013). Compared with control group, 601 and 1040 DPs were up- and downregulated, respectively, in the model group. Compared with model group, 44 and 28 up- and downregulated DPs were expressed, respectively, in the TRFM group. Compared with model group, expression of 616 and 427 up- and downregulated DPs, respectively, was found in the TRDM group. After combining the results of GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, five and one pathways were found to be related to the central antihypertensive mechanism of the parietal cortex during twirling reducing and reinforcing manipulations, respectively.ConclusionTRDM showed a more effective antihypertensive effect on SHRs than TRFM; this antihypertensive effect was related to the regulation of different proteins and their biological functions.     

Therapeutic Observation on Treatment of 68 Cases of Prolapse of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc with Lumber Vertebral Traction plus Ding＇s Rolling Technique

目的观察腰椎牵引后结合丁氏滚法推拿治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效.方法将133例腰椎间盘突出症患者随机分为两组,治疗组68例,采用腰椎牵引后结合推拿治疗;对照组65例,采用单纯腰椎牵引治疗.结果两组差异有统计学意义(x2=6.86,P＜0.01),治疗组效果显著优于对照组.结论腰椎牵引后结合丁氏滚法推拿治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效优于单纯采用腰椎牵引治疗.     

通腑调神针法治疗便秘型肠易激综合征:随机对照试验（英文）

目的:观察通腑调神针法对便秘型肠易激综合征(const ipat ion-predominant irritable bowel syndrome,IBS-C)患者的便秘、焦虑、抑郁症状及血清神经肽Y (NPY)含量的影响。方法:将42例IBS-C患者随机分为通腑调神针刺组(针刺组)和枸橼酸莫沙必利药物组(药物组),每组21例。治疗过程中,药物组剔除1例,实际观察20例,针刺组实际观察21例。观察两组患者治疗前、治疗后、随访时(治疗后1个月)的便秘量表(CCS)评分、焦虑自评量表(SAS)评分和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分,并比较两组患者治疗前、治疗后血清NPY含量变化。结果:(1)CCS总评分:治疗后,针刺组和药物组的CCS总评分分别为(4.76±2.10)分和(5.60±1.88)分,均低于各自本组治疗前,差异有统计学意义(both P<0.05),而针刺组和药物组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。随访时,针刺组和药物组的CCS总评分分别为(4.19±1.69)分和(6.35±2.06)分,药物组高于本组治疗后(P<0.05),而针刺组和药物组比较,差异无统计...     

不同灸量艾灸治疗寒凝血瘀型原发性痛经:随机对照试验

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical effect differences of moxibustion with different doses on primary dysmenorrhea with cold congelation and blood stasis type.MethodsA total of 60 patients of primary dysmenorrhea were randomized into an intensified dose group and a conventional dose group. All of the patients were treated with moxibustion. In the intensified dose group, the treatment was given three times daily (once every morning, afternoon and at bedtime successively) and during the trial, 1 case was dropped out and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis finally. In the conventional dose group, the treatment was given once daily and 1 case was dropped out during trial and 29 cases were included in the statistical analysis. The score of visual analogue scale (VAS) at the worst painful time point, the score of dysmenorrhea symptoms and recurrence rate were observed and compared before and after treatment in the patients between the two groups. The clinical therapeutic effects were observed in the two groups too.ResultsVAS difference value (D-value) and dysmenorrhea symptoms D-valuebefore and after treatment in the intensified dose group were higher than those in the conventional dose group respectively (both P < 0.05). The recurrence rate was 14.29% in the intensified dose group, lower than 42.31% in the conventional dose group, with the statistical significance (P < 0.05). The total clinical effective rate was 96.55% in the intensified dose group, higher than 89.66% in the conventional dose group, with the statistical significance (P < 0.05).ConclusionCompared with the conventional dose moxibustion, moxibustion with intensified dose achieves satisfactory therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea of cold congelation and blood stasis type. This therapy is low in recurrent rate and convenient in manipulation, thus it deserves to be promoted in clinical application.     

Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice by tuning glial cell polarization

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) can attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic neuroinflammation in mice and to explore its relationship with glial cell polarization.MethodsIntraperitoneal injection with an escalating dose of LPS was used to establish a chronic neuroinflammation model in mice. Once LPS was initiated, 10 or 20 mg/kg Rb1, or sterile saline, was administered for 14 consecutive days. Open field test and beam walking test were used to monitor the changes in behavior. The concentration of cytokines in the serum and brain were used to monitor the systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, respectively. Molecules specific to each glial cell phenotype were used to investigate glial cell polarization.ResultsMice in the LPS group had reduced spontaneous activities and impaired beam walking performance. Rb1 obviously eased LPS-induced behavior disturbances. Regarding the levels of serum cytokines, both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly increased, while interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) remarkably decreased after LPS treatment (all P < .001). Rb1 treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced serum cytokine changes (all P < .05). The results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TNF-α and complement component 3 (C3) in the brain were significantly increased after LPS treatment (all P < .01). Rb1 treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced inflammation in the brain (all P < .05). Glial cell polarization analysis showed that M1 and M2 microglia, and A1 astrocytes increased following LPS treatment, while A2 astrocytes decreased. Rb1 treatment reduced M1 and M2 microglia, and A1 astrocytes, and significantly increased A2 astrocytes.ConclusionRb1 can attenuate chronic neuroinflammation induced by LPS in mice, which may be partially attributable to its fine tuning of microglia and astrocyte polarization. Rb1 has potential value for treating neurodegenerative diseases.