新生儿窒息后的血糖变化

目的探讨新生儿窒息后血糖异常变化与窒息临床分度的关系。方法选用我院2002年1月～2005年1月确诊窒息的新生儿80例入院治疗前的血糖进行分析。结果轻度窒息50例，其中低血糖15例（30％），高血糖2例（4．0％），正常血糖33例，血糖异常发生率34％；重度窒息30例，其中低血糖8例（26．7％），高血糖13例（43．3％），正常血糖9例，血糖异常发生率70％；窒息程度越重，血糖异常发生率越高（χ^2=9．744〉6．63，P〈0．01）。结论轻度窒息后血糖异常变化以低血糖为主；重度窒息后血糖异常变化以高血糖为主；窒息程度越重，血糖异常发生率越高。     

窒息后新生儿的血糖监测

对１７７例有窒息史新生儿进行血糖监测。９８例入院时带静脉滴注葡萄糖者中，检出高血糖３４例（３４．７％）。７９例入院时未带静脉滴注葡萄糖者中，检出低血糖２６例（３２．９％），高血糖５例（６．３％）。有静脉滴注葡萄糖者高血糖检出率大于无静脉滴注葡萄糖者（χ￣２＝２０．４９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示对窒息后新生儿应监测血糖，输注葡萄糖时必须控制速度，避免血糖异常进一步加重脑损伤。     

重度窒息新生儿血糖监测及其影响因素分析

目的　研究重度窒息新生儿出生早期血糖的影响因素以及病程中血糖变化 ,为治疗及监护提供依据。方法 :测定 71例出生 2 4小时以内、未开奶、胎龄 37.6 9±3.40周、体重 2 788± 776 g、重度窒息新生儿的血糖 ,其中静脉输糖 32例 ,复苏用药2 2例 ,并于生后 1 0 6± 88小时内进行微量血糖监测 ,结果采用多元回归分析和卡方检验。结果 :新生儿入院年龄 3.6± 4.42小时 (中位数 2小时 ) ,入院血糖 6 .5 9±6 .43mmol/ L,高血糖 2 5例 ,低血糖 2 4例 ,合并缺氧缺血性脑病轻、中、重度各 1 3、2 1及 1 3例。入院血糖与年龄负相关 ,t=- 3.397,P=0 .0 0 1 ;与静脉输糖正相关 ,t=6 .2 30 ,P<0 .0 0 0 1 ;与复苏使用肾上腺素和 /或地塞米松正相关 ,t=2 .0 6 6 ,P=0 .0 42。血糖监测结果表明 ,随着日龄增加 ,血糖异常 (高血糖或低血糖 )发生率无明显改变 ,未发现入院血糖与缺氧缺血性脑病分度的关系。结论 :窒息复苏过程中输糖或用药 ,会对机体糖代谢产生影响 ,应慎重应用 ;复苏后继续治疗中仍应重视血糖监测及调整     

窒息新生儿血糖变化与窒息程度的关系探讨

目的探讨新生儿窒息血糖监测的临床意义。方法收集2010年1月至2012年12月我院新生儿科收治的100例确诊为新生儿窒息的新生儿,根据Apgar评分分为轻度窒息组和重度窒息组,分别于生后3 h、24 h釆末梢血监测血糖,对比观察两组窒息患儿血糖变化。结果轻度窒息组64例,重度窒息组36例。生后3 h轻度窒息患儿血糖异常35例（54.69％）,明显低于重度窒息患儿的33例（91.67％）;生后24 h轻度窒息患儿血糖异常7例（10.94％）,也明显低于重度窒息患儿17例（47.22％）;轻度窒息组患儿3 h平均血糖（3.56±1.98）mmol/L,24 h平均血糖（3.57±1.52）mmol/L,重度窒息组患儿3 h平均血糖（6.93±1.57）mmol/L,24 h平均血糖（7.21±3.44）mmol/L,重度窒息明显高于轻度窒息组,差异均有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。结论窒息程度越重,血糖异常发生率越高;轻度窒息新生儿血糖异常以低血糖为主,重度窒息以高血糖为主。对窒息患儿生后要定期监测血糖,特别是重度窒息患儿应把血糖的变化作为常规判断病情与对症治疗的重要辅助指标。     

窒息新生儿血乳酸、血糖检测的临床意义

目的：研究窒息新生儿血糖、血乳酸的变化。方法：对我院NICU47窒息新生儿进行血糖、血乳酸测定，并与对照组比较。结果：窒息组血糖、血乳酸水平显著高于对照组（P＜0．001），且血糖，血乳酸水平与窒息程度成正比，结论：窒息患儿血乳酸，血糖水平愈高，预后愈差，对息新生儿除进行新法复苏外，还应充分重视其应激状态下内环境的异常改变，重度窒息血糖，血乳酸检测应列为常规。     

窒息新生儿血糖、皮质醇、胰岛素水平变化及其临床意义

目的观察窒息新生儿血糖（BG）、皮质醇（Co）、胰岛素（InS）水平变化，以探讨其临床意思。方法用微量法和放免法检测40例正常新生儿和50例窒息新生儿血糖、皮质醇、胰岛素。结果窒息新生儿脐血BG、InS、Co明显升高，且与窒息严重程度呈正相关（r值分别为0．36、0．31、0．33）。出生3dBG和Co水平有所降低，而InS水平无降低趋势。重度窒息组与对照组相比，各项水平差异显著（P〈0．01），且窒息组3d时BG、Co水平与脐血相比有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论应激状态可造成BG、InS、Co升高，随窒息解除、病情缓解，胰岛素抵抗的恢复较血糖和皮质醇恢复慢。在窒息抢救时，尤其是重度窒息儿，应密切监测血糖与激素变化，且慎用糖皮质激素。     

新生儿窒息脐血一氧化氮和血糖的测定及其意义

新生儿窒息是围生期小儿死亡和导致伤残的重要原因之一 ,可致多器官功能损害。新生儿窒息早期血糖的变化已受到广泛重视。目前研究发现 ,一氧化氮 (NO)与血糖变化关系十分密切。本文对 30例窒息新生儿脐血NO和血糖进行了检测 ,并与 32例正常新生儿作对照 ,以探讨 NO和血糖在新生儿窒息中的变化及其相互关系与临床意义。对象和方法一、对象均为我院妇产科接生的足月新生儿。母孕期健康 ,无糖尿病病史。 30例窒息儿均为正常产道分娩 ,除外先天性心脏病 ,其中轻度窒息 (1分钟 Apgar评分 4～ 7分 ) 2 1例 ,重度窒息 (1分钟 Apgar评分 0～ 3…     

窒息新生儿脐血糖对照观察

随着对围产期窒息的深入研究和认识的提高,发现新生儿窒息早期血糖并不低,而且有升高的趋势,为探讨新生儿脐血糖变化规律,本文测定了72例窒息新生儿脐血糖值,并作对照观察,现报告如下。     

The effect of intraventricular blood on cerebral blood flow in newborn dogs

We investigated the effect of intraventricular blood on cerebral blood flow in the newborn puppy by infusing autologous blood into the lateral ventricle to produce and maintain an intraventricular pressure of approximately 15 mm Hg (mild insult), 30 mm Hg (moderate insult), or 50 mm Hg (severe insult) for 20 min. As the intraventricular pressure increased, flow decreased progressively to all areas of the brain directly proportional to the cerebral perfusion pressure. On return of the intraventricular pressure to baseline level, cerebral blood flow normalized despite the continued presence of a large amount of blood within the lateral ventricles. We suggest that blood within the ventricular system can result in a significant acute reduction of cerebral blood flow which appears to be mediated through the effect on cerebral perfusion pressure.     

Low cerebral blood flow: a risk factor in the neonate.

Among 19 infants in whom cerebral blood flow had been determined a few hours after birth, four died during the first days or weeks after birth, all with massive intracranial hemorrhage. The other infants were examined at 9 to 12 1/2 months of age by means of clinical neurologic evaluation, developmental psychologic assessment (Cattell), EEG, and cranial computed tomography. Six of the ten infants who had had CBF of 20 ml/100 gm/minute or less had developed cerebral atrophy as demonstrated at autopsy or by CT scan, none with neonatal flows above 20 had done so. Only one in the low flow group had developed completely normally, whereas abnormal development was found in only a minority of the high flow group. No other neonatal observation had such a clear relationship to later development. It is concluded that CBF of 20 or less during the first hours of life is critical.     

The effect of blood glucose concentration on postasphyxia cerebral hemodynamics in newborn lambs

The effect of preasphyxia blood glucose concentration on postasphyxia (PA) cerebral hemodynamics was examined in 21 newborn lambs. Glucose was unregulated in one group (n = 7), and controlled throughout the study by glucose clamp in hyperglycemic (n = 7) and hypoglycemic (n = 7) groups. Cerebral blood flow, determined using radiolabelled microspheres, and arterial and sagittal sinus O2 contents were measured at control, 5 min, 1, 2, and 4 h after resuscitation from an asphyxial insult. Preasphyxia blood glucoses were 6.48 +/- 0.55 mM (mean +/- SEM), 12.08 +/- 0.80, and 2.66 +/- 0.14 in the three study groups. In all three groups, 5 min PA cerebral blood flow was significantly increased from control. In the late period after asphyxia, the unregulated group had decreased cerebral blood flow compared with control, 53.2 +/- 3.8 mL.100 g-1.min-1, mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.01; 49.6 +/- 2.0, p less than 0.005; 53.4 +/- 3.0, p less than 0.01, at 1, 2, and 4 h PA, respectively, versus 85.7 +/- 6.9 at control, whereas both the hyper- and hypoglycemic groups did not differ significantly from control measurements. Cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) was significantly decreased in all three groups 5 min PA and remained decreased in the late period after asphyxia in both the unregulated and hypoglycemic groups. In the unregulated group, CMRO2 was 191 +/- 14 microM.100 g-1.min-1, mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.05; 200 +/- 4; and 181 +/- 10, p less than 0.05 at 1, 2, and 4 h, respectively, PA versus 251 +/- 12 at control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The effect of phototherapy on cerebral blood flow velocity in preterm infants

Cerebral blood flow velocity was studied with two-dimensional/pulsed Doppler ultrasound before, during and after discontinuation of phototherapy in 22 preterm infants (gestational age ≤32 weeks), who were treated for a minimum of 12h with blue-light phototherapy for non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia. Before the cerebral blood flow velocity measurements, patency of the ductus arteriosus was diagnosed by Doppler echocardiography. All infants had normal brain ultrasound scans. Mean cerebral blood flow velocity increased significantly after initiation of phototherapy in all infants. Only in “healthy” (non-ventilated) infants did cerebral blood flow velocity return to pre-phototherapy values (baseline) after discontinuation of phototherapy, whereas in “unhealthy” (ventilated) infants cerebral blood flow velocity did not return to baseline. In 10 infants the ductus arteriosus reopened during phototherapy. In those infants, mean cerebral blood flow velocity returned to pre-phototherapy values after 2h of phototherapy prior to its discontinuation.     

Phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography measurements of global cerebral blood flow in the neonate

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations are important in pathogenesis of neonatal ischemic/hemorrhagic brain damage. In clinical practice, estimation of neonatal CBF is mostly based on Doppler-measured blood flow velocities in major intracranial arteries. Using phase-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (PC-MRA), global CBF can be estimated, but there is limited neonatal experience. The objective of this study was to gain experience with PC-MRA for the determination of global CBF in neonates. In infants eligible for MRI, PC-MRA global CBF was determined by measuring volume blood flow in both internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and basilar artery (BA). Thirty newborns (GA, 25.7-42.1 wk; weight, 1050-5858 g; postconceptional age, 225-369 d) were investigated. Total PC-MRA CBF ranged from 27 to 186 mL/min. Significant correlations between PC-MRA CBF and postconceptional age and weight were detected. When calculating PC-MRA measured CBF per kilogram body weight, brain perfusion was about stable over the range of postconceptional ages and ranged between 11 and 48 mL/min/kg (median, 25 mL/min/kg). In conclusion, neonatal PC-MRA CBF seems to be a useful technique to estimate noninvasive CBF.     

Hemorrhage, phenobarbital, and fluctuating cerebral blood flow velocity in the neonate

Fifty-one sequential intubated babies with birth weights of less than 1,751 were evaluated by serial Doppler ultrasound during the first three days of life. These babies were part of a phenobarbital prophylaxis trial cohort study. Subependymal-intraventricular hemorrhage developed in 17 of the babies. Infants with subependymal-intraventricular hemorrhage, whether or not they received pancuronium or phenobarbital, had coefficients of variation comparable to those of babies without hemorrhage. Coefficient of variation values of the right were comparable to values obtained from the left anterior cerebral artery complex and did not appear to be consistently altered by the presence of subependymal-intraventricular hemorrhage. Coefficient of variation values appeared to be consistently greatest on day 1 and lowest on day 2. In addition, the values overall increased as the number of waves used to determine the coefficient of variation enlarged from five to 20. This phenomena, however, was not seen among pancuronium recipients and suggests that movement artifact may be a determinant of coefficient of variation values. We conclude that, when the best 20 waves are chosen to evaluate the coefficient of variation, no association exists between coefficient of variation values and development of subependymal-intraventricular hemorrhage or administration of phenobarbital.     

Intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm neonate: timing and cerebral blood flow changes

Serial cranial ultrasound studies, 133xenon inhalation cerebral blood flow determinations, and risk factor analyses were performed in 31 preterm neonates. Contrast echocardiographic studies were additionally performed in 16 of these 31 infants. Sixty-one percent were found to have germinal matrix or intraventricular hemorrhage. Seventy-four percent of all hemorrhages were detected by the thirtieth postnatal hour. The patients were divided into three groups: early GMH/IVH by the sixth postnatal hour (eight infants) interval GMH/IVH from 6 hours through 5 days (10), and no GMH/IVH (12). Cerebral blood flow values at 6 postnatal hours were significantly lower for the early GMH/IVH group than for the no GMH/IVH group (P less than 0.01). Progression of GMH/IVH was observed only in those infants with early hemorrhage, and these infants had a significantly higher incidence of neonatal mortality. Ventriculomegaly as determined by ultrasound studies was noted equally in infants with and without GMH/IVH (50%) and was not found to correlate with low cerebral blood flow. The patients with early hemorrhage were distinguishable by their need for more vigorous resuscitation at the time of birth and significantly higher ventilator settings during the first 36 postnatal hours, during which time they also had higher values of PCO2. An equal incidence of patent ductus arteriosus was found across all of the groups. We propose that early GMH/IVH may be related to perinatal events and that the significant decrease in cerebral blood flow found in infants with early GMH/IVH is secondary to the presence of the hemorrhage itself. Progression of early GMH/IVH and new interval GMH/IVH may be related to later neonatal events known to alter cerebral blood flow.     

The effect of lumbar puncture procedure on blood glucose level and leukocyte count in infants

Blood glucose level, urea concentration, and total white blood cell count were determined both before and 10-15 minutes after lumbar puncture (LP) procedure in 26 infants suspected of having meningitis. There was a significant (p less than 0.001) increase in the peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count (mean +/- standard deviation) from 10,960 +/- 3,500 cells/microliter before to 13,300 +/- 3,970 cells/microliter following the LP procedure, due to relative rise in the neutrophils and lymphocytes. Blood glucose levels did not change significantly following this procedure (85.3 +/- 13.4 mg/dl and 84.1 +/- 12.6 mg/dl respectively). An LP procedure does not impair correct cerebrospinal fluid glucose/blood glucose determination but may cause elevation of peripheral WBC count.