Convergent and discriminant validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist

BACKGROUND: The factor structure of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC) has been well established, but its convergent and divergent reliability have yet to be studied. METHODS: Fifty-six obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients were administered the clinician-administered Y-BOCS-SC and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD), together with the self-administered Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI), Padua Inventory (PI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: Overall, the correspondence between the Y-BOCS-SC and self-administered measures of OCD symptoms was poor to moderate. Its convergent validity was adequate for its washing dimension but poor for its other dimensions. The discriminant validity of the Y-BOCS-SC was adequate, showing little overlap with overall illness severity (total Y-BOCS) and state measures (BDI, STAI, HRSD). In contrast, self-administered OCD measures were significantly correlated with overall illness severity and state measures. CONCLUSIONS: The convergent validity of the Y-BOCS-SC was generally poor and this could only be partially explained by the incomplete coverage of some OCD symptoms in the self-administered scales. Its discriminant validity was good. Both self- and clinician-administered measures should be used in OCD research, as they seem to measure relatively non-overlapping constructs. Further research on the psychometric properties of the Y-BOCS-SC is needed.     

Concurrent validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Symptom Checklist

Despite the frequent use of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC; Goodman et al., 1989a) and the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R; Foa et al., 2002), there are limited data on the psychometric properties of the two instruments. In the present research, clinician ratings on the Y-BOCS-SC for 112 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were compared to their self-report ratings on the OCI-R. In addition, Y-BOCS-SC and OCI-R scores were compared to measures of OCD symptom severity and self-report measures of anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Subscale [STAI-T]; Spielberger, Gorusch, & Lushene, 1970) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). The six symptom scales of the OCI-R had good internal consistency reliabilities (alphas). For the Y-BOCS-SC, three of five scales had good reliabilities (alphas >.80), but alphas for symmetry/ordering and sexual/religious symptom scales were inadequate. Total scores for the two instruments were strongly correlated with their corresponding "checking" scales, but no individual symptoms scales were identified as indices of overall OCD symptom presence. Scales assessing washing/contamination, symmetry/ordering, and hoarding from the two OCD instruments correlated well, but lower correlations for the other scales suggested differences in symptom coverage by the two instruments. Most symptom scales from the Y-BOCS-SC and OCI-R had low correlations with the BDI-II and STAI-T, but the OCI-R obsessing scale was well correlated (r=.54) with the STAI-T. These findings reveal some of the strengths and weaknesses of these two OCD instruments, and the results provide guidance for selecting scales that are suitable for measuring OCD symptoms.     

Joint Factor Analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory and the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale

Used a joint factor analysis with the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1980/81, 1992) and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS; C. R. Reynolds & Richmond, 1978, 1985) to identify items that uniquely measured depression and anxiety. Data from 750 youngsters in Grades 4 through 7 were analyzed using principal-axis factoring with an oblique rotation. Salient factors were identified using guidelines provide by Gorsuch (1997). Item overlap and the large negative affectivity component across instruments were evident. Items that overlapped or had nonsalient loadings were eliminated. The sample was randomly split into 2 groups of 375 and analyses were repeated. Results indicated that a unique 9-item depression factor composed largely of items representing a negative view of oneself existed. In addition, a unique 7-item anxiety factor emerged that consisted of items reflecting worry. The validity of these abbreviated scales was explored using a separate sample of 131 students in Grades 4 through 9. The abbreviated scales were correlated with scales of positive and negative affect consistent with predictions. Findings suggest exploring alternative scoring strategies for the CDI and RCMAS to eliminate problems associated with overlapping items.     

Factor analytic study of depressive disorders

Factor analysis was performed on 39 variables (symptoms and characteristics) of a diagnostically heterogenous population of depressive patients (N = 200). The results indicated the existence of one general factor that groups together "endogenomorphous" symptoms and characteristics and three others that are associated with three subtypes of depressive disorders-psychotic, anxiety, and retarded depression. The 13 variables that have high loadings with the first factor agree with widely known facts about the structure of the axial syndrome of endogenous depression.     

Factor Structure of the Urdu Version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale in Pakistan

Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) is one of the most commonly used self-report questionnaires to measure symptoms of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Despite its common use, studies that examine the psychometric properties of SCAS in Pakistan is lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Urdu translated version of the SCAS among adolescents in Pakistan. A total of 1277 students (708 boys and 569 girls), aged 13 to17 years, who had been recruited from 13 schools in Rawalpindi, Pakistan participated in the study. The mean overall anxiety score was significantly higher in girls than males on all the SCAS subscales except for obsessive compulsive disorder. The internal consistency of the Urdu SCAS was good. Confirmatory factor analyses supported six separate factor structures. Results of the study are discussed with reference to the sociocultural milieu of Pakistan and culture sensitive conceptualization of anxiety and its subtypes.     

Factor analytic study of the Kaufman assessment battery for children

The construct validity of the K-ABC was investigated by comparing 40 non-referred children's performance on the test with their performances on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, Preschool Language Scale, Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test, the Communication domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration. A principal axis factor analysis with Varimax rotation of three-, four-, and five-factor solutions was performed. Results provided weak support for the K-ABC as a measure of simultaneous and sequential processing; an alternative interpretation of present results was suggested.     

大学生强迫症状问卷的编制及信效度分析

目的：对自编的大学新生强迫症状调查问卷进行心理测量学分析。方法：699名大学新生接受测验，使用SPSSl0．0for windows 2000和Amos4．0软件对所得数据进行分析处理。结果：大学新生强迫症状调查问卷有较好的内在信度和结构效度，总量表的克隆巴赫α系数为0．8541，验证性因素分析表明测量数据与量表结构拟合良好。结论：大学新生强迫症状调查问卷具有较好的心理测量学指标，各种强迫症状的维度是性强迫观念，完美化强迫信念，一般强迫思维。强迫行为习惯。     

耶鲁-布朗强迫症状清单调查强迫症状的初步应用

目的初步使用耶鲁-布朗强迫症状清单调查我国强迫症的症状类型。方法采用耶鲁-布朗强迫症状清单调查78例强迫症患者的症状及出现的频率,分析症状类型与人口学资料的相关性。结果 78例强迫症患者,强迫思维的症状数量(9.6±6.8)个,强迫行为的症状数量(4.7±4.2)个;排在前3位的强迫思维依次为怕污染的强迫思维(42.3%)、怕冲动的强迫思维(35.9%)、要求对称或精确的强迫思维(17.9%)。强迫行为前3位依次为强迫洗涤行为(39.8%)、强迫检查行为(38.4%)、强迫重复行为(28.2%)。男性患者20.9%存在有关性的强迫思维高于女性2.9%,差异有统计学意义(U=2.38,P=0.0172)。无职业者50.0%存在强迫洗涤行为高于有职业者25.0%,差异有统计学意义(U=2.22,P=0.0265)。结论耶鲁-布朗强迫症状清单能够有效涵盖所有强迫症状,初步应用成功。强迫症状类型与人口学资料存在相关性。     

The Development and Validation of the Children's Hope Scale

Assuming that children are goal-oriented, it is suggested thattheir thoughts are related to two components-agency and pathways.Agency thoughts reflect the erception that children can initiateand sustain action toward a desired goal; pathways thoughtsreflect the children's perceived capability to produce routesto those goals. Hope reflects the combination of agentic andpathways thinking toward goals. A six-item dispositional self-reportindex called the Children's ope Scale is introduced and validatedfor use with children ages 8-16. Results suggest that the scaleevidences internal consistency, and is relatively stable overretesting. Additionally, the scale exhibits convergent, discriminant,and incremental alidity. Limitations and uses of the scale arediscussed.     

Factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale

The factor structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS; Beck & Steer, 1988) was examined among 411 outpatients (male = 132, female = 272, unknown = 7). Varimax-rotated principal-components analysis extracted three factors greater than unity that accounted for 40.4%, 6.9%, and 5.6% of the variance. Because the structure was invariant across factor rotations and levels of hopelessness severity, it is concluded that the BHS consists of three factors (Expectations of Success, Expectations of Failure, and Future Uncertainty). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Factor structure of a Spanish version of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.

A Spanish adaptation of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was factor-analyzed and its factor solution compared with the Canadian version of this test. A principal factor analysis was performed, revealing four factors of alexithymia. These factors are quite similar to those found through factor analysis of the TAS for the Canadian sample. A discussion of the factor structure is presented.     

Factor analytic structure and stability of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence

The present study was undertaken to examine internal structural properties of the Separation-Individuation Test Adolescence (SITA; Levine, Green, & Millon, 1986). In 1990, 131 late adolescent undergraduate university students received the SITA; 2 years later, 79 of these same subjects were reassessed. Principal components analyses were conducted for the 1990 and 1992 samples, and internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) were calculated for each subscale. The internal structural properties converged moderately to strongly for the following scales: Practicing Mirroring, Engulfment Anxiety, Dependency Denial, Nurturance Seeking, and Teacher Enmeshment. These findings parallel those of Levine (in press). The development impact of the late adolescent separation-individuation process may explain in part some different clusterings of scale items over time.     

儿童希望量表中文版的信效度检验

目的:检验儿童希望量表(CHS)中文版的信效度。方法:采用方便取样,抽取安徽市区、县城、农村6所学校五至九年级学生1324名构成两个平行样本(样本1和样本2),通过探索性与验证性因素分析交互验证考察量表结构,采用生活满意度量表(SWLS)、情感量表、儿童抑郁障碍自评量表(DSRSC)考察量表的效标效度,采用自尊量表(SES)、学业自我概念量表、学业成绩等级表考察预测效度。间隔4周重测CHS考察重测信度。结果:探索性因素分析抽取2个因子,项目归属与理论假设吻合。验证性因素分析证实了希望是由两个一阶因子(路径思维与动力思维)构成的单一二阶因子(希望)结构(RMSEA=0.069,P(RMSEA<0.05)=0.135,NNFI=0.952,CFI=0.978,SRMR=0.0345)。CHS与SWLS、情感量表得分正相关,而与DSRSC得分负相关(均P<0.05)。样本1、样本2、总样本的Cron-bachα系数分别为0.741、0.732、0.737,间隔4周的重测信度为0.72。CHS能在SES之外独立解释儿童学业成绩等级3.9%的变异,能在学业自我概念之外独立解释儿童学业成绩等级2.1%的变异(均P<0.01)。结论:儿童希望是一个由动力思维与路径思维组成的单维构念,儿童希望量表中文版具有较高的信度与效度,可作为测量中国儿童希望特质的工具。     

Factor analysis of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Warrington Recognition Memory Test.

Subjects were 156 individuals referred, for psychological and neuropsychological evaluation. The Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) including the 12h delayed condition of Russell's revision and Warrington's Recognition Memory Test (RMT) were administered as part of each evaluation. Using scores from the RMT subtests: (1) Memory for Words and (2) Memory for Faces, and scores from the WMS subtests: (3) Logical Memory, (4) Digit Span, (5) Visual Reproduction, and (6) Associate Learning flow associate pairs only), a principal components factor analysis was carried out with an orthogonal varimax rotation yielding four factors: (1) verbal learning and memory, (2) Figurai memory, (3) Recognition memory, and (4) Attention-Concentration. Results are discussed with respect to the independent, but complementary information provided by the WMS and RMT for measurement of memory functions.     

验证性因子分析在焦虑自评量表中的应用

目的 探讨和检验焦虑自评量表(SAS)在精神科患者中的因子结构.方法 联合采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析评价SAS的因子结构.结果 探索性因子分析得到4因子,特征根分别为5.49,1.96,1.52,1.12,共解释50.46%的变异.验证性因子分析支持SAS的4因子模型,x2(拟合优度检验)为262.61(P＞0.05),近似误差均方根为0.052.结论 心理科患者SAS呈现4因子结构,SAS在不同人群中的因子结构相对稳定;探索性因子分析与验证性分析的联合运用在心理学量表研究中有重要价值.     

Factor analysis of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale: elucidation of a polythetic construct.

The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) offers a reliable method to measure alexithymia, a personality construct describing individuals endorsing the inability to identify and report emotions, processing a minimal fantasy life, utilizing an analytic cognitive style, and tending to somatize. Utilizing four cohorts of both patients and controls, a three-factor solution emerged from a principal-components analysis utilizing a varimax rotation. The factors of inability to identify and report feelings, an analytic cognitive style, and paucity of fantasy life were independent and internally reliable. These data are reviewed in the context of previous research and offer three subscales for future investigations utilizing the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.