前颞叶内侧切除术治疗颞叶内侧型癫痫

目的探讨前颞叶内侧切除术治疗颞叶内侧型癫痫的治疗效果。方法21例顽固性颞叶癫痫患者,采用无框架神经导航辅助,经颞中回行前颞叶内侧切除术,切除前颞叶、杏仁核及海马。采用分级量表进行针对癫痫发作控制效果的评价。结果21例术后随访6～29个月,神经功能均改善,无严重手术并发症。16例（76%）癫痫发作完全消失（EngelⅠ级）,3例（16%）癫痫发作极少（EngelⅡ级）,2例（8%）癫痫发作减少（EngelⅢ级）。结论前颞叶内侧切除术是治疗颞叶癫痫的有效方法。神经导航辅助下手术彻底切除杏仁核及海马,避免了语言区和视放射的损伤。     

颞叶癫痫73例手术治疗分析

目的探讨外科手术治疗颞叶癫痫的疗效。方法术前对73例颞叶癫痫患者行长程视频脑电图和MRI明确病灶,44例行颞叶部分切除＋海马杏仁核部分切除术,7例行选择性海马杏仁核切除术,22例行病变切除＋周围皮层电灼术。记录术后2周内疾病发作情况及术后2周时脑电图情况;术后1a行疗效评定。结果术后2周内临床发作3例,均为小发作,术后2周时脑电图均未见棘波、棘—慢波、棘—尖波等痫样放电。术后1a疗效满意49例,显著改善15例,良好9例。结论手术治疗颞叶癫痫的效果良好;术前长程视频脑电图检测和头颅MRI检查是颞叶癫痫致痫灶定位可靠的无创性检查方法。     

颞叶癫(癎)的临床特征和脑电图分析

目的分析和总结颞叶癫癎的临床、脑电图特征。方法对2004年6月至2006年1月于首都医科大学北京天坛医院癫癎中心门诊和病房确诊为颞叶癫癎的145例患者的临床、脑电图和神经影像学资料进行分析。结果患者的发作类型包括简单和复杂部分性发作以及全面强直阵挛发作,以复杂部分性发作最常见。病因分析显示,45例病灶性颞叶癫癎的病因依次为脑血管病、颅内感染、脑外伤等,100例非病灶性颞叶癫癎中,海马硬化29例。脑电图显示颞区癫癎样放电。结论颞叶癫癎是一组临床常见、病因复杂、表现多样的癫癎综合征。正确诊断、规范化治疗是提高其疗效的关键。     

多发性硬化合并癫痫患者的临床分析

报告多发性硬化(MS)患者120例,合并癫痫发作7例,其中早发型2例、晚发型4例、以复杂部分发作继发全身强直-阵挛发作起病1例.扩展功能障碍分级法评分为1.0～8.0,简易智力状态评分为6～9;发作间期脑电图多为弥漫性慢波;核磁共振显示发病部位多在脑室旁、半卵圆中心、内囊后肢、脑桥、延髓广泛脱髓鞘,特别在额顶叶、颞枕叶;癫痫发作类型通常是部分性发作继发全面型发作,经抗癫痫药物治疗后病情控制6例.认为MS合并癫痫发作多见于女性,常出现在MS病程晚期,预后较好.     

蛛网膜下腔出血伴癫痫10例临床分析

对７９例蛛网膜下腔出血患者的癫痫发生率，发作类型，发生时间及其预后等进行分析，结果显示，ＳＡＨ伴癫痫的发生率为１２．７％；均为强直一阵挛发作；病死率为９０％，死亡原因主要为再出血。     

颞叶癫痫中的过度运动性发作(附2例报告)

目的过度运动性发作常见于额叶癫痫,总结我中心病例,探讨颞叶癫痫表现为过度运动性发作时的临床决策。方法回顾2007～2009年进行手术治疗的颞叶癫痫患者,对所有患者的术前评估资料包括病史、MRI、头皮视频脑电图、PET和颅内脑电记录进行回顾性分析。根据Luders的描述对过度运动性发作进行识别。结果 102例患者中有2例表现为典型的过度运动性发作,尽管症状学提示额叶起源,但是头皮脑电图均提示颞叶为发作起始区,1例进行颅内电极监测,另1例因为MRI的阳性发现而直接进行手术切除。2例患者进行了前颞叶切除术,术后2 a以上无发作。结论过度运动性发作发作偶尔可见于颞叶癫痫,如果其头皮EEG结果与影像学检查一致,则手术治疗效果比较理想。     

伴单纯性及复合性部分发作的癫痫持续状态的 CT、MRI 及 SPECT 神经影象学

作者报道1例单纯性及复合性部分性发作持续状态患者,在用 EEG、CT、MRI 及单光子发射 CT(SPECT)检查时有灶性脑水肿和血管增多,这在癫痫持续状态前后是不能发现的,特报道如下。病例患者女,35岁。其母孕期正常,但产时产程延长,该患者出生时即失聪,精神发育迟缓,有攻击性行为。癫痫发作又影响其智能和运动行为的发展。她经常在校反复出现“痉挛”。25岁时第一次明确诊断为癫痫发作,表现为强直阵挛发作、复合性部分发作及肌阵挛发作。此次因癫痫持续状态2天入     

18F-FDG PET对于MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫术前定位和预测疗效的价值

目的评价18F-FDG PET对于MRI阴性的难治性颞叶癫痫术前定位,合理选择适应证及预测手术疗效的价值。方法对25例MRI阴性的颞叶癫痫患者,经过头颅MRI、视频脑电图及18F-FDG PET-CT等术前评估后均行颞叶切除术,术后随访手术疗效,采用Engel分级评价疗效,比较PET-CT与同期脑电图定位的准确性及脑代谢改变的不同图形与手术疗效的关系。结果头颅MRI阴性的患者颞叶切除术后疗效达到EngelⅠ级13例(52%),Ⅱ级2例(8%),Ⅲ级5例(20%),Ⅳ级5例(20%),有效率80%,显效率60%。在Engel疗效分级Ⅰ,Ⅱ级的15例患者中,PET-CT、VEEG定位的准确性分别为86.7%、46.7%,经卡方检验差异,差异无统计学意义。PET-CT代谢减低局限于颞叶者手术效果好,超出颞叶甚至表现为双侧颞叶代谢减低者手术疗效不佳。结论 PET对于癫痫病灶定位的灵敏度和准确性优于视频脑电图。PET-CT的代谢图形可帮助无病灶颞叶癫痫确定病灶部位,选择手术适应证和预测疗效。     

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤癫痫三例临床和电生理特点分析

家族性皮质肌阵挛震颤癫痫(FCMTE)是以皮质震颤、肌阵挛和双侧强直阵挛发作(BTCS)为主要表现的常染色体显性遗传性疾病,为探讨FCMTE的临床和电生理特点,作者对空军军医大学第一附属医院西京医院脑电监测中心收治的3例FCMTE患者的临床和电生理特点进行研究并随访。3例患者均为女性,表现为以上肢为主的震颤、肌阵挛,BTCS,癫痫性肌阵挛发作(包括眼睑肌阵挛发作),发作间期脑电图均为各导多棘波或(多)棘慢综合波,2例存在合眼敏感。给予抗癫痫药物(左乙拉西坦1例,丙戊酸钠1例,丙戊酸钠+氯硝西泮1例)治疗。随访1年以上,3例均无临床发作。说明需要关注FCMTE的癫痫性肌阵挛发作(包括眼睑肌阵挛发作)及合眼敏感,其在FCMTE中的意义尚需进一步研究。     

皮层脑电图监测下多种术式联合治疗脑软化灶所致的继发性癫痫

目的探讨皮层脑电图（ECoG）监测下脑软化灶所致的继发性癫痫的手术治疗效果。方法25例患者术中通过ECoG定位癫痫灶,手术切除,再根据软化灶部位及ECoG提示的癫痫波释放情况分别进行扩大软化灶切除、皮层热灼术、前颞叶切除术、海马切除术、杏仁核切除术及胼胝体前部切开术。结果25例患者软化灶切除前均可记录到癫痫波,软化灶切除后,即时ECoG监测病变周匣均有癫痫波释放,21例非颞叶癫痫经联合应用不同术式治疗后ECoG监测病变周围不再释放癫痫波,4例颞叶癫痫患者在切除软化灶、前颞叶及海马、杏仁核后加行胼胝体前部切开,术后ECoG监测基本正常。随访总有效率为92．0％。结论ECoG监测多种术式联合治疗脑软化灶所致的继发性癫痫效果良好。     

Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis

Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6, the etiologic agent of roseola, is nearly universally acquired during childhood. The virus establishes lifelong infection, including within the central nervous system (CNS), and replicates within several CNS cell types. HHV-6 has been linked to CNS disease during primary infection, including febrile seizures and possibly hippocampal injury. HHV-6 may also be associated with neurologic disease later in life, particularly in transplant patients. Recent reports offer evidence that HHV-6 reactivation may underlie a characteristic limbic encephalitis syndrome following hematopoietic cell transplant; the cardinal features of this syndrome include memory loss, insomnia, electroencephalographic evidence of temporal lobe seizure activity, MRI signal intensity abnormalities of the mesial temporal lobe, and the syndrome of inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone. HHV-6 DNA is frequently detectable by nucleic acid amplification tests in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood upon symptom onset, which may provide a screening strategy in high-risk patients. Possible associations of HHV-6 with meningoencephalitis, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts are under investigation.     

Referral of epileptic patients in North East Coast of West Malaysia an area with poor MRI coverage: an analysis

Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in detecting structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy in developed countries. In Malaysia, a few electroencephalography facilities available in rural district hospitals run by trained physician assistants have Internet connections to a government neurological center in Kuala Lumpur. These facilities are more commonly available than MRI machines, which require radiological expertise and helium replacement, which may problematic in Southeast Asian countries where radiologists are found in mainly big cities or towns. We conducted a cross-sectional study over a two year period begining January 2001 on rural patients, correlating EEG reports and MRI images with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy to set guidelines for which rural patients need to be referred to a hospital with MRI facilities. The patients referred by different hospitals without neurological services were classified as having generalized, partial or unclassified seizures based on the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The clinical parameters studied were seizure type, seizure frequency, status epilepticus and duration of seizure. EEG reports were reviewed for localized and generalized abnormalities and epileptiform changes. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and area under the curve. The association between clinical and radiological abnormalities was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Twenty-six males and 18 females were evaluated. The mean age was 20.7 +/- 13.3 years. Nineteen (43.2%) had generalized seizures, 22 (50.0%) had partial seizures and 3 (6.8%) presented with unclassified seizures. The EEG was abnormal in 30 patients (20 with generalized abnormalities and 10 localized abnormalities). The MRI was abnormal in 17 patients (38.6%); the abnormalities observed were cerebral atrophy (5), hippocampal sclerosis (4), infarct/gliosis (3), cortical dysgenesis (2) and tumors (2). One patient had an arachnoid cyst in the right occipital region. Of the 17 patients with an abnormal MRI, 14 had an abnormal EEG, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant associaton between epileptographic changes and MRI findings (p = 0.078). EEG findings were associated with MRI findings (p = 0.004). The association between an abnormal EEG and an abnormal MRI had a specificity of 82.4%, while epileptogenic changes had a specificity of 64.7% in relation to abnormal MRI findings. This meants that those patients in rural hospitals with abnormal EEGs should be referred to a neurology center for further workup and an MRI to detect causes with an epileptic focus.     

Relationship between Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures and Temporal Lobe White Matter Volume Deficits

A previous magnetic resonance imaging study from our laboratory reported significant temporal lobe volume deficits in cortical gray matter, white matter, and anterior hippocampus in chronic alcoholic men relative to controls. In the present study, we reexamined these data and asked whether withdrawal seizure history was predictive of either the hippocampal or the extrahippocampal volume deficits. A review of the medical charts indicated that 11 alcoholics had experienced one or more alcohol-related seizures and 35 were seizure-free; no patient had a seizure disorder unrelated to alcohol. The two alcoholic groups did not differ significantly in age, education, alcohol consumption variables, premorbid intelligence, Memory Quotient, Trail Making, or detection of hidden figures. Although each alcoholic group showed significant bilateral volume deficits of the anterior hippocampus and frontal-parietal and temporal gray matter, relative to controls, the seizure group had significantly smaller temporal lobe white matter volumes than either the control or the seizure-free groups; the latter two groups did not differ from each other. Both alcoholic groups, however, had white matter volume deficits in the frontal-parietal region. Thus, the seizure group accounted for the white matter volume deficits in the temporal lobe previously reported in the full sample of alcoholics. It seems, then, that reduced white matter volume in the temporal lobes may be either a risk factor for or sequela of alcohol withdrawal seizures.     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤(2例报道及文献复习)

目的探讨胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤的临床特点、诊断及治疗。方法报告2例经手术证实为胚胎发育不良性神经上皮性肿瘤的患者,介绍其临床特征、神经影像学特点、手术治疗及预后。结果 2例均为诊断难治性癫痫入院手术的患者,1例位于额叶运动区,1例位于颞叶,均行手术切除,效果良好,随访18～24个月,无肿瘤复发,无癫痫发作。结论胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤是手术切除肿瘤可治愈的病变,为保证癫痫疗效,手术切除范围应包括瘤周的致痫灶。     

Are seizures more frequent in asthmatic children?

Asthma and epilepsy have been suspected to be related to each other for a long time. To determine the frequency of seizures occurring in all asthmatic children referred to the teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) for two consecutive years, we conducted the following study. 16 out of 202 cases had previous history of non-febrile seizures (7.9%). Five patients (2.5%) had only a single seizure, and the remaining (5.4%) had recurrent attacks. All cases had generalized tonic-clonic type of seizures. One of the cases had a prolonged seizure (status epilepticus) lasting for more than 30 minutes. We concluded that the occurrence of seizure in our asthmatic patients was far more frequent than that in the general population.     

Verbal novelty detection within the human hippocampus proper

Animal studies and neuropsychological tests of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy have demonstrated the importance of human medial temporal lobes for memory formation. In addition, more recent studies have shown that the human hippocampal region is also involved in novelty detection. However, the exact contribution of the hippocampus proper to these processes is still unknown. To examine further its role we compared event-related potentials recorded within the medial temporal lobes in 29 temporal lobe epilepsy patients with and 21 without hippocampal sclerosis. While in patients with extrahippocampal lesions but without hippocampal sclerosis event-related potentials to first presentations and repetitions of words were reduced on the side of the epileptogenic focus, in patients with hippocampal sclerosis only those to first presentations but not to repetitions were affected. Because sclerosis of the hippocampus proper selectively reduced event-related potentials to new but not old verbal stimuli, it can be concluded that the human hippocampus proper contributes to verbal novelty detection.     

Temporal-insular spreading time in temporal lobe epilepsy as a predictor of seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy

Insular involvement in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has gradually been recognized since the widespread use of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG). However, the correlation between insular involvement and failed temporal lobe surgery remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the surgical outcomes of TLE patients who underwent temporal and insular SEEG recordings and explored the predictors of failed anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) in these patients with temporal seizures.Forty-one patients who underwent ATL for drug-resistant TLE were examined using temporal and insular SEEG recordings. The clinical characteristics, SEEG data, and postoperative seizure outcomes of these patients were analyzed, and multivariate analysis was used to identify the predictors of surgical outcome.In this series, the ictal temporal discharges invaded the insula in 39 (95.1%) patients. Twenty-three (56.1%) patients were seizure-free (Engel class I) after ATL with at least 1 year follow-up. Only temporal-insular spreading time (TIST) was an independent predictor of postoperative seizure-free outcomes (P = .035). By creating receiver operating characteristic curves for TIST, 400 milliseconds was identified as the cutoff for classification. All patients were classified into 2 groups (TIST ≤ 400 milliseconds and TIST > 400 milliseconds) based on the cutoff value; the difference in seizure-free rates between the 2 groups was significant (P = .001).The very early insular involvement in TLE may be associated with poorer seizure outcomes after ATL. Our findings may be helpful for estimating the appropriate operative procedures and will be valuable for evaluating the prognosis of TLE patients with temporal-insular SEEG recordings and temporal lobectomy.