超声与磁共振成像诊断胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的对照研究

目的 比较产前超声检查、磁共振成像(MRI)用于诊断胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的临床价值.方法 选择产前超声检查显示胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常的30例孕妇(其中脊柱排列不规则19例、椎管局部增宽7例、脊柱曲度异常4例),年龄22～41岁,孕龄23～38周,在超声检查后72 h内行MRI检查.30例孕妇中选择引产者25例,选择继续妊娠者5例.经患者知情同意,对引产后患儿行尸体解剖(尸解,22例)或尸体影像学检查(3例);对选择继续妊娠者,新生儿出生后12个月内行MRI随访.结果 (1)诊断符合率:19例产前超声显示脊柱排列不规则的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断8例,分别为3例脊膜膨出、1例隐形脊柱裂、1例脊髓脊膜膨出、3例半椎体,产前超声诊断正确率为42%(8/19);而MRI正确诊断17例,只有1例半椎体和1例蝴蝶椎未能明确诊断,MRI诊断符合率为89%(17/19).7例超声显示椎管局部增宽的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断0例,符合率为0,MRI正确诊断7例,符合率为7/7.4例超声显示脊柱曲度异常的胎儿中,产前超声正确诊断2例,为尾退化综合征和颈椎过度反曲各1例,符合率为2/4,MRI正确诊断3例,只有1例背侧皮毛窦未能正确诊断,MRl诊断符合率为3/4.(2)MRI的优势:MRI与超声诊断一致9例、纠正超声诊断6例、确诊超声可疑的诊断1例、完善超声诊断11例,MRI和超声均漏诊半椎体、蝴蝶椎和背侧皮毛窦各1例.超声漏诊病例多为脊髓病变,且声像图表现无特异性.结论 MRI可直接显示脊髓及其病变,在评价胎儿脊柱与脊髓发育异常方面是对超声显像的补充,能显著提高诊断的准确性.     

Adenomyosis. Diagnostic technique and treatment

STUDY OBJECTIVE: A retrospective analysis of ultrasound diagnosis of adenomyosis. DESIGN: Evaluation of 149 cases of hysterectomy excluding cases of ovarian and/or cervical carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pre-operative ultrasound results were analyzed in 149 cases of hysterectomy. Uterine morphometry and myometrial echogenicity were assessed. RESULTS: Adenomyosis was diagnosed in 19 cases of hysterectomy. Preoperative ultrasound demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.8% and specificity of 94.6%. No correlations of adenomyosis with uterine leiomyomas or endometrial pathology were found. CONCLUSION: Adenomyosis was found in 12% of non-oncological cases of hysterectomy. Preoperative ultrasound established the diagnosis of adenomyosis.     

A comparative study of prenatal ultrasound findings and post-mortem examination in a tertiary referral centre

This retrospective study compares the findings of prenatal ultrasound, performed in a tertiary fetal medicine centre, with the results of post-mortem examination in pregnancies complicated by suspected fetal abnormality that results in fetal loss. The study was carried out over a year at a teaching hospital, Fetal Medicine Centre and Regional Centre for Perinatal Pathology.Results were directly compared and the level of agreement between the ultrasound and post-mortem findings described. These were classified as having complete agreement; major agreement or major disagreement. The group of cases with major agreement between findings was further divided into those with significant, or minor, additional findings at post-mortem examination.Over the 12-month period, 153 ultrasound cases were identified, of which 47 were also examined by autopsy and were thus suitable for comparison in this study (30.7%). Complete agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was found in 22 cases (46.8%). In 24 cases (51.1%), major agreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen. Of these, 11 had minor additional findings at post-mortem examination and 13 were found to have significant additional findings at post-mortem (27.7%), adding to the eventual diagnosis. In 12.8% of cases, post-mortem examination provided a definitive diagnosis. Only in one case was there complete discordance in the findings of the ultrasound examination and the autopsy (2.1%).No major disagreement between ultrasound and post-mortem findings was seen in 98% of cases.This study confirms the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis in specialist centres, whilst emphasising the continuing importance of post-mortem examination in cases of fetal malformation to refine and, in some cases, define the diagnosis.     

盆底超声在已育女性尿道及其周围占位性病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨盆底超声检查在已育女性尿道及其周围占位性病变诊断中的应用价值。方法:采用前瞻性研究方法,应用盆底超声观察283例就诊及体检的经产妇(经阴道分娩91例,剖宫产分娩192例)在静息状态及Valsalva动作下尿道及尿道周围组织结构,并对其中12例临床查体发现尿道周围占位患者同时经尿道注入0.9%氯化钠液予以尿道造影,以明确诊断。结果:283例已育女性的尿道及其尿道周围组织均清晰显示,其中70例尿道及其周围组织正常;53例仅尿道旋转下移,77例尿道旋转下移伴尿道内口漏斗形成,35例尿道旋转下移伴尿道尿盐结晶,均合并GreenⅡ型膀胱膨出;29例尿道旋转伴走形弯曲,均合并Green Ⅲ型膀胱膨出;尿道周围囊性占位19例(尿道周围单纯性囊肿7例,尿道憩室10例,尿道旁腺炎伴囊肿2例)。有125例进行了手术治疗并术后随访1年,术后病理发现罕见尿道憩室原位癌1例,有56例进行物理治疗并术后随访1年。结论:经盆底超声检查可清晰显示已育女性尿道形态、结构并对已育女性尿道周围病变进行诊断,对临床诊断具有重要参考价值。     

Prenatal diagnosis of 45,X and 45,X mosaicism: the need for thorough cytogenetic and clinical evaluations

OBJECTIVES: Mosaicism involving a 45,X cell line is relatively common in prenatal diagnosis. In prenatally diagnosed cases, the prognosis of non-mosaic 45,X and 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are different. Therefore, accurate identification of a cell line containing Y chromosome is critical for genetic counseling and postnatal management. METHODS: We investigated the ultrasound findings and outcomes of pregnancies with a 45,X cell line identified during mid-trimester cytogenetic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 105 cases were found to have a 45,X cell line by standard cytogenetic analysis. Seventy-four cases were found to have non-mosaic 45,X at initial diagnosis. Of these 74 cases, 68 had abnormal ultrasound findings that were characteristic of Turner syndrome. Of the six cases with normal ultrasound findings, ultrasound examination was normal with male genitalia identified in three cases. Thorough cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified Y chromosome material in all three cases, one with a dicentric Y;14 chromosome and the other two cases with a marker chromosome containing Sex-determining Region (SRY) material in a small portion of the cells. In contrast, in 31 cases with a mosaic 45,X karyotype, ultrasound abnormality was identified only in one case. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest the need for follow-up ultrasound examination and thorough cytogenetic and molecular analysis for Y chromosome material in 45,X cases with normal ultrasound findings.     

经阴道超声对异位妊娠的诊断价值

目的:探讨经阴道超声对异位妊娠的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析127例经手术、病理证实的异位妊娠的声像图特征。结果:经阴道超声检查漏诊2例,误诊2例,异位妊娠超声检出率及定位正确率为96．8%。结论:经阴道超声对异位妊娠的诊断有较大的临床应用价值。     

磁共振成像与彩色三维多普勒超声在子宫发育畸形诊断中的价值

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）与彩色三维多普勒超声在子宫发育畸形诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年5月经手术确诊的子宫发育畸形患者98例的临床资料,其中65例术前经彩色三维多普勒超声诊断,33例经MRI诊断,24例同时行二维彩超和MRI检查,分析其诊断子宫发育畸形的准确度。结果 98例患者中,纵隔子宫39例,单角子宫17例,双角子宫16例,双子宫11例,无子宫9例,复杂畸形6例。三维彩超和MRI诊断子宫畸形的准确度分别为89.2%（58/65）和93.9%（31/33）,两者比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。2例罗伯特子宫患者中,三维彩超和MRI术前均未明确诊断;4例子宫畸形合并阴道畸形患者中,仅1例术前确诊。24例患者二维彩超和MRI诊断的准确度分别为54.2%（13/24）和91.7%（22/24）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论经阴道/直肠三维彩超和MRI对纵隔子宫、单角子宫、双角子宫、双子宫及无子宫或幼稚子宫的诊断率较高,三维彩超可作为子宫畸形的首选无创检查方法。但对于复杂的子宫畸形,二者的诊断准确度较低。     

Color pulsed Doppler ultrasound measurement of fetal umbilical and uterine arteries blood flow for early predict of intrauterine growth retardation

The fetal umbilical and uterine arteries blood flow in 180 pregnant women (normal group and suspected IUGR group are separately 90 pregnancy) were measured by color pulsed Doppler ultrasound in this report. The predicting value for IUGR of Doppler ultrasound was comprised with that of the diagram of pregnancy and real-time ultrasound. There were 39 cases of IUGR, three cases of perinatal death and 138 normal infants in total 180 pregnancy. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predicting value of fetal umbilical flow for predicting IUGR were separately 78.57%, 93.75% and 91.67%. The results suggest that Doppler ultrasound blood flow measurement can predict IUGR much earlier than the diagram of pregnancy and real-time ultrasound. Combining to use Doppler ultrasound with real-time ultrasound measurement have highest sensitivity and accuracy.     

Empty gestational sacs diagnosed by abdominal real-time ultrasonography.

310 patients with threatened abortion were examined by ultrasound. 86 cases showed empty gestational sacs of which 14 (16%) completed their pregnancy. All sacs were evaluated (and scored) with respect to size, shape, wall definition, trophoblastic reaction and position inside the uterus. Prediction of a non-viable pregnancy from a single ultrasound examination was achieved in some cases. However, this prediction could not be made in other cases before a follow-up ultrasound examination was performed. The proposed scoring system proved to be very helpful in identifying empty gestational sacs in which serial ultrasound examinations are highly required before termination of pregnancy.     

乳腺疾病筛查中的超声应用

目的：探讨超声在筛查乳腺疾病中的临床应用及诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析2009年4月至2012年11月在我所进行乳腺疾病筛查的153名妇女的临床资料。结果：153位筛查者中,乳腺癌者3例,乳腺病变良性者15（1例。良性病变中,87例为乳腺小叶增生者,30例为乳腺囊肿,23例为乳腺增生结节,1（1例为乳腺纤维瘤。其中,有2例乳腺癌患者误诊为乳腺增生结节,术后经过病理学检查确诊为乳腺癌,超声诊断的正确率为98．7％。结论：根据乳腺疾病的各种超声特点结合,临床症状进行综合分析,超声对乳腺疾病具有诊断价值,可以避免不必要的手术,超声对于乳腺疾病有筛查作用。     

颅脑超声及磁共振弥散加权成像对早产儿脑白质损伤的诊断价值

目的 分析早产儿脑白质损伤(WMI)的颅脑超声及磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)特点,探讨其在WMI早期诊断及随访中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2018年1月至2020年2月疑诊为WMI的120例早产儿临床资料,分析颅脑超声及DWI的检查结果及诊断价值.结果 120例患儿,临床确诊为WMI 112例,脑积水6例,胼胝体...     

新生儿骨折的超声诊断

目的探讨超声诊断新生儿骨折的可行性及新生儿骨折的超声影像学特点。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年6月间在北京市朝阳区妇幼保健院住院的30例骨折患儿的住院病因、骨折诊断的超声表现。同时比较超声与X射线检查诊断骨折的情况。结果30例骨折患儿中,29例(96.7%)为产伤性骨折,1例为肋骨骨折,考虑为代谢性骨病;锁骨骨折28例(93.3%),肱骨骨折1例(3.3%),肋骨骨折1例(3.3%)。超声检查可发现骨皮质连续性中断、断端错位或成角等,恢复期可见骨痂形成。30例均可通过超声检查发现。而X射线检查仅发现29例骨折(96.7%),1例锁骨骨折经X射线检查未发现异常。结论超声诊断新生儿骨折准确可靠,其主要超声影像学特点为骨皮质连续性中断、断端形成、错位或成角等。     

Prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of the prenatal ultrasound finding of subjectively small/absent stomach bubble in the prenatal diagnosis of tracheo-oesophageal fistula and oesophageal atresia (TOF/OA). METHODS: A retrospective study of prenatal ultrasound scans showing small/absent stomach bubble was carried out between 1st January 1994 and 31st December 2003. RESULTS: There were 62 cases with prenatally suspected (n = 40) and/or post-natally diagnosed (n = 22) TOF/OA. Among the 40 cases of prenatally suspected TOF/OA 15 were thought to be isolated and 25 non-isolated. Of the 15 suspected isolated cases, 7 were normal and 8 had TOF/OA (5 isolated + 3 TOF/OA with another anomaly) at delivery. Among the 25 cases of prenatally suspected non-isolated TOF/OA, there was confirmation in only two cases, in the remaining 23 cases other anomalies were confirmed but TOF/OA was not present.Twenty-two babies with TOF/OA were identified in whom there had been no prenatal ultrasound suspicion on ultrasound scanning. Six had isolated TOF/OA and 16 had non-isolated TOF/OA. CONCLUSION: Of the 32 cases of confirmed TOF/OA,10 (31%) were suspected prenatally. If the TOF/OA was an isolated anomaly (11 cases), the prenatal detection rate was 45%. Interpretation of ultrasound findings suspicious of TOF/OA requires caution, particularly, when there are associated multiple anomalies on scan.     

Ultrasound needle guidance for amniocentesis in pregnancies with low amniotic fluid

In six pregnancies accompanied by oligohydramnios (three cases) or decreased amniotic fluid and maternal obesity (three cases), needles specifically designed for use with ultrasound were successfully utilized in combination with real-time ultrasound guidance for amniocentesis. There was successful fluid retrieval in all six, with two requiring more than one needle pass. All three cases accompanied by oligohydramnios later resulted in fetal death. In the three cases accompanied by decreased amniotic fluid and maternal obesity, the amniocentesis results were helpful in ensuring the existence of a normal pregnancy. A specially designed ultrasound needle used in combination with a real-time guidance system is helpful in the performance of difficult amniocentesis.     

Usefulness of additional fetal magnetic resonance imaging in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital abnormalities

Objective

Our aim was to compare the value of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with detailed ultrasound in the prenatal diagnosis of congenital abnormalities.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of pregnant women and their neonates who, after ultrasound, were suspected to have congenital abnormalities. They then underwent a detailed ultrasound examination and a fetal MRI in our institutions. Fetal MRI was performed in 81 cases. Each prenatal presumptive diagnosis, based on detailed ultrasound examination and fetal MRI, was compared with the postnatal confirmed diagnosis. In 58 cases, the data collected were confirmed by the postnatal diagnosis.

Results

Supplemental information from fetal MRI was useful in 17 of the 22 cases involving the central nervous system (CNS), two of two cases involving the thorax, nine of nine cases involving the genitourinary system, two of eight cases involving the gastrointestinal system, and ten of ten cases involving complex malformations. Fetal MRI did not provide significantly useful information or facilitate a more accurate diagnosis except for CNS abnormalities.

Conclusion

Fetal MRI was not superior to an ultrasound examination in the prenatal detection of congenital abnormalities. A detailed ultrasound examination performed by experienced obstetricians had satisfactory accuracy in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities compared with fetal MRI. Fetal MRI might be useful in appropriate cases in Korea. Greater effort is required to increase the ultrasound knowledge and skill of competent obstetricians.     

实时三维超声成像诊断子宫畸形

目的 :探讨三维超声在诊断子宫畸形中的作用及子宫畸形对妊娠的影响。方法 :对 30例子宫畸形患者及 2 0例子宫形态正常者行三维超声检查 ,并记录孕产史。结果 :30例子宫畸形中 ,纵隔子宫 14例 ,双角子宫 10例 ,双子宫 5例 ,残角子宫 1例。对子宫畸形患者三维超声成像能清晰显示子宫内部结构 ,特别是子宫腔及内膜的形态和结构。结论 :三维超声能从不同角度观察各种位置的子宫内部构造 ,显示内膜形态 ,诊断子宫畸形的准确性明显优于二维超声。     

产前超声诊断前脑无裂畸形

目的 了解产前超声诊断前脑无裂畸形(HPE)的特征,加强对此类畸形的认识. 方法回顾性分析我院2001年5月至2007年11月,产前超声诊断与疑似诊断HPE 30例,超声重点观察颅内结构、颜面部畸形及脑与面部以外的结构畸形,部分病例行染色体和产前MRI检查.结果 30例产前诊断或疑似HPE病倒中经尸检、引产后MRI或CT确诊25例,男10例,女15例;误诊5例,尸检分别为脑积水、孔洞脑和水脑.无叶型HPE 21例(产前超声与生后尸检、引产后MRI或CT一致);半叶型4例(产前MRI与产后尸检诊断).头颅大小径线改变者占83.3 0A(20/24),双顶径小于正常者占62.5%(15/24).面部以中轴部畸形多见,22例(88.0%)有面部畸形,全部有限距的变化,鼻部异常11例、中央性唇、腭裂11例.合并复杂先天性心脏病10例(40.0%).10例行脐血或羊水染色体检查,核型异常5例,其中4例有复杂先天性心脏病. 结论 产前超声检查是诊断HPE的重要方法,诊断准确率高,但对前脑无裂分型有困难,MRI对分型有肯定价值.HPE均有颅内结构异常,常伴有颜面部畸形,少数不伴有颜面部畸形.脑与面部以外的结构畸形中以复杂先天性心脏病为主.HPE与染色体异常高度相关.     

彩色超声诊断子宫绒癌40例分析

目的：探讨彩色超声对子宫绒癌的诊断及存在的局限性。方法：回顾分析超声诊断资料完整的40例子宫绒癌病例,结果：经开腹手术和清宫证实,子宫绒癌者25例,误诊15例,结论：声像图和彩色多普勒超声在诊断子宫绒癌方面起重要作用,但因缺乏特异性和准确性,易造成误诊。     

血管前置的产前超声诊断

目的探讨血管前置的高危因素和产前超声诊断的价值。 方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2014年6月就诊于广东省妇幼保健院行产前超声检查和(或)临床诊断为妊娠合并血管前置患者的超声声像图资料,并追踪妊娠结局。 结果产前超声共检出血管前置18例,其中1例脐带先露误诊为血管前置;漏诊1例。确诊为血管前置病例共计18例,其中16例(88.9%,16/18)为单胎妊娠,2例(11.1%,2/18)为三胎妊娠;合并低置胎盘9例(50.0%,9/18),帆状胎盘8例(44.4%,8/18),副胎盘2例(11.1%,2/18),球拍状胎盘2例(11.1%,2/18),单脐动脉3例(16.8%,3/18)。18例胎儿中,早产9例(50.0%,9/18),足月产8例(44.4%,8/18),1例(5.6%,1/18)因胎儿结构异常引产。产前超声检查漏诊的1例患者,足月妊娠经阴道分娩时大出血,胎儿死亡。 结论胎盘异常是血管前置的高危因素,需重视产前超声检查,及时诊断和处理,可有效避免不良妊娠结局的发生。