先天性室间隔缺损经导管封堵术后心律失常的临床分析

目的通过分析先心病室间隔缺损封堵治疗术后心律失常的原因,以期降低术后心律失常的发生率。方法分析2003年1月至今我科成功封堵治疗96例先心病室间隔缺损患者封堵术前后心律失常类型及其相关因素。结果96例室间隔缺损患者术前共有28例心律失常,均表现为束支阻滞。术后共有30例出现心律失常,其中7例为完全性房室传导阻滞,随访中,2例出现新的心律失常。分析其发病原因,与封堵器直径≥10mm具有密切相关性,与合并膜部瘤及操作时间无关。结论心律失常是室间隔缺损封堵治疗术后常见的并发症,严格选择手术适应症,尽量避免选择过大的封堵器可能是降低室间隔缺损封堵术后心律失常的有效措施。     

国产Amplatzer封堵器治疗室间隔缺损

目的观察国产Ampatzer封堵器治疗室间隔缺损(VSD)的临床疗效及安全性。方法2003年1月至2006年2月采用国产封堵器对33例(男23例,女10例)VSD施行封堵术。所有病人在透视及超声监测下完成VSD封堵治疗。结果术中造影示嵴内型8例,膜部25例。29例患者封堵器置入成功,其中2例分别采用6～8mm、4～6mm动脉导管未闭Amplatzer伞封堵,27例应用对称型室间隔封堵器,型号为4～12(7±2.39)mm。左心室造影测量室缺直径为3.2～11(4.9±1.8)mm,缺损上缘距主动脉根部距离0.8-9(3.1±2.2)mm,16例合并有膜部室间隔膨出瘤。28例即刻无分流,1例术后即刻有流速达4.5cm/s的2mm的残余分流。4例失败,原因分别为嵴内型缺损、多孔型大缺损2例、操作粗暴损伤三尖瓣。术后发生一过性束支传导阻滞3例,永久性左前分支传导阻滞、右束支传导阻滞各2例,一过性机械性溶血1例。余无其他并发症发生。结论国产Amplazer封堵器治疗室间隔缺损安全有效,近期效果良好,中远期疗效有待于进一步观察。     

经导管封堵器介入治疗膜部室间隔缺损的临床研究

目的评价经导管封堵器治疗膜部室间隔缺损(PMVSD)的临床疗效及安全性。方法56例患者术前由经胸超声心动图(TTE)确诊PMVSD,术中经左心室造影明确缺损直径为2.7~11.8(6.45±2.20)mm;经左心系统、室间隔缺损处、右心系统建立导丝轨道,沿导丝经传送鞘管送封堵器至缺损处行封堵;术后72h、1月、3月分别行经胸超声心动图、心电图和X线检查,评价治疗效果。结果除2例患者行左心室造影发现PMVSD合并膜部瘤有2个以上破口,考虑封堵器不能完全封闭而放弃外,全组患者封堵器植入均获成功,技术成功率100%,术中未发生任何严重并发症。全部封堵器病例无残余分流;72 h、1月、3月随访时TTE检查均未发现残余分流和封堵器移位。术后3月测左室舒张末期内径明显缩小(P<0.05);右室收缩压明显下降(P<0.05)。X线检查全部显示肺血减少。2例患者术后出现一过性非阵发性交界性心动过速;1例患者术后第5天出现间歇性III度房室传导阻滞,经治疗3 d后消失;1例患者术后出现“窦速”、I度房室传导阻滞、不完全性右束支传导阻滞,1月随访时消失。结论经导管置入封堵器治疗PMVSD是一种成功率高、并发症轻、近期疗效可靠的介入方法,其远期疗效需进一步观察。     

小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入封堵术后心律失常的发生情况及危险因素

目的研究小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入封堵术后心律失常发生情况以及危险因素。方法总结2008年至2013年200例膜周部室间隔缺损患者资料,监测患者心电图变化并分析心律失常发生的影响因素。结果术中几乎所有患儿均发生了室性期前收缩和短阵室性心律失常,调整导管位置后心律失常可消失。而对于心律失常的影响因素,VSD直径与膜部瘤差异具有统计学意义,封堵器种类差异无统计学意义。结论小儿膜周部室间隔缺损介入封堵术后心律失常发生较少,主要的危险因素为VSD直径与膜部瘤。     

膜部室间隔缺损介入治疗的临床探讨

目的:探讨膜部室间隔缺损介入治疗的方法,评价国产封堵器治疗膜部室间隔缺损的临床疗效和安全性。方法:对22例成人先天性心脏病膜部室间隔缺损病例经国产膜部室间隔封堵器行封堵介入治疗,术前所有病例经胸超声心动图初筛选,左室造影最终筛选确定。男性13例,女性9例,年龄18～36岁,平均30岁,术中所有病例均使用经胸超声心动图监测。随访3个月～1年,胸超声心动图、X线观察疗效和安全性。结果:22例封堵手术成功,即刻手术成功率100%,无残余分流,无主动脉瓣反流、房室瓣反流,未发生感染性心内膜炎,术后患者胸闷、心悸症状消失,心电图随访无房室传导阻滞也无束支传导阻滞并发症,封堵伞位置良好。结论:国产封堵器封堵介入治疗成人膜部室间隔缺损是有效、安全的。     

经胸超声心动图监测介入封堵治疗缺损性先天性心脏病

目的评价经胸超声心动图在缺损性先天性心脏病(先心病)封堵术中的应用价值及观察封堵术后的近期疗效。方法本组选择各种缺损性先心病患者30例,男11例,女19例。其中房间隔缺损6 例,室间隔缺损16例,动脉导管未闭6例,左室右房通道1例,室间隔膜部瘤破裂1例。超声心动图封堵术前观察各种缺损类型、大小、形态,术中封堵器的释放监测,术后观察封堵术疗效。结果房间隔缺损 8．0-18．0mm,平均约12．8mm;室间隔缺损2．5-8．0mm,平均约4．6mm;动脉导管未闭3．0-7．0mm,平均约 3．5mm;室间隔膜部瘤破裂口约2．7mm,室间隔缺损口距主动脉的距离>2．0mm;各种缺损选择的封堵器号, 房间隔缺损6．0-30．0mm;室间隔缺损4．0-12．0mm;动脉导管未闭4．0mm;三者平均11．2mm。室间隔缺损口距瓣膜距离过小者应用偏心型封堵器。30例封堵术成功率达100％。其中2例封堵后出现少量返流,均为室缺。1个月后1例呈微量残余分流,1例残存分流消失。术中出现相应心律失常,多以早博及传导阻滞出现,术后逐渐消失。结论经胸超声心动图可准确观测各种缺损性先心病的缺损大小、形态及与周边的结构关系,用以指导封堵器大小的选择和释放观测,评价封堵术后疗效。     

应用国产Amplatzer偏心性封堵器介入治疗膜部室间隔缺损

目的 评价国产Amplatzer偏心性封堵器治疗膜部室间隔缺损(perimembrane ventricular septal defect,PMVSD)的效果。方法 我们于2003年9月起对12例膜部室间隔缺损进行了封堵;经左心系统、室间隔缺损处、右心系统建立导丝轨迹．沿导丝经传送鞘管送直径6～12mm(平均8mm)的Amplatzer封堵器至缺损处行封堵。结果 全组技术成功率100％,术中未发生任何重要并发症。全部患者封堵后无一例存在残余分流．术后即刻完全封堵率100％。结论经导管置人国产Amplatzer偏心性膜部室间隔缺损封堵器治疗PMVSE)是一种成功率高、近期疗效可靠的介入方法。     

经导管封堵先天性室间隔缺损手术前后心律失常的变化

目的 观察经导管封堵先天性室间隔缺损(VSD)手术前后心律失常的变化,探讨经导管封堵术后新发心律失常的类型及对患者预后的影响.方法 封堵术治疗的VSD患者50例,分别于封堵术前1 d及术后第4天记录12导联同步心电图及24 h动态心电图,由电脑自动分析并经专业人员进行校正.结果 50例中,18例(36%)于术前检测出22例次不同的心律失常,其中偶发性早搏及不完全性右束支传导阻滞17例次(77.3%),心房颤动、完全性右束支传导阻滞及Lown's 4级以上室性早搏5例次(22.7%).封堵术后检测出不同类型的心律失常50例次,新发心律失常28例次(包括1例间歇性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞伴晕厥患者),较术前明显增加(P＜0.01).结论 经导管封堵VSD术后心律失常发生率明显增加.     

先天性室间隔缺损封堵治疗近期与远期并发症分析

目的探讨室间隔缺损（VSD）经导管介入治疗的并发症与防治。方法 2004年12月至2008年12月,360例室间隔缺损患者,年龄3～36岁,体重11～65kg。膜周部VSD334例,嵴内型VSD26例,并发动脉导管未闭8例,并发房间隔缺损12例。结果 360例患者术前经胸超声检测VSD大小为3～12mm,术中心室造影测量VSD大小为2.6～13mm,347例（347/360）封堵成功。所选封堵器大小为4～16mm。无死亡病例,严重并发症6例（6/360）。其中高度房室传导阻滞（AVB）5例（5/360）;溶血1例（1/360）;2例术中出现AVB,收回封堵器,1例1个月后再次手术成功;1例术后24h出现AVB治疗5d仍未恢复,急诊外科手术后恢复窦性心律;2例术后1年出现Ⅲ°AVB,均行起搏治疗。溶血患者经输血,常规治疗后恢复正常。未见封堵器明显移位。其他并发症有：5例术后1周有微量残余分流,1个月后复查2例消失,3个月后复查3例消失;7例术后心出现主动脉瓣微量返流,6例术后出现三尖瓣微量返流;35例术后出现间歇性加速性交界性心律,治疗后均恢复正常;28例术后出现不完全性或完全性右束支传导阻滞,2例术后出现完全性左束支传导阻滞,治疗后恢复正常。结论经导管介入治疗室间隔缺损的严重并发症发生率低,是安全,疗效可靠的治疗方法 。     

Effect of occluders on occurrence of heart blocks after transcatheter devicie closure in patients with perimembranous ventricular septal defect

目的 分析对称型和不对称型封堵器介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损(PMVSD)术后传导阻滞的发生率及其影响因素.方法 成功植入106例偏心型室间隔缺损封堵器(AVSDO)和122例对称型室间隔缺损封堵器(SVSDO)的PMVSD患者,于术前、术后1周、1、3、6个月及每年分别行常规ECG和Holter检查.结果 术后新发生传导阻滞33例,AVSDO组与SVSDO组发生率无统计学差异(14.2％ vs.14.8％)(P＞0.05).33例中以右束支传导阻滞(RBBB)最常见(19例),其次为左束支传导阻滞(LBBB)(8例)和房室传导阻滞(AVB)(6例);1例Ⅱ度Ⅱ型AVB和3例Ⅲ度AVB均经临时起搏、激素治疗后恢复为正常窦性心律;出院前21例传导阻滞消失.发生传导阻滞者较未发生者的PMVSD距主动脉瓣距离(DDRAV)长,PMVSD距三尖瓣隔瓣的距离(DDSTV)短,封堵器直径与PMVSD直径的差值(DDOV)大(P＜0.05).新发生传导阻滞出现时间越早越难恢复.结论 应用AVSDO和SVSDO介入治疗PMVSD术后传导阻滞发生率相似,且多数能恢复正常.DDSTV、DDRAV和DDOV可作为术后新发传导阻滞较好的预测指标.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.