Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of canonical transient receptor potential channels in rat basal ganglia

In the present study, we examined the localizations of canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) in rat basal ganglia. The dot-like staining pattern of TRPC5 was observed through the globus pallidus (GP) and caudate-putamen. TRPC7 had a strikingly high level of expression in the neuropil in the GP. In the subthalamic nucleus, strong staining for TRPC5 was observed in the cell bodies, while moderate to high immunoreactivies for TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4 and TRPC7 were found in the cell bodies and surrounding neuropil. In the substantia nigra, immunoreactivities for TRPC3 and TRPC7 were prominent in the cell bodies and several processes in the pars compacta and pars reticulata. TRPC6 was expressed in the neuropil, not in the cell bodies. This study may provide useful data for the future investigations on the structural and functional properties of TRPCs.     

Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1) and Atg8 synergistically regulate unfolded protein response (UPR) that is independent on autophagy in Candida albicans

Cellular stresses could activate several response processes, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy and oxidative stress response to restore cellular homeostasis or render cell death. Herein, we identified the Candida albicans stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1 (SERP1), also known as Ysy6, which was involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. We found that deletion of both SERP1/YSY6 and ATG8 led to hypersensitivity to tunicamycin (TN), and resulted in severe mitochondrial dysfunction under this stress. UPR reporting systems illustrated that the double mutation attenuated splicing of HAC1 mRNA, followed by decreased level of UPR activation. In addition, the atg8Δ/Δ ysy6Δ/Δ double mutant had normal autophagic degradation of the ER component Sec63 under ER stress, suggesting that SERP1/Ysy6 and Atg8 synergistically regulated UPR that is independent on autophagy. We also found that deletion of both SERP1/YSY6 and ATG8 caused the loss of virulence. This study reveals the important role of SERP1/Ysy6 and Atg8 in ER stress response and virulence in C. albicans.     

2-脱氧葡萄糖诱导的内质网应激预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究2-脱氧葡萄糖(2-DG)诱导内质网应激(ERS)预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注的保护作用。方法 64只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(SH组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、2-DG诱导的ERS预处理组(IP组)、IP+I/R组。采用TUNEL法检测CA1区凋亡细胞,免疫组化法、Western-Blot法检测p-JNK蛋白在海马CA1区的表达变化。结果与对照组比较,I/R组海马CA1区锥体神经元排列紊乱及变性坏死,形态正常椎体细胞百分数减少,凋亡细胞数目明显增加,脑组织p-JNK表达水平增加;与I/R组相比,IP+I/R组形态正常锥体细胞明显增加,凋亡细胞数目明显减少,脑组织表达较I/R组明显减少。结论 2-DG诱导的ERS对脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,可能与其抑制细胞凋亡和p-JNK表达相关。     

动脉粥样硬化中巨噬细胞凋亡与内质网应激机制

巨噬细胞是机体免疫系统的重要细胞成份,具有多种生理功能,在动脉粥样硬化等血管疾病的发生和发展中具有重要作用.巨噬细胞凋亡是造成动脉粥样硬化斑块不稳定的重要因素,在晚期动脉粥样硬化中,内质网应激与巨噬细胞凋亡密切相关.目前已知的巨噬细胞凋亡途径包括外源性的死亡受体途径、内源性的线粒体途径及内质网应激凋亡途径,其中内质网应...     

内质网应激在肝脏相关疾病中的研究进展

内质网应激(ERS)是一种重要的细胞自我保护机制,能够激活未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),促进细胞的生存,但持续的ERS将导致细胞的凋亡。肝细胞内存在大量的内质网,许多肝脏相关疾病均与内质网应激有关,如酒精性肝病,非酒精性肝病,中毒性肝损伤,病毒性肝炎,肝恶性肿瘤及肝脏缺血再灌注损伤等。本文将从ERS在肝脏相关疾病发病机制中的作用以及在肝病干预治疗上的意义等方面进行综述。     

高脂血症对大鼠肾脏内质网应激的影响及辛伐他汀的干预作用

目的： 探讨内质网应激在高脂血症引起的肾脏损伤中的作用及辛伐他汀的干预作用。方法: 30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：正常对照组（n=10）给予普通饲料喂养;高脂组（n=10）给予高脂饲料喂养;辛伐他汀组（n=10）在高脂饲料喂养的基础上给予辛伐他汀10 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃。18周后检测大鼠24 h尿蛋白及血清胆固醇、甘油三酯水平。光镜观察大鼠肾组织病理改变。免疫组化方法检测大鼠肾脏GRP78、p-JNK的表达。TUNEL检测肾组织凋亡细胞。RT-PCR检测肾组织GRP78 mRNA、CHOP mRNA的表达。结果: 18周时,高脂组大鼠24 h尿蛋白、血脂水平、GRP78及p-JNK蛋白的表达、GRP78及CHOP mRNA的表达、肾组织凋亡细胞均高于正常对照组（P<0.01）; 辛伐他汀组上述改变显著低于高脂组（均P<0.05）。结论: 内质网应激参与了高脂血症引起的肾脏损伤,辛伐他汀可以通过抑制肾脏的内质网应激反应而起肾脏保护作用。     

Bevacizumab induces A549 cell apoptosis through the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress in vitro

Aims: To observe the effect of bevacizumab on human A549 cells and explore its mechanism. Methods: After different concentrations (0 μM, 1 μM, 5 μM, 25 μM) of bevacizumab treating in A549 cells, CCK8 assay detect the impact of bevacizumab on A549 cell proliferation and flow cytometry determine the effect of bevacizumab on human A549 cells apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blotting detect the changing expression of the target gene (CHOP, caspase-4, IRE1, XBP-1) on mRNA and Protein level. Results: Treatment with bevacizumab for 24-hr have induced cell death in a does-dependent manner dramatically (P<0.05). In terms of the mRNA level, expression of XBP-1 has increased obviously in each group (1 μM, 5 μM, 25 μM) (P<0.01); the expression of CHOP (25 μM) and caspase-4 (5 μM) have increased slightly (P<0.05). In terms of the protein level, the expression of CHOP has increased obviously in each group (1 μM, 5 μM, 25 μM) when compared with the control group (0 μM) (P<0.05). As for caspase-4 (5 μM, 25 μM), the expression have increased slightly when compared with the control group (0 μM) (P<0.05). Conclusion: Bevacizumab can induce A549 cell apoptosis through the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress.     

内质网应激在丙肝病毒感染发病学中作用的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)常扰乱内质网稳态,其复制中间产物的积累可导致内质网应激(ERS),与多种疾病的发生密切相关.为了应对内质网应激所带来的有害影响,细胞激活未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)和凋亡通路.在病毒感染的初期,未折叠蛋白反应主要用于清除病毒产生的蛋白和其他中间产物;而当感染进一步深化,稳态不能维持时细胞则激活凋亡通路...     

SIRT1激活ERK1/2通路抑制大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时内质网应激相关蛋白的表达

目的 研究大鼠心肌缺血再灌注时沉默信息调节因子1(SIRT1)对心肌内质网应激相关凋亡的影响及其与ERK1/2信号通路的关系.方法 将大鼠随机分为6组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组、白藜芦醇+缺血再灌注组、白藜芦醇+ EX527+缺血再灌注组、白藜芦醇+PD98059+缺血再灌注组、PD98059+缺血再灌注组,每组12只.结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支建立大鼠心肌I/R损伤模型.TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡;比色法检测LDH、CK-MB活性.实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测心肌GRP78、caspase-12和CHOP mRNA的表达;Western印迹检测SIRT1、caspase-12、CHOP、磷酸化ERK1/2和总ERK1/2蛋白的表达.结果 Res+ I/R组与I/R组相比,心肌凋亡指数降低(P＜0.05),血清LDH及CK-MB活性降低,内质网应激相关凋亡的指标GRP78、caspase-12及CHOP的蛋白表达量和mRNA均降低(P＜0.05);给予SIRT1抑制剂后与Res+ I/R组相比,以上指标升高;Res+ I/R组与I/R组相比,SIRT1及磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白的表达量均增加(P＜0.05);而Res+ EX+ I/R组与Res+ I/R组相比,SIRT1、磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白的表达量又降低(P＜0.05).结论 SIRT1能够抑制大鼠在体缺血再灌注心肌的内质网应激凋亡相关蛋白表达,发挥保护心肌的作用,其机制可能与ERK1/2通路激活有关.     

内质网应激中IRE1级联反应对动脉粥样硬化的作用

正1概述内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)蛋白质折叠在生理上是至关重要的,它的破坏导致内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)触发动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)发生发展。未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR)是目前研究最为透彻的ERS信号通路,一定程度的UPR有利于维持     

硫化氢调控微小核糖核酸对内质网应激影响的研究进展

内质网应激(ERS)与细胞凋亡存在着密切联系,而硫化氢对ERS的影响,可以减轻器官受损后的损伤程度,减缓相应器官的细胞凋亡,对机体起到一定的保护作用。硫化氢可以调控微小核糖核酸(miRNA)的表达,而miRNA可以阻止信使核糖核酸(mRNA)所翻译蛋白质的表达,其中也包括参与ERS的蛋白质,这些蛋白质在细胞ERS发生至细胞凋亡的过程中起着至关重要的作用。总得来说,硫化氢对miRNA的表达调控可影响细胞内相应蛋白质的表达,进而影响细胞内ERS水平,从而发挥对机体的保护作用。本文通过对比国内外相关研究,分别从内质网与ERS、硫化氢与miRNA、miRNA与ERS、硫化氢与ERS 4个方面,就硫化氢通过调控miRNA表达进而影响ERS进行综述,归纳其作用机制,为硫化氢对ERS影响的进一步研究提供理论基础。     

Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress and protein misfolding in disorders of the liver and pancreas

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of membrane and secretory proteins. The fraction of protein passing through the ER represents a large proportion of the total protein in the cell. Protein folding, glycosylation, sorting and transport are essential tasks of the ER and a compromised ER folding network has been recognized to be a key component in the disease pathogenicity of common neurodegenerative, metabolic and malignant diseases. On the other hand, the ER protein folding machinery also holds significant potential for therapeutic interventions. Many causes can lead to ER stress. A disturbed calcium homeostasis, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a persistent overload of misfolded proteins within the ER can drive the course of adisease. In this review the role of ER-stress in diseases of the liver and pancreas will be examined using pancreatitis and Wilson´s disease as examples. Potential therapeutic targets in ER-stress pathways will also be discussed.     

Expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in urothelial cancers of human bladder: relation to clinicopathological and molecular parameters

Kalogris C, Caprodossi S, Amantini C, Lambertucci F, Nabissi M, Morelli M B, Farfariello V, Filosa A, Emiliozzi M C, Mammana G & Santoni G
(2010) Histopathology 57 , 744–752
Expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) in urothelial cancers of human bladder: relation to clinicopathological and molecular parameters Aims: To evaluate the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid type‐1 channel protein (TRPV1) in normal and neoplastic urothelial tissues and to correlate TRPV1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and disease‐specific survival. Methods and results: TRPV1 expression was analysed in normal and neoplastic urothelial samples at both mRNA and protein levels by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. TRPV1 downregulation was found in urothelial cancer (UC) specimens, which correlated with tumour progression. Moreover, TRPV1 mRNA levels were associated with clinicopathological parameters to assess the role of TRPV1 downregulation as a negative prognostic factor for survival. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly shorter survival in patients showing TRPV1 mRNA downregulation. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated further that TRPV1 mRNA expression retained its significance as an independent risk factor. Conclusions: The progression of UC of human bladder is associated with a marked decrease in TRPV1 expression, with a progressive loss in high‐grade muscle invasive UC. Downregulation of TRPV1 mRNA expression may represent an independent negative prognostic factor for bladder cancer patients.     

Expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel mRNAs in the mouse olfactory bulb

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a large family of cation channels. The 28 TRP channel subtypes in rodent are divided into 6 subfamilies: TRPC1-7, TRPV1-6, TRPM1-8, TRPP2/3/5, TRPML1-3 and TRPA1. TRP channels are involved in peripheral olfactory transduction. Several TRPC channels are expressed in unidentified neurons in the main olfactory bulb (OB), but the expression of most TRP channels in the OB has not been investigated. The present study employed RT-PCR as an initial survey of the expression of TRP channel mRNAs in the mouse OB and in 3 cell types: external tufted, mitral and granule cells. All TRP channel mRNAs except TRPV5 were detected in OB tissue. Single cell RT-PCR revealed that external tufted, mitral and granule cell populations expressed in aggregate 14 TRP channel mRNAs encompassing members of all 6 subfamilies. These different OB neuron populations expressed 7–12 channel mRNAs. Common channel expression was more similar among external tufted and mitral cells than among these cells and granule cells. These results indicate that a large number of TRP channel subtypes are expressed in OB neurons, providing the molecular bases for these channels to regulate OB neuron activity and central olfactory processing.     

Capsaicin, transient receptor potential (trp) protein subfamilies and the particular relationship between capsaicin receptors and small primary sensory neurons

A number of subfamilies of the capsaicin receptor, collectively called TRP, have been reported since the discovery of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1). The term 'TRP' is derived from 'transient receptor potential', which means the transient and rapid defect of reaction following long stimulation with light in the photoreceptor cells of mutant Drosophila. The common features of TRP family members are the centrally situated six transmembrane domain, in which an ion channel is located, three to four ankirin repeats at the N-terminus and a TRP domain comprising 25 amino acids at the C-terminus. The TRP family members are present in animals, including invertebrates and vertebrates, and in the cells in various tissues in individual animals. During evolution, the original TRP seems to have acquired a wide variety of functions related to sensing the inner or outer environment (e.g. to sensing light (Drosophila), osmolarity, protons, temperature, ligands and mechanical force). In mammals, the TRPV subfamily is exclusively expressed in small- to medium-sized primary sensory neurons that also co-express some chemical markers (i.e. isolectin B4 (IB4), fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP), the P2X3 purinoceptor (a receptor provoked by ATP-induced nociception) and Ret, a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor). There is a paradox in that regardless of the marked or complete loss of noxious, small sensory neurons (polymodal nociceptors) in mice treated with capsaicin during the neonatal period, as well as in VR1 (TRPV1)-deficient knock-out mice, the responses to noxious heat are normal. Regarding the paradox in mice treated with capsaicin as neonates, our explanation is that although capsaicin probably reduces the number of a subgroup of small neurons (IB4-, VR1+), the remaining IB4+ (VR1-) neurons can sense noxious heat normally. One working hypothesis is that mice lacking TRPV1/2 can sense noxious heat under normal conditions, presumably via another still unknown pathway, and TRPV1 has been suggested to be involved in noxious heat transduction under pathological conditions, such as inflammation and tissue injury. Further studies will be required to clarify these complexities. Mice treated with capsaicin as neonates would provide a model to investigate the above paradoxes, as would TRPV1-knock-out mice, although different mechanisms may be operating in the two models.     

子宫内膜异位症模型大鼠子宫内膜雌、孕激素受体表达的变化

利用大鼠子宫内膜异位症 (内异症 )动物模型 ,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术 ,检测子宫内膜雌激素受体 (ER)和孕激素受体 (PR)mRNAs的表达 ,探讨内异症的发病机理及激素治疗的可能性。结果表明 ,内异症模型组大鼠异位内膜ER、PRmRNAs的表达低于在位内膜及对照组正常子宫内膜 ,与后两者比较差异有显著性意义(P <0 0 1 ) ;而模型组在位内膜ER、PRmRNAs的表达与正常对照组比较差异无显著性意义。内异症模型组异位内膜ER PRmRNA比值大于在位内膜及正常子宫内膜ER PRmRNA比值 (P <0 0 1 )。提示内异症大鼠异位内膜ERmRNA表达的降低在内异症的发生与发展中起着一定的作用