基于DICOM标准的EECP血液动力学波形数据转换的研究

目的：将目前增强型体外反搏（EECP）设备采集到的二进制数据文件转换为DICOM血液动力学波形文件。方法：在深入研究DICOM信息模型、DICOM波形文件结构、数据元素结构、嵌套数据集结构、波形IOD模块结构等的基础上，利用Visual C＋＋．Net工具，运用C＋＋面向对象编程思想，把数据元素、嵌套数据集、波形IOD及其操作服务抽象成类，再分别读取二进制数据文件的相关信息赋给波形类对应的数据成员，最后调用有关成员函数将其存储为DICOM波形文件。结果：设计出了基于DICOM标准的EECP血液动力学波形数据转换的应用程序。结论：DICOM标准的不断应用将涵盖所有医学成像和信号类设备，EECP数据的DICOM标准化转换，为其共享和充分利用提供了重要前提。     

基于Web的体外反搏血液动力学波形数据共享平台的研究

增强型体外反搏(EECP)信息包括文字资料和血液动力学波形数据。目前已实现通过Web浏览器管理文字资料信息,但血液动力学波形数据信息的互联网管理和共享还亟待解决。为实现完整的EECP信息管理,本文针对医学数字成像和通信(DICOM)格式的EECP血液动力学波形文件的特点,通过深入分析其在互联网共享中存在的问题,引入当今互联网流行的数据交换标准—可扩展的标记语言(XML)作为EECP波形数据共享的存储规范,设计了基于ASP.NET 2.0平台的EECP波形数据的互联网共享系统,同时还详细介绍DICOM-XML转换、波形信息管理、波形检索与显示以及安全性机制等系统的主要功能模块及其实现方法。     

EECP血液动力学波形数据的DICOM-XML格式转换研究及应用

目的:将DICOM标准EECP血液动力学波形(EHW)文件转换为XML格式。方法:研究和分析DICOM标准E-HW文件结构、数据元素结构、条目序列数据类型以及XML在DICOM标准应用方面的优势,运用C#面向对象编程的特点,将数据元素、数据集、波形组、通道、编码序列条目以及相应的服务和操作等抽象成类。通过特定的类对相应的数据成员进行操作,读取DICOM波形文件中所包含的信息,最后调用转换类中的成员函数,对应XML Schema模板,将其存储为XML格式。结果:设计出EHW文件DICOM-XML转换应用程序,并应用与体外反搏医学信息平台的开发。结论:解决了DICOM标准在私有数据元素共享以及互联网环境中可读性差的缺陷,推动了EHW数据在互联网环境的交换及共享,为互联网范围内体外反搏医学信息平台的实现提供了条件。     

辅以体外反搏的胸部充气背心辅助循环装置

本文介绍一种用于心衰治疗的新型无创辅助循环装置。它以奔腾PC机和16住80C196KC单片机组成的上下位机为控制主机，以心电R波为触发产生控制脉冲去控制胸部充气背心(VEST)和下半身序贯加压(增强型体外反搏，EECP)，实施辅以体外反搏的胸部充气背心辅助循环术(VCAC)，即收缩期VEST辅助心脏射血，舒张期EECP改善心肌血供。此外，还有实施EECP，实时监测心电、脉搏血氧等基本生理信号和采集8道其他模拟信号和数据存盘分析等功能。犬心衰模型动物实验初步表明，VEAC具有VEST和EECP的优点且互补，同时增强心脏射血和改善心肌血供，达到了辅助循环的目的。     

一种符合医学数字影像与通讯标准的医学影像管理系统的设计

医学影像的存储与传输在数字化医疗快速发展的今天占据着非常重要的地位。为了实现医学数字影像与通讯（DICOM）医学影像在局域网上的传输和查询,本文设计了一个符合DICOM标准的医学影像管理系统。该系统能对DICOM格式文件进行解析,并在数据库中把DICOM影像文件与对应的病历信息进行关联存储,可以给医院影像科提供完全数字化的影像和数据。此研究工作不仅满足了医院影像中心对大量影像数据存储的需求,同时也促进了PACS系统的发展。     

DICOM介质存储的实现技术

实用利用可移动的存储介质进行DICOM医学图像的数据存储与交换。方法提出DICOM介质存储的三层模型,基于五种基本操作和根据实际临床需要设计的两种操作,将介质存储方案分为两个模块即数据导入和数据导出。结果根据本文实现的应用软件可以实现符合DICOM标准的介质存储,并适当扩充了功能,较好地满足了医疗图像的数据存储与交换的要求。结论在实现标准的过程中,可以找到一种不同的方式,使得软件更适合临床环境,可以根据实际需要在符合标准的基础上进行功能扩充。     

冠心病介入治疗患者体外反搏的疗效探讨

目的 探讨增强型体外反搏(enhanced external couterpulsation EECP)对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者的疗效.方法 经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病且介入治疗成功的患者共469例,其中85例在药物治疗的基础上行体外反搏治疗(EECP组),另384例予单纯药物治疗(药物组).临床随访6～72个月,部分行超声心动图和冠脉造影复查,比较两组随访病例临床终点事件、左室功能和造影结果的差异.结果 (1)基线资料:对EECP组81例(95%)和药物组350例(91%)成功进行了随访,两组在临床资料、造影特征和介入治疗等方面差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).⑵临床终点事件:EECP组心绞痛复发率显著低于药物组(8.6%比17.4%,P＜0.05);EECP组总的临床终点事件发生率明显低于药物组(18.5%比35.4%,P＜0.01).(3)超声心动图:两组基线室壁运动指数和左室射血分数相似,但复查时EECP组明显优于药物组(P＜0.01).⑷冠状动脉造影:两组再狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义P＞0.05,但EECP组出现侧支循环患者数明显多于药物组(17.9%比5.1%,P＜0.05),复查时病变血管参考内径[(3.29±0.61)mm比(3.06±0.50)mm,P＜0.05]和支架内最小腔径[(3.02±0.59)mm比(2.67±0.62)mm,P＜0.01]均显著大于药物组.结论 对于介入治疗成功的冠心病患者,增强型体外反搏可减少心绞痛复发,改善预后和心功能,并可能有预防再狭窄的作用.     

体外反搏患者移动随访平台的研究

目的：建立一个服务于体外反搏（ECP）患者的移动随访平台。便于医生在反搏治疗过程中及结束后随时随地获取患者反馈的信息。并提供正确的康复指导．预防严重并发症的发生。方法：平台采用浏览器／月艮务器（B／S）与客户端／服务器（C／S）两种工作模式,Web服务器安装与配置互联网信息服务（IIS）与邮件传输协议（SMTP）服务,其应用程序利用Vs开发环境,采用C＋＋语言,基于ASP．NET编写。患者随访资料使用SQLServer设计的数据库存储与管理,心电数据及其测量参数按照医学数字成像和通信（DICOM）标准文件格式进行封装与存储。通过调用DICOM读接口和绘图函数显示于移动终端浏览器上。结果：建立了一个由移动终端、心电工作站与web服务器组成的移动随访平台,通过智能手机等设备,患者可输人随访资料与上传自测心电数据．医生可查阅并使用平台提供的电子邮件发送功能给予患者康复指导。结论：随着移动技术的发展,移动医疗将逐步被医疗界所重视,通过移动设备实现对患者的随访可极大地提高随访效率,是值得探讨的一种新的随访方式。     

冠心病介入治疗患者体外反搏的疗效探讨

目的探讨增强型体外反搏(enhancedexternalcouterpulsationEECP)对冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者的疗效。方法经选择性冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病且介入治疗成功的患者共469例,其中85例在药物治疗的基础上行体外反搏治疗(EECP组),另384例予单纯药物治疗(药物组)。临床随访6~72个月,部分行超声心动图和冠脉造影复查,比较两组随访病例临床终点事件、左室功能和造影结果的差异。结果(1)基线资料:对EECP组81例(95%)和药物组350例(91%)成功进行了随访,两组在临床资料、造影特征和介入治疗等方面差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑵临床终点事件:EECP组心绞痛复发率显著低于药物组(8·6%比17.4%,P<0.05);EECP组总的临床终点事件发生率明显低于药物组(18.5%比35.4%,P<0.01)。(3)超声心动图:两组基线室壁运动指数和左室射血分数相似,但复查时EECP组明显优于药物组(P<0.01)。⑷冠状动脉造影:两组再狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义P>0.05,但EECP组出现侧支循环患者数明显多于药物组(17.9%比5·1%,P<0.05),复查时病变血管参考内径[(3.29±0.61)mm比(3.06±0.50)mm,P<0.05]和支架内最小腔径[(3.02±0.59)mm比(2.67±0.62)mm,P<0.01]均显著大于药物组。结论对于介入治疗成功的冠心病患者,增强型体外反搏可减少心绞痛复发,改善预后和心功能,并可能有预防再狭窄的作用。     

基于存储服务的JPEG2000医学DICOM图像压缩的研究

由于医学图像所包含的数据量巨大,不利于存储和在现有网络上有效地传输,本研究使用VC++实现基于联合图像专家组2000(Joint Photographic Experts Group2000,JPEG2000)图像压缩算法对医学图像进行处理,根据医学数字图像通讯(Digital Imaging and Communicationin Medicine,DICOM)标准中存储服务的规则实现医学图像的存储服务。研究结果表明,使用JPEG2000压缩算法处理后的医学图像,不仅能大大节约存储空间,而且能降低传输时所需要的带宽。因此,JPEG2000压缩算法在DICOM推广及远程医疗的发展中具有积极意义。     

Soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha is increased in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: During chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations (AE-COPD), an influx of eosinophils into the bronchial mucosa has been described. Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and soluble interleukin-5 receptor alpha (sIL5Ralpha) are secreted by eosinophils and increased in eosinophilic airway diseases. METHODS: We studied ECP and sIL5Ralpha expression in patients with COPD compared to healthy controls and smokers and investigated a possible association to viral exacerbations of COPD. Expression of sIL5Ralpha in serum was analyzed by ELISA and ECP by the Uni-Cap system. Induced sputum from patients with COPD was analyzed for six different respiratory viruses by nested PCR. RESULTS: ECP and sIL5Ralpha were significantly elevated in AE-COPD subjects (n = 54) compared to healthy controls (n = 11, p = 0.018). Furthermore, there was a significant increase in sIL5Ralpha, but not in ECP, in 30 patients with virus-associated AE-COPD compared to smokers without COPD (n = 16) and healthy controls. The increase in FEV(1) after resolution of the AE-COPD correlated with the decrease in sIL5Ralpha (r = 0.269, p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: sIL5Ralpha is increased in AE-COPD and not affected by smoking like ECP. sIL5Ralpha is increased in patients with virus-associated AE-COPD compared to smokers and controls. Concentrations of sIL5Ralpha mirror changes in the clinical status and lung function. These data support the involvement of eosinophils in acute exacerbations of COPD.     

Manifold significance of serum eosinophil cationic protein in asthmatic children

Asthma is the result of complex interaction between different cells, mediators and nervous system that leads to an inflammatory response accompanied by increased bronchial hyperactivity. Its clinical manifestations include recurrent cough, wheezing and difficult breathing. The purpose of this study was to establish the possibility of diagnosing inflammation in asthmatic patients based on the assessment of serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and of following the efficacy of asthmatic treatment by the levels of inflammation mediators. In a prospective study, 134 children aged 1 to 18 (mean 8) years underwent serum ECP assessment. Experimental group included 87 patients with asthma, 56 boys and 31 girls, mean age 9.1 (range 2-17) years. Control group included patients with recurrent non-allergic disorders, 27 boys and 20 girls aged 1-16 (mean 6.1) years. Serum ECP was assessed using the Pharmacia CAP system ECP-FEIA method, i.e. fluoroimmunoassay test for quantitative assessment of serum ECP levels. Serum values of ECP were significantly higher in asthmatics than in controls (p = 0.001). Our results showed that increased levels of serum ECP to significantly correlate with increased eosinophil (p = 0.018) and immunoglobulin E (p = 0.003) levels. Increased ECP levels reflect the degree of inflammation and correlate with the clinical picture severity in asthmatic patients. Assessment of serum ECP levels can reveal eosinophilic activity, and indirectly detect immunologic inflammation in asthmatics. It is possible to follow the dynamics of immunologic inflammation during the course of treatment as well as treatment efficacy.     

采用心阻抗血流图对体外反搏的控制研究

本文采用点状电极技术，自适应信号处理技术，微型计算机检测控制技术，对反映每一心动周期中，胸腔内主动脉等大血管及心脏血液搏动性变化的心阻抗血流图进行检测和处理。由临床实验采用五个点状电极获得心电信号，心阻抗血流信号和自适应处理阻抗参考信号。自适应处理采用变步长ＬＭＳ噪声抵消算法，消除阻抗血流图波形中反搏引起身体震动的干扰，获得波形稳定、特征点明显的心阻抗血流图波形，从而探索利用心阻抗血流图波形对反搏充排气的控制。     

体外反搏对心肌缺血犬RAS的影响及与血流动力学的关系

目的:探讨心肌缺血与体外反搏(ECP)时犬局部肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)和血流动力学的改变以及它们之间的关系。方法:采用冠状动脉结扎法复制犬急性心肌缺血模型,检测缺血及外加反搏时缺血心肌、主动脉、肾脏、肺等局部肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)水平和血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)活性,用八导生理记录仪记录血流动力学,分析它们之间的关系。结果:缺血能激活缺血区心肌、主动脉处肾素、ACE和AngⅡ,除缺血区心肌肾素外,ECP抑制缺血区心肌与主动脉处三者。缺血还能激活对循环RAS影响较大的肾脏与肺RAS,反搏对其有一定抑制作用。缺血与反搏时的血流动力学改变和心血管局部AngⅡ水平有关。结论:体外反搏治疗心肌缺血时,局部RAS和血流动力学状态的改变呈相关关系,即体外反搏对血流动力学的改善作用和能抑制局部RAS有关,这可能是它对缺血心肌起保护作用的机制之一。     

Retrospective Multicenter Study of Extracorporeal Photopheresis in Steroid-Refractory Acute and Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease

Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an established treatment strategy in steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This study's main objective was to analyze the clinical response and impact of ECP therapy in steroid dose reduction. A retrospective observational series of 113 patients from 7 transplantation centers was analyzed. Sixty-five patients (58%) had acute GVHD (aGVHD), and 48 (42%) had chronic GVHD (cGVHD). All ECP procedures were performed with the off-line system. The median number of procedures until achievement of initial response was 3 for both patients with aGVHD and those with cGVHD. ECP was the second-line therapy in 48% of the aGVHD cases and in 50% of the cGVHD cases. 71% of the cases of aGVHD were grade III-IV, and 69% of the cases of cGVHD were severe. The overall response rate on day 28 was 53% (complete response [CR] rate, 45%) in the patients with aGVHD and 67% (CR, 23%) in those with cGVHD. Skin was the most frequently involved organ, with a response rate of 58% (CR, 49%) in the patients with aGVHD and 69% (CR 29%) in those with cGVHD. At the end of ECP treatment, 60% of patients treated for aGVHD who responded were able to stop steroid therapy, with a median dose reduction of 100%. Significant differences in overall survival were observed for patients responding to ECP with aGVHD (hazard ratio [HR], 4.3; P < .001) and with cGVHD (HR, 4.8; P = .003). Our data indicate that ECP is a valid therapeutic alternative in patients with steroid-refractory aGVHD and cGVHD, permitting significant steroid dosage reductions.     

The functional heterogeneity of eosinophil cationic protein is determined by a gene polymorphism and post-translational modifications

BACKGROUND: The eosinophil is a cytotoxic cell and takes part in parasite killing and tissue-destructive processes by secretion of proteins such as eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). A polymorphism was demonstrated in the ECP gene, giving rise to a substitution of arginine at position 97 with threonine. This polymorphism is related to disease development. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the functional and molecular heterogeneity of native ECP and the functional consequences of the replacement of arginine with a threonine. METHODS: ECP was purified from healthy blood donors by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase chromatography. Recombinant ECPs i.e. rECP 97(arg) and rECP 97(thr) were produced by the pFASTBAC baculovirus expression system. The cytotoxic activity was determined against an erythroleukaemia or a small cell lung cancer cell line. RESULTS: Native ECP was purified to apparent homogeneity and showed a considerable molecular heterogeneity and a corresponding functional heterogeneity with respect to cytotoxic activity. After reduction, the native cytotoxic ECP showed three bands on sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis : one major band at 18-20 kDa and two minor bands at about 10 and 5 kDa, respectively. The 5 kDa contained two masses differing with 56.2 Da, which corresponds to the difference in molecular masses of arginine and threonine. rECP 97(arg) was cytotoxic in contrast to rECP97(thr). Deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F did not affect the cytotoxic activity of native ECP to any measurable extent nor the activity of rECP 97(arg), whereas rECP 97(thr) achieved cytotoxic activity. The RNase activities of the recombinant and native ECPs were similar. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ECP is present in several molecular forms with varying biological activities. Some of this functional heterogeneity is based on the genetic polymorphism of the ECP gene and some on post-translational modifications. In subjects carrying the ECP 97(thr) variant, the cytotoxic activity may be disguised by N-linked glycosylation of the active site.     

A novel external counterpulsation system for coronary artery disease and heart failure: pilot studies and initial clinical experiences

External counterpulsation (ECP) is a beneficial and noninvasive treatment for coronary artery disease or heart failure; however, it still has a lot of limitations. We used a novel ECP system, Compact CP, the main feature of which is the double-lumen cuff that reduces the impact of cuff inflation and the size of the air compressor. The first lumen was a contact cuff that was attached to the legs with a constant pressure (8 kPa). The second lumen was a main cuff that was inflated and deflated with a driving pressure and synchronized to the cardiac cycle. In this report, we describe the results of four pilot studies in a total number of 39 healthy volunteers and initial clinical experiences of this system in three patients. The pilot studies demonstrated that the ECP system provided significant diastolic augmentation and systolic unloading. It also achieved a satisfactory diastolic/systolic pressure ratio (1.00 ± 0.06) with a high comfort level at a driving pressure of 40 kPa. Higher pressure (50–70 kPa) increased the assist performance but decreased the comfort level. ECP was also applied with a patient with chronic refractory angina and two patients with postoperative heart failure following cardiac surgery. The clinical conditions improved. No adverse effect was observed. Our novel ECP system is safe, effective, and promising in the treatment of coronary artery disease or heart failure. Further clinical investigations are needed to support the significance of this system.     

Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): reference values in healthy nonatopic children

BACKGROUND: Although serum ECP concentrations have been reported in normal children, there are currently no published upper cutoff reference limits for serum ECP in normal, nonatopic, nonasthmatic children aged 1-15 years. METHODS: We recruited 123 nonatopic, nonasthmatic normal children attending the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children for elective surgery and measured serum ECP concentrations. The effects of age and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on the upper reference limits were studied by multiple regression and fractional polynomials. RESULTS: The median serum ECP concentration was 6.5 microg/l and the 95th and 97.5 th percentiles were 18.8 and 19.9 microg/l. The median and 95th percentile did not vary with age. Exposure to ETS was not associated with altered serum ECP concentrations (P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS: The 95th and 97.5 th percentiles for serum ECP for normal, nonatopic, nonasthmatic children (aged 1-15 years) were 19 and 20 microg/l, respectively. Age and exposure to parental ETS did not significantly alter serum ECP concentrations or the normal upper reference limits. Our data provide cutoff upper reference limits for normal children for use of serum ECP in a clinical or research setting.     

体外反搏对心肌缺血犬心肌超微结构的影响

目的探讨体外反搏对心肌缺血犬心肌超微结构的影响。方法19只健康杂种犬随机分为对照组、缺血组和反搏组,采用透射电镜观察缺血区心肌组织的超微结构变化,并通过图像分析系统对线粒体进行形态定量分析。结果形态学观察发现反搏组犬心肌肌小节、肌丝、线粒体和血管内皮细胞损伤比缺血组明显减轻。定量分析发现反搏组犬心肌线粒体数密度和比表面均明显高于缺血组,而线粒体体积和平均表面积均小于缺血组(P<0.05)。结论体外反搏可减轻心肌缺血犬的心肌超微结构损伤。     

Cold urticaria as a model of mediator release: platelet factor 4, eosinophil cationic protein and histamine

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) has previously been linked to precipitation of cold urticaria (CU). The aim of the study was to assess the liberation of PF4, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and histamine after cold challenge in patients with CU. Ten controls and 8 patients with CU verified by clinical data and cold challenge test were investigated. Assessment of histamine, ECP and PF4 were done using radioimmunoassays. In patients histamine increased after 10 min on the challenged arm (NS), PF4 increase was statistically significant (p≤0.05) both in patients and controls. ECP release showed no significant changes. Treatment with doxepin results in clinical improvement, but no changes in mediator release were seen. Thus, in contrast to previous reports an increase of PF4 was seen both in controls as well as in patients. An involvement of ECP was not ascertained. Our data suggest that neither basophils, nor eosinophils or platelets are directly involved in cold urticaria and that mast cell-dependent mediators may be of greater relevance.