Conversion of normal Ly-1-positive B-lineage cells into Ly-1-positive macrophages in long-term bone marrow cultures

We obtained eight different cell lines in the long-term bone marrow culture system that showed a germ-line configuration of the joining (J) region segments of the Ig heavy-chain (IgH) genes. Their surface markers were CD45R+, Ly-1+, Lyb-2+, cIgM-, sIgM-, Ia-, Thy-1-, Mac-1-, and IL-2R (Tac)+. Use of very young mice and the presence of IL-5 were important for preferential promotion of the survival of B-lineage lymphocytes bearing the Ly-1 markers. When we treated two of them (J8 and J10) with 5-azacytidine for 24 h followed by co-culture with stromal cells and IL-5, they became Ly-1+, sIgM+ B cells, and Ly-1+, Mac-1+ macrophagelike cells, respectively. After other early lymphoid lines (J1, J8, and J13) were maintained by co-culture with ST2 and IL-5 for more than a year, they showed a heterogeneous DNA rearrangement profile of the J region segment of the IgH gene, although only J13 rearranged the kappa-light chain gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that these cell lines expressed C mu-mRNA, and lambda 5-mRNA, consistent with normal pre-B cells. Intriguingly, J1, J8, and J13 expressed c-fms mRNA constitutively. When J13 cells were co-cultured with ST2 and GM-CSF in place of ST2 and IL-5, they acquired Mac-1 expression and retained Ly-1 expression. They were morphologically macrophages, nonspecific-esterase-positive, and showed phagocytosis of latex beads. These results support evidence for a close relationship between the myeloid and Ly-1+ B-cell pathways of differentiation, and indicate that our IL-5-dependent clones are multipotential intermediates in differentiation from pro-B cells to B cells and macrophages.     

Glucocorticoid‐induced differentiation of primary cultured bone marrow mesenchymal cells into adipocytes is antagonized by exogenous Runx2

Lin L, Dai S‐Dong, Fan G‐Yu. Glucocorticoid‐induced differentiation of primary cultured bone marrow mesenchymal cells into adipocytes is antagonized by exogenous Runx2. APMIS 2010; 118: 595–605. Long‐term clinical use of glucocorticoids often causes the serious side effect of non‐traumatic avascular osteonecrosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects and mechanisms of a glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (Dex), on differentiation of primary cultured rat bone marrow mesenchymal cells (BMCs). We also tried to block the inhibitory effects of Dex on osteoblast differentiation. Adipocyte markers (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptorγ‐2 and aP2) were increased in response to Dex treatment in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, while osteoblastic markers [Runx2, COL 1, osterix, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and OC] were down‐regulated, consistent with ALP and osteocalcin promoter activity. To validate the effects of Runx2 on the expression of osteogenesis and adipocyte genes, pCMV/Flag‐Runx2 was transfected into BMCs, and relevant markers were detected after 10^?7 M Dex treatment for 48 h. The results indicated that Dex treatment induced adipogenic differentiation and suppressed proliferation. No significant difference was detected in expressions of these genes between Runx2‐transfected cells and Dex‐treated BMCs. These data suggest that Dex primarily induced adipocyte differentiation of BMCs. Exogenous Runx2 can antagonize the effect of Dex on osteoblast differentiation.     

Abnormal rearrangements of T-cell receptor genes occur in long-term cultured bone marrow cells of lpr/lpr mice.

To search the abnormality in prethymic T-cell precursors in lpr/lpr(lpr) mice, rearrangement and expression of T-cell receptor (TcR) genes were investigated in long-term cultured bone marrow (LTBM) cells of lpr mice, in which the developmental steps of T-cell precursors may be better synchronized than those in bone marrow (BM) cells. Neither rearrangment nor expression of TCR gamma and delta genes were detected in the LTBM cells from +/+ control mice, whereas some gamma gene rearrangements were detected in those derived from lpr mice, irrespective of the genetic background. When BM cells or LTBM cells from lpr mice were transplanted into supralethally irradiated +/+ mice the lpr-derived BM cells appeared earlier in the thymus of the recipient mice than +/+-derived BM cells and the recipients suffered from lethal wasting syndrome. In addition, the lpr-derived BM cells showed higher activity in colony-forming unit spleen (CFUs) than the +/+-derived BM cells. These results suggest that the T-cell progenitors in the BM of lpr mice may be different not only in quantity but also in quality from those of +/+ mice.     

microRNA-1诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

目的研究microRNA-1(miRNA-1)能否诱导骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向心肌样细胞分化。方法构建大鼠miRNA-1表达载体,分离扩增培养及鉴定大鼠MSCs。脂质体法转染大鼠第4代MSCs,实时定量RT-PCR(qRT-PCR)检测转染miRNA-1质粒后MSCs的miRNA-1表达水平。分别于转染2、4和6 d后用RT-PCR检测心肌重要转录因子GATA4、NKx2.5和MEF2C的mRNA表达,免疫荧光检测心肌特异蛋白I(cTnI)的表达。结果 90%以上的MSCs表达MSCs重要标志物CD29、CD44;未检测到造血前体细胞标志抗原CD34、白细胞标志抗原CD45的表达。转染miRNA-1质粒后,miRNA-1表达水平明显上调。转染miRNA-1质粒2、4和6 d后,GATA4、NKx2.5和MEF2C的mRNA表达逐渐增强。第4和6天后可见cTnI阳性表达细胞。结论 miRNA-1能诱导大鼠MSCs向心肌样细胞分化。     

大鼠骨髓基质细胞的培养及其表面抗原的检测

目的：分离、纯化培养大鼠BMSCs，对其生物学特性进行检测和鉴定。方法：取大鼠长骨中的骨髓组织，以淋巴分离液梯度离心获得有核细胞层，分别以本实验室BMSCs专用培养基接种培养，经多次换液得到较纯的BMSCs，倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态。选择CD44、CD31、CD45、CD29、CD34及flk1，应用流式细胞仪对细胞的表面抗原标志进行检测。结果：倒置相差显微镜观察发现，接种后的24h内，有核细胞（包含骨髓基质细胞）开始贴壁，4-7d，贴壁细胞出现明显分裂增殖，10-14d细胞增殖旺盛，可见明显的细胞克隆团，贴壁牢靠。20d左右，在本实验室专用BMSCs培养基培养下，绝大多数细胞逐渐分化呈梭形、三角形或多角形，核为圆形或类圆形、居中，这些细胞发出的突起逐渐生长延伸并彼此相连，形态学上具有神经系细胞的明显特征。细胞表面抗原检测显示所培养的BMSCs为：CD34^-、CD45^-、CD31^-、flk1^-、CD29^＋、CD44^＋，与文献报道一致。结论：所采用的细胞分离培养方法简便可行，所获得的细胞其表型特征与文献报道一致，确为BMSCs。     

17β-雌二醇对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的诱导调控*****☆

背景：研究发现骨髓间充质干细胞上存在雌激素受体,雌激素通过调节骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、分化特性发挥促成骨作用。 目的：观察17β-雌二醇对骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的诱导作用,并探讨其作用机制。 方法：在基础成骨诱导培养基培养的第3代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中分别加入0(对照组),0.001,0.01,0.1 nmol/L 17β-雌二醇干预。Elisa法检测培养的骨髓间充质干细胞分泌Ⅰ型胶原的水平,RT-PCR及Western blotting法分别检测Runx2因子mRNA及蛋白水平。 结果与结论：与对照组比较,在给予0.001,0.01,0.1 nmol/L 17β-雌二醇干预后第5天,骨髓间充质干细胞Ⅰ型胶原表达显著升高(P < 0.05),第7天仍旧呈高表达(P < 0.05)。同时,在17β-雌二醇干预的第5,7天,Runx2因子mRNA及蛋白表达水平随17β-雌二醇浓度的增加而升高(P < 0.05),并呈剂量依赖性。表明17β-雌二醇可诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞转化,其可能通过上调Runx2因子表达发挥促成骨作用。 关键词：诱导分化;骨髓间充质干细胞;17β-雌二醇;Ⅰ型胶原;Runx2 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.10.003     

Replacement of recipient stromal/mesenchymal cells after bone marrow transplantation using bone fragments and cultured osteoblast-like cells.

Abstract We present our experience on treatment of three children with potentially fatal diseases using a unique protocol for non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation. The protocol was designed to promote engraftment of bone marrow stromal/mesenchymal cells (SC/MSCs) based on the knowledge from preclinical models over the last three decades. Accordingly, our protocol is the first to test the use of bone fragments as an ideal vehicle to transplant such cells residing in the bone core. Because of the paucity of knowledge for optimum transplantation of SC/MSCs in humans, we used a multifaceted approach and implanted bone fragments both intraperitoneally and directly into bone on day 0 of BMT. We also infused cultured donor osteoblast-like cells intravenously post-BMT. We were able to achieve high levels of stroma cell engraftment as defined by molecular analyses of bone biopsy specimens.     

Simultaneous injection of bone marrow cells and stromal cells into bone marrow accelerates hematopoiesis in vivo

We have previously demonstrated that stromal cells can support the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells in vitro and in vivo and that a major histocompatibility complex restriction exists between hematopoietic stem cells and stromal cells. We have also found that intra-bone marrow (IBM) injection of allogeneic bone marrow cells (BMCs) leads to more rapid reconstitution of hematopoietic cells than intravenous injection. In the present study, we examine the effect of simultaneous injection of stromal cells and BMCs into the same bone marrow on the recovery of donor hematopoietic cells and demonstrate that simultaneous IBM injection of BMCs plus stromal cells is more effective in reconstituting recipients with donor hematopoietic cells than intravenous injection of BMCs plus stromal cells or IBM injection of BMCs alone.     

Oct3/4在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞神经分化中的作用

目的: 探讨Oct3/4在体外诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为神经元中的作用。方法: 构建大鼠 Oct3/4慢病毒载体(Oct3/4 -LV)并感染大鼠MSCs;实验分为感染组(感染 Oct3/4 -LV)、阴性对照组(感染FU-PGC-NC-LV)和未感染组3组;采用β-巯基乙醇诱导各组大鼠MSCs分化为神经元。倒置荧光显微镜下观察MSCs感染后形态学变化;MTT法检测细胞存活率;免疫细胞化学法检测神经元烯醇化酶(NSE)、微管相关蛋白 2(MAP-2)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP) 和Oct3/4的表达变化;Western blotting法检测MAP-2和Oct3/4蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR法检测MAP-2和Oct3/4 mRNA的表达变化。结果: (1)阳性克隆PCR证明大鼠 Oct3/4 慢病毒载体构建成功,孔稀释法测定病毒滴度为2×10¹¹ TU/L。(2)倒置显微镜下观察大鼠 Oct3/4 慢病毒载体感染成功,感染复数(MOI)值为10,感染48 h时感染率最高,荧光表达最强;感染率可达83.4%±2.2%。感染组中,MSCs形态发生变化;MTT提示感染组细胞存活率显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)β-巯基乙醇可以诱导大鼠MSCs向神经元分化,其中以感染组诱导效果最佳,具有比较典型的神经元形态,NSE和MAP-2的表达率与其它各组相比显著增高(P<0.05)。(4)感染组与其它各组同时点的Oct3/4表达相比均显著增高(P<0.01)。并且随着诱导时间的延长,各组Oct3/4表达持续减少,诱导后5 h与诱导前相比存在显著差异(P<0.05)。结论: Oct3/4在大鼠MSCs分化为神经元的过程中可能起到了重要的调控作用。     

GATA-4过表达增加大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞

目的 研究GATA-4转染骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)分化为心肌细胞及表达心肌细胞特异性标志物的能力.方法 分离培养MSCs及心肌细胞(CM).第3代MSCs转染GATA-4基因(MSCGATA-4)并通过实时定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)、Western blot和免疫组化鉴定GATA-4的表达.MSCGATA-4与CM嵌套式共培养1周,通过real-time PCR和Western blot检测其心肌基因BNP、α-actinin和Islet-1的表达,用免疫组化观察α-actinin的表达.与CM混合共培养后1周后,观察MSCs的搏动情况,并用流式细胞仪检测心肌分化率.结果 MSCGATA-4组GATA-4的表达明显高于对照组(只表达GFP).MSC与CM嵌套式共培养后,MSCGATA-4组的BNP、α-actinin和Islet-1的mRNA和蛋白表达明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).混合共培养后,可见部分MSCGATA-4的搏动,同时部分MSC的α-actinin染色阳性.用流式细胞仪检测心肌分化率,MSCGATA-4组的心肌分化率明显高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 GATA-4过表达可以增加MSCs分化成心肌样细胞,高表达BNP、α-actinin和Islet-1.     

过表达GATA-4骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体促进骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化

文题释义：外泌体：是小的膜性囊泡,从20世纪90年代起受到极大关注。此词于1981年首先提出,是从细胞上产生的鳞片状脱落的囊泡,具有胞外酶的活性。外泌体所含的蛋白及miRNA可能是其生物学功能的主要部分。 小分子RNA：是一大类长度为18-25个核苷酸的小分子非编码RNA,在哺乳动物基因组中已经发现200多种小分子RNA。 背景：前期证明,过表达心脏基因转录因子GATA-4小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体(BMSCs^GATA-4- exosome)可以促进BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化,提示其可以修复心肌梗死,另外还发现BMSCs^GATA-4-exosome中及心肌梗死局部心肌组织中有miRNA-673-5p明显高表达且功能涉及细胞分化,可能是BMSCs ^GATA-4- exosome修复心肌梗死的关键分子。 目的：探讨BMSCs ^GATA-4-exosome促进BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化的分子调控网络。 方法：在小鼠BMSCs培养体系内加入miRNA-673-5p模拟物(miR-673-5p-mimic)作为实验组(BMSCs^{miR-673-5p-mimic}),将BMSCs ^GATA-4组、BMSCs ^{GATA-4-空载体}组、BMSCs组、BMSCs^{miR-673-5p-inhibitor}组作为混杂因素对照组,提取各组分泌的外泌体与BMSCs直接共培养24 h,采用免疫荧光定性检测和RT-PCR定量检测各组BMSCs中心肌特异性分子α-actin、Desmin、cTnT、Cx43的表达。根据microRNA靶基因预测结果,采用Western blot检测miRNA-673-5p对应靶基因TSC-1、ERK1/2及Mef2c转录蛋白表达。 结果与结论：BMSCs^{miR-673-5p-mimic}-exosome+BMSCs组荧光强度最强,心肌细胞特异性分子α-actin、Desmin、cTnT、Cx43的表达最高(P < 0.05),TSC-1的表达最低(P < 0.05)。结果表明BMSCs^GATA-4-exosome通过miRNA-673-5p抑制TSC-1蛋白表达促进BMSCs向心肌样细胞分化。 ORCID: 0000-0002-0219-9469(李永武) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

Characterization of conditioned medium of cultured bone marrow stromal cells

It has been recognized that bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) transplantation has beneficial effects on spinal cord injury in animal models and therapeutic trials. It is hypothesized that BMSCs provide microenvironments suitable for axonal regeneration and secrete some trophic factors to rescue affected cells from degeneration. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the trophic factors involved remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of trophic factors secreted by rat BMSCs using bioassays involving cultured hippocampal neurons. The conditioned medium (CM) as well as non-contact co-culture of BMSCs promoted neurite outgrowth and suppressed TUNEL-positive cells compared to serum-free D-MEM. Protein analyses of the CM by antibody-based protein array analysis and ELISA revealed that the CM contained insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. DNA microarray analysis revealed that neurons highly expressed receptors of IGF-1 and TGF-β1. However, their expression indices remained unchanged even after the CM treatment. The individual trophic factors mentioned above or their combinations were less effective at promoting neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth than the CM. The present study showed that BMSCs secreted various kinds of molecules into the culture medium including trophic factors to promote neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. The main trophic factors responsible remain to be elucidated.     

骨髓间充质干细胞向甲状腺细胞的分化

背景：特定环境下体外可定向诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向甲状腺细胞分化。 目的：建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导为甲状腺细胞的实验方法。 方法：采用密度梯度法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,应用促甲状腺素和胰岛素诱导,以未诱导组为平行对照。利用倒置光学显微镜、透射电镜观察细胞分化过程的形态学变化,免疫荧光等检测方法研究成人骨髓间充质干细胞的分化情况。 结果与结论：诱导培养第7天可见分化细胞中有甲状腺细胞的特有基因如TSHr的表达,第9天检测到分化细胞中甲状腺细胞标记物TTF-1的表达;对照组未见变化。形态学与生物学证实了骨髓间充质干细胞可诱导培养为甲状腺细胞。     

心肌营养素1诱导骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌样细胞

目的: 探索心肌营养素1(CT-1)对小型猪骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向心肌样细胞分化的影响。方法: 获取、扩增稳定的成体西藏小型猪MSCs,鉴定成脂、成骨潜能。分4组诱导向心肌样细胞分化,包括空白对照组、5-氮杂胞苷(5-Aza)组、CT-1组、5-Aza和CT-1合用组。取诱导后4周的细胞加肌动蛋白(α-actin)和心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)抗体,进行免疫荧光染色,最后计数红色荧光阳性染色率。结果: 分组诱导分化结果,合用组的诱导分化心肌样细胞α-actin阳性率为29.90%±4.76%,明显大于5-Aza组(17.73%±2.35%,P<0.01)、CT-1组(6.63%±0.55%,P<0.01)和空白对照组(1.62%±0.09%,P<0.01);5-Aza组明显大于CT-1组(P<0.01)和空白对照组(P<0.01);CT-1组明显大于空白对照组(P<0.05)。cTnT红色荧光染色结果显示:合用组的诱导分化心肌样细胞cTnT阳性率为36.50%±4.09%,明显大于5-Aza组(14.37%±1.65%,P<0.01)、CT-1组(7.50%±0.61%,P<0.01)和空白对照组(1.12%±0.23%,P<0.01);5-Aza组明显大于CT-1组(P<0.01)和空白对照组(P<0.01);CT-1组明显大于空白对照组(P<0.01)。结论: 适宜浓度的5-Aza(10 μmol/L)和CT-1(0.1 μg/L)能够在体外诱导小型藏猪骨髓MSCs转化为心肌样细胞,诱导后的细胞获得部分心肌细胞特异性蛋白的表达。CT-1与5-Aza联合可明显提高诱导率。     

全骨髓细胞贴壁法分离与培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的多向分化能力

背景：分离培养纯度较高的骨髓间充质干细胞是对其进行深入研究的前提。 目的：观察全骨髓贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特征。 方法：选取体质量为80-100 g雄性SD大鼠,采用全骨髓细胞贴壁培养法获取骨髓间充质干细胞。在取材过程中需严格掌握大鼠处死至将细胞悬液放入培养箱内的时间,一般控制在40 min以内。使用基础培养基冲洗骨髓腔时力度适中且在骨髓腔内旋转数次,可使骨髓细胞充分脱落,保证骨髓细胞的获得量。 结果与结论：原代骨髓间充质干细胞为贴壁生长的成纤维样细胞,传代后的细胞形态均一,呈漩涡状排列;第3代骨髓间充质干细胞的生长曲线呈S形,经历3个生长时期：潜伏期、对数生长期和停滞期;流式细胞仪检测骨髓间充质干细胞表面抗原结果示：CD29⁺ 99.45%、CD34⁺1.45%、CD44⁺ 99.52%、CD45⁺1.41%;成骨、成脂诱导分化后,矿化结节被茜素红染成橘红色,脂滴被油红O染成红色。说明骨髓间充质干细胞能向成骨、成脂分化,具有多向分化潜能,符合国际细胞治疗学会间充质及组织干细胞委员会提出的鉴定动物来源骨髓间充质干细胞的最低标准。     

骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化为软骨细胞

目的:体外定向诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)分化为单一的软骨细胞,探索体外成软骨的必要条件。方法: 采用淋巴细胞分离液密度梯度离心法分离骨髓,体外培养扩增,在较高的细胞密度下加入转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1),以微团培养(micromass culture)方式,诱导MSC分化为软骨细胞。HE染色观察细胞形态,阿新蓝、甲苯氨蓝染色检测软骨基质的分泌,免疫组织化学检测软骨特异性Ⅱ型胶原表达。结果: HE染色呈典型的细胞性软骨结构;阿新蓝染色阳性、甲苯氨蓝异染性;Ⅱ型胶原免疫组织化学检测阳性。结论: 成人骨髓MSC在体外分化为单一的软骨细胞需要高细胞密度、诱导因子TGF-β1及合适的培养条件。