甲氨蝶呤、明胶海绵动脉化疗栓塞治疗宫颈妊娠

目的探讨甲氨蝶呤(MTX)、明胶海绵子宫动脉化疗栓塞治疗宫颈妊娠的临床效果。方法 11例宫颈妊娠,4例刮宫后大出血急诊栓塞,7例刮宫前预防性化疗栓塞,选择性子宫动脉插管,用MTX灌注化疗并用医用明胶海绵颗粒及条块栓塞。所有患者术后联合刮宫术,复查血β-hCG及宫颈B超。结果 4例大出血立即停止,所有患者术后5~10 d行刮宫术,出血60~100 ml。术后1个月血β-hCG均降至正常范围,B超提示宫颈恢复正常大小,于45~60天月经复潮。未出现严重并发症。结论 MTX、明胶海绵子宫动脉化疗栓塞既能终止妊娠,又能防治大出血,是治疗宫颈妊娠一种安全有效的方法。     

子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞及刮宫术联合治疗宫颈妊娠

目的评价经子宫动脉化疗灌注、动脉栓塞、刮宫术联合治疗宫颈妊娠的疗效。方法24例宫颈妊娠患者，7例因发生大出血仅行子宫动脉栓塞和刮宫术，余17例行超选择性子宫动脉插管后灌注甲氨蝶呤（MTX）、明胶海绵颗粒栓塞后联合刮宫术进行治疗，所有患者术后均观察β-HCG值变化。结果24例患者双侧子宫动脉插管及栓塞成功率均为100％。17例行灌注化疗和栓塞术后刮宫及7例栓塞前刮宫大出血急诊行动脉栓塞患者，刮宫中胚胎组织易于剥离，出血仅为5-10ml。术后1周复查β-HCG下降，术后无严重并发症发生。结论子宫动脉药物灌注、动脉栓塞联合刮宫术治疗宫颈妊娠是一种微创、简便、安全有效的方法。     

经子宫动脉氨甲蝶呤灌注及栓塞 在宫颈妊娠保守治疗中的应用

目的探讨经子宫动脉氨甲蝶呤灌注化疗及栓塞术在宫颈妊娠保守治疗中的应用价值.方法 6例宫颈妊娠患者,孕龄36～68天,经阴道超声检查明确诊断后,行双侧子宫动脉氨甲蝶呤灌注及栓塞治疗.结果所有患者均一次治疗成功,术后患者的阴道出血明显减少或中止,血β-HCG水平迅速下降.患者的宫颈形态及月经周期于治疗后4个月内恢复正常.结论子宫动脉氨甲蝶呤灌注化疗及栓塞术是保守治疗宫颈妊娠的有效方法.     

剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠介入治疗的护理

目的:探讨经子宫动脉介入化疗栓塞10例剖宫产术后癜痕妊娠的护理体会.方法:回顾分析我院2010年4月至2011年5月子宫动脉介入治疗10例剖宫产切口瘢痕妊娠的完整资料.结果:10例患者经子宫动脉灌注甲氨蝶呤并用明胶海绵栓塞治疗后,血HCG指标明显下降,阴道出血停止,孕囊缩小,术后清宫无-例大出血.结论:经子宫动脉介入治疗瘢痕妊娠,比传统保守治疗效果好,风险小,能有效控制出血,血HCG下降快,缩短了住院时间,保全了患者的器官.     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗妇产科急症出血的疗效观察

目的评价经导管动脉栓塞术治疗妇产科急症出血的临床疗效。方法选择性双侧髂内动脉或超选择性子宫动脉插管，以真丝线段和明胶海绵颗粒栓塞双侧子宫动脉，明胶海绵条栓塞双侧髂内动脉。结果对27例妇产科急症出血患者进行了动脉栓塞，其中15例进行双侧子宫动脉栓塞，7例进行双侧髂内动脉栓塞，5例进行双侧子宫动脉和髂内动脉同时栓塞。25例完全彻底止血，2例剖宫产栓塞后再出血，未出现严重并发症。结论经导管动脉栓塞术是治疗妇产科急症出血的可靠方法。同时栓塞双侧子宫动脉和双侧髂内动脉能提高止血效果。     

异位妊娠行介入治疗临床观察及护理

目的:研究分析栓塞治疗异位妊娠的临床观察和护理.方法:回顾性分析31例异位妊娠患者,采用改良Seldinger法穿刺右侧股动脉,将导管选择性插入双侧子宫动脉,经子宫动脉灌注MTX(甲氨喋呤)和明胶海绵颗粒栓塞治疗,护理的主要内容是:充分术前装备、术后24h严密检测出血情况,及时观察和处理疼痛、呕吐.血管血栓形成等.结果:31例均接受子宫动脉药物灌注和栓塞,成功30例,1例因间质部妊娠破裂经腹手术,但由于用子宫动脉栓塞后出血较少,量约200ml,终止妊娠成功率96.7%.结论:动脉灌注药物和栓塞治疗异位妊娠是一种创伤小,临床治疗效果好的方法.有效的术前、术后护理是保证介入治疗异位妊娠效果的关键之一.     

介入化疗栓塞联合B超监视下清宫术治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠10例报告

目的 探讨子宫动脉化疗栓塞后在B超监视下清宫治疗剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP）的临床效果.方法 2012年12月-2013年4月对10例CSP行双侧子宫动脉甲氨蝶呤灌注化疗及明胶海绵颗粒栓塞术,术后24-72 h内B超监视下清宫术.结果 栓塞后造影显示子宫动脉远端血流信号中断,栓塞术后无一例发生异位血管栓塞、子宫坏死、局部感染等严重并发症.子宫动脉化疗栓塞后24-72 h内清宫,清宫时孕囊境界清楚,B超引导下均能完整顺利刮出.术中刮出组织20-100 g,病理报告见变性绒毛及蜕膜组织、血块红染坏死物.术中出血10-50 ml,平均23 ml.手术时间15-60 min,平均26 min.术后均无宫内残留,无再发出血.术后血β-hCG 10-21 d,平均14 d恢复正常;治疗后26-40 d月经来潮,未出现闭经等卵巢早衰症状.结论 子宫动脉化疗栓塞联合超声监视下清宫术降低子宫穿孔风险,避免患者切除子宫,保留了生育能力,是治疗CSP安全有效、创伤小、并发症少的方法,具有较高的临床应用价值.     

血管内介入治疗子宫特殊部位妊娠

目的探讨血管内介入治疗在子宫特殊部位异位妊娠治疗中的临床意义。方法对22例子宫特殊部位妊娠患者行双侧子宫动脉灌注氨甲蝶呤加栓塞术治疗,其中宫颈妊娠6例、子宫切口妊娠15例、宫角妊娠1例,分析其临床疗效。结果 20例经子宫动脉栓塞术后血β-HCG水平呈进行性显著下降,2～3周均降至正常。6例因仍有少量阴道出血及妊娠物残留,于术后5～19天行清宫术,无子宫破裂和大出血发生,随访2个月后月经周期均恢复正常。结论血管内介入治疗子宫特殊部位异位妊娠微创、安全有效、并发症少,可保留患者子宫及生育功能。     

子宫动脉栓塞术治疗宫颈妊娠的临床研究

目的探讨子宫动脉灌注化疗加栓塞术在治疗宫颈妊娠中的作用。方法对l5例宫颈妊娠患者行子宫动脉栓塞术,11例使用甲氨蝶呤(MTX),4例使用卡铂。结果14例治疗成功,1例行宫颈切开取胚术,应用卡铂者血β绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)下降迅速,临床恢复较快。结论子宫动脉栓塞术使宫颈妊娠的保守治疗成为可能,卡铂有可能是对宫颈妊娠保守治疗更有效的药物。     

子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的效果

目的分析对剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)患者应用子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗的临床效果。方法对本院收治的21例CSP患者予以双侧子宫动脉选择插管,灌注甲氨蝶呤后应用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞,经造影证实栓塞完全后拔管。术后适时实施宫腔镜妊娠组织清除术。对患者的手术效果进行评价,并观察患者术中出血量、术后住院时间和并发症等指标。在随访期间观察患者血β-HCG转阴时间及月经恢复正常时间。结果 21例患者均一次成功施行子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术。术后3～5 d内顺利完成宫腔镜妊娠组织清除术。术中出血量为(52.50±8.26)mL。无子宫穿孔、大出血等严重并发症出现。住院时间为(9.86±1.24)d。患者出院后均获6个月随访,血β-HCG转阴时间为(40.60±11.52)d。月经恢复正常时间为(43.86±13.60)d。超声复查子宫包块消失,子宫复旧良好,未发生闭经等并发症。结论对CSP患者应用子宫动脉化疗灌注栓塞术联合宫腔镜治疗,疗效确切,微创且安全性高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.