胰岛素抵抗是糖耐量正常人群糖耐量恶化的重要危险因素

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌对糖在耐量正常人群糖耐量恶化的影响。方法 以口服葡萄糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）做人群普查一,确定糖耐量正常者（ＮＧＴ）（空腹血糖（ＦＰＧ）〈５．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ及２小时血糖（ＰＧ２ｈ〈６．７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ＿１２５例,测定血浆胰岛素。６年后随访再以ＯＧＴＴ确定盲人 群糖耐量状态,以稳态模型（Ｈｏｍａ Ｍｏｄｅｌ）公式评估胰岛素抱搞（ＩＲ）、胰岛素分泌功能（ＩＳ）,并分析其对糖     

正常糖耐量人群中血压与胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌关系研究

目的研究血压与胰岛素敏感性和胰岛B细胞功能之间的关系。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法对江苏省内人群进行研究,根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验结果选取18岁以上正常糖耐量人群952例,根据血压不同,分为正常血压组、正常高值组、1级高血压组、2级高血压组、3级高血压组。胰岛素敏感性采用ISIM及1/HOMA-IR评价;胰岛B细胞功能采用HOMA-β、InsAUC30/GluAUC30和InsAUC120/GluAUC120评估。结果同正常血压组相比,正常高值组和1、2、3级高血压组的1/HOMA-IR分别下降11.1%、14.8%、24.1%、33.3%(P<0.001),ISIM分别下降10.3%、15.5%、27.6%、37.1%(P<0.001);InsAUC30/GluAUC30指数分别升高11.1%、41.3%、42.9%、101.2%(P<0.001),InsAUC120/GluAUC120分别升高13.2%、46.5%、54.2%、96.9%(P<0.001);5组间的HOMA-β有上升趋势,但差异无统计学意义。处置指数DI(包括基础时相DI0、早时相DI30、总时相DI120)在5组别间均没有明显变化。结论正常糖耐量人群中,随着血压升高,胰岛素敏感性逐渐下降,出现胰岛素抵抗,胰岛素分泌逐渐上升,尚未出现胰岛分泌功能的缺陷。     

早期胰岛素分泌降低是正常血糖人群糖代谢异常的主要危险因素

目的 评价早期胰岛素分泌降低及胰岛素抵抗在糖代谢异常发病中的作用,探讨正常血糖人群发生糖代谢异常的主要危险因素.方法 对来自78个2型糖尿病家系的成员进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),选择其中年龄在30岁以上的糖耐量正常(NGT)人群[空腹血糖(FPG)<6.1mmol/L,糖负荷后2h血糖(2hPG)<7.8 mmol/L]共118人进行随访,在4-7年后复查OGTT,确定其糖代谢状态,分别以糖负荷30min净增胰岛素与净增葡萄糖的比值(AINS30/APG30)评估早期胰岛素分泌能力,以稳态模型法胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)估测胰岛素抵抗状况,以稳态模型法β细胞功能指数(HOMA-B)估测B细胞功能,分析其对糖代谢状态转归的影响.结果 来自78个2型糖尿病家系的118人NGT人群随访4～7年后,66人仍为NGT,52人出现糖耐量恶化,其中糖尿病11人,糖尿病前期41人.分别以HOMA-IR及AINS30/APG30的中位数为切点将这118人人群分4组,4组中糖代谢异常的发生率分别为23.1%、36.4%、45.5%、73.1%,早期胰岛素分泌降低且胰岛素抵抗较重者糖代谢异常发生率较高(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示基线时早期胰岛素分泌能力与糖耐量恶化的发生呈明显负相关,而年龄、性别、胰岛素抵抗状况、β细胞功能均与糖调节受损的发生无显著相关性.结论 早期胰岛素分泌降低是正常血糖人群发生糖代谢异常的主要危险因素.     

社区老年正常糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能研究

入选老年正常糖耐量(NGT)者2 929名、糖耐量受损(IGT)者448例和2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者1143例.NGT者根据空腹血糖(FBG)四分位数和十分位数分别分为4个亚组和10个亚组.结果显示,中国老年NGT人群随着血糖升高,空腹胰岛素和稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)逐渐升高.以HOMA-IR的75％位点2.15为切割点,≥2.15者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;超重或肥胖、高血压和高甘油三酯组HOMA-IR≥2.15比例明显升高;相反,中国老年NGT人群中随着血糖升高,稳态模型评估的胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)逐渐下降,以HOMA-β 25％位点41.79为切割点,＜41.79者在4个NGT亚组、IGT组、T2DM组中的比例逐渐升高;非肥胖、正常血压和正常甘油三酯血症患者HOMA-β＜41.79的比例明显升高.logistic回归分析显示年龄和处置指数是影响老年2型糖尿病独立的危险因素.     

胰岛素抵抗对糖耐量正常冠心病患者冠脉病变的影响

目的探讨胰岛素抵抗对糖耐量正常冠心病患者冠脉病变的影响。方法以112例冠心病患者为研究对象,采用自我平衡模型分析法(homeostasismodelassessment,HOMA)指数作为评价胰岛素抵抗的指标,将患者分为胰岛素抵抗组和胰岛素敏感组,应用多元逐步回归分析对相关危险因素进行分析。结果两组患者多支冠脉病变的发生率差异有统计学意义,弥漫性病变的发生率差异有极显著性意义,体重指数、收缩压、空腹血浆胰岛素、总胆固醇、甘油三酯与冠脉病变程度正相关,高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇与之呈负相关。结论冠心病合并胰岛素抵抗患者冠脉多支病变、多处病变及弥漫性病变的发生率高,提示胰岛素抵抗及其所造成的肥胖、高血压、脂质代谢紊乱是冠心病的独立危险因素。     

正常糖耐量、糖耐量低减和糖尿病人群中胰岛素抵抗与胰岛素分泌功能研究

流行病学调查表明胰岛素抵抗 (ＩＲ)不仅存在于糖尿病(ＤＭ)患者中 ,在糖耐量低减 (ＩＧＴ)甚至正常糖耐量 (ＮＧＴ)人群中也发现ＩＲ存在。本研究从糖尿病流行病学的角度探讨ＩＲ和胰岛素分泌 (ＩＳ)在ＮＧＴ、ＩＧＴ和ＤＭ 3组人群中的改变。一、对象和方法1.对象 :874例馒头餐后 2ｈ指尖毛细血管血糖超过6 .6 7ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ者行 75ｇ口服葡萄糖耐量 (ＯＧＴＴ)试验 ,并测定空腹胰岛素 (ＦＩＮＳ)和ＯＧＴＴ 2ｈ胰岛素 (ＰＩＮＳ)。根据 1985年ＷＨＯ糖尿病诊断标准 ,将所有受试者分为 3组 :ＮＧＴ 35 1例 ,年龄 (44 .0± 14 .7)岁 ;ＩＧＴ…     

不同糖耐量人群血浆脂肪酸谱与胰岛素抵抗

目的　研究不同糖耐量人群血浆脂肪酸谱与胰岛素抵抗 (IR)之间的关系。方法　将受试者根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果分为正常糖耐量组 (NGT) ,糖耐量受损组 (IGT )及 2型糖尿病组(DM )。采用毛细血管气相色谱法测定血浆脂肪酸谱 ,用胰岛素敏感指数 (IAI)评估IR。结果　DM组及IGT组血浆软脂酸 (C16:0 )、硬脂酸 (C18:0 )、二十二烷酸 (C2 2 :0 )、二十四烷酸 (C2 4:0 )和饱和脂肪酸浓度较NGT组明显升高 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;花生四烯酸 (C2 0 :4)分别从NGT、IGT和DM组依次升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;血浆饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)从NGT、IGT、DM亚组依次升高 (P <0 .0 5～P <0 .0 1) ;NGT组的多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA)与饱和脂肪酸 (SFA)的比率高于IGT组和DM组 (均P <0 .0 5 ) ;血浆C16:0、C2 0 :4、C2 2 :0、SFA与IAI呈负相关 (P均 <0 .0 1)、PUFA/SFA与IAI呈正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　不同糖耐量者血浆脂肪酸谱不同 ,糖耐量减低与 2型糖尿病患者SFA浓度升高 ,PUFA/SFA下降 ,且与胰岛素抵抗密切相关     

T2DM糖耐量正常一级亲属脂代谢紊乱与胰岛素抵抗

检测FDRs61例和健康对照39例的腰围（W）、臀围（H）、腰臀比（WHR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、空腹血糖（FPG）、血脂、空腹胰岛素（FINS）。结果：FDRs组的FINS、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、总胆固醇（TC）、WHR显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。多元逐步回归分析显示TG、WHR、FINS是影响FDRs的重要因素。结论：FDRs情况下,已经存在高胰岛素血症和IR,且IR与升高的FINS、中心性肥胖及TG升高密切相关。     

中国人糖耐量异常与胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌

研究胰岛素抵抗和胰岛分泌缺陷与中国人糖耐量变化的关系。方法对４６６例（正常体重１８９例,超重／肥胖２７７例）正常糖耐量（ＮＧＴ）、糖耐量减退／空腹血糖减损（ＩＧＴ／ＩＦＧ）、２型糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者,用稳态模式评估法评价胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞基础功能（ＨＯＭＡ－βｃｅｌｌ）并用糖负荷３０分钟净增胰鸟争增葡萄糖（△ｉ３０／△Ｇ３０）比值评价早期胰 岛素分泌反应。结果校正年龄,性别、体重指数（ＢＭＩ）、     

Insulin sensitivity and hepatic steatosis in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hepatic steatosis has recently been associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic abnormalities as a possible feature of the metabolic syndrome, but it is still uncertain how hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity are connected. Furthermore, obesity is a well characterized insulin resistant condition that is often associated with hepatic steatosis. The aim of this study was to verify whether hepatic steatosis further worsens insulin sensitivity in obese subjects by comparing the degree of insulin sensitivity in obese subjects with normal glucose tolerance on the basis of the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed 86 obese patients whose alcohol intake was less than 20 g/day and who showed no signs of viral hepatopathy. All of the subjects had normal glucose tolerance as shown by an oral glucose tolerance test. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method and the diagnosis of steatosis was determined by an ultrasound scan of the liver. The subjects were comparable in terms of body mass index (BMI), lipid profile and serum uric acid levels; those with hepatic steatosis were slightly older and tended to have higher systolic blood pressure and fasting glycemia levels. The HOMA values were significantly higher in the group with hepatic steatosis (4.48 +/- 2.22 vs 3.11 +/- 1.47, p=0.002). There was no linear correlation between HOMA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, but a close linear correlation between HOMA and BMI (r=0.40; p<0.001). The effect of hepatic steatosis on HOMA remained significant after adjusting for age and gender (covariance analysis, p=0.006). When BMI was added to the covariance analysis, hepatic steatosis retained its statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that hepatic steatosis can increase insulin resistance independently of obesity.     

正常糖耐量者口服葡萄糖-胰岛素释放试验的胰岛素分泌曲线特点的研究

目的研究口服葡萄糖一胰岛素释放试验（OGIRT）的胰岛素（Ins）分泌曲线特点,初步探讨适用于I临床评价个体胰岛素敏感性和8细胞分泌功能的方法。方法对12例正常糖耐量者行OGIRT和静脉糖耐量试验（IVGTT）,观察OGIRT、IVGTT血浆Ins分泌峰值时间分布频数,分析胰岛素敏感性和B细胞功能各指标相关指数。结果OGIRT血浆Ins分泌高峰出现于35-45min,无明显第二分泌峰。经多因素线性回归分析表明20、30、35minIns增值与葡萄糖增值的比值（ΔI20／ΔG20、ΔI30／ΔG30、ΔI35／ΔG35）与第一相（1PH）胰岛素分泌、葡萄糖及胰岛素曲线下面积比值（SGI）、胰岛素作用指数（IAI）、HOMA—IR、胰岛素分泌指数均不相关（P〉0．05）,ΔI40／ΔG40与SGI、IAI、HOMA-IR显著相关（P均〈0．01）。结论OGIRT可能不能反映1PH;OGIRTΔI40／ΔG40比I20／ΔG20、△I30／ΔG30能更好地评估β细胞功能。     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验仅1小时高血糖人群的β细胞功能

目的 研究OGTT 1h高血糖人群的β细胞功能. 方法 将1177例受试者分为正常糖耐量(NGT)、糖调节受损(IGR)和糖尿病(DM)三组.前两组再依据OGTT 1hPG水平分为NGTN、NGT1H和IGRN、IGR1H四个亚组.将IGR组再分为空腹血糖受损(IFG)组和糖耐量受损(IGT)组以及IFG+IGT组.HOMA-IR评估胰岛素敏感性,HOMA-β、△I_(30)/△G_(30)(IGI)、葡萄糖OGTT曲线下面积(AUCg)评估胰岛β细胞分泌功能. 结果 (1)NGTN和IGRN组分别比NGT1H和IGR1H组的IGI高(P<0.05);HOMA-IR、AUCg在两亚组间均无统计学差异.(2)NGT1H组比IFG组和IGT组具有较高的AUCg,其HOMA-β比IFG组高,三组间HOMA-IR和IGI差异无统计学意义. 结论 NGT1H人群已存在胰岛β细胞功能异常,可能为胰岛素分泌缺陷尤其是早期相分泌受损所致.     

Predictors of deterioration of glucose tolerance and effects of lifestyle intervention aimed at reducing visceral fat in normal glucose tolerance subjects with abdominal obesity

Aims/Introduction: The aim of the present study was to determine the predictors of deterioration of glucose tolerance in individuals with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and abdominal obesity, and whether a lifestyle intervention to reduce visceral fat is effective in these individuals. Materials and Methods: The study subjects were 251 individuals who had abdominal obesity with certain risk factors (hypertension, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), elevated hemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c), dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia) and underwent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 2004 and 2005. Results: Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, we found that PG at 0 min, 60 min, and area under the curve (AUC) of glucose from 0 to 120 min (AUC [glucose_0–120]) in OGTT were significant predictors of deterioration of glucose tolerance, with optimal cut‐off values of 95 mg/dL, 158 mg/dL and 271 mg h/dL, respectively. Although the rate of deterioration of glucose tolerance didn’t decrease with reductions in visceral fat area (VFA) over the 1‐year period in subjects with NGT, the rate tended to decrease with reductions in VFA in high‐risk NGT subjects (PG at 0 min > 95 or at 60 min > 158, or AUC [glucose_0–120] > 271). Conclusions: These results suggest that reduction of visceral fat over 1 year might not be beneficial in all subjects with NGT, but is beneficial in high‐risk NGT. We propose that individuals with values of the aforementioned predictors higher than the cut‐off levels, even those with NGT, should receive a lifestyle intervention program aimed at reducing visceral fat to prevent deterioration of glucose tolerance. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00080.x, 2011)     

Insulin resistance is the main determinant of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with liver cirrhosis

To clarify the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with cirrhosis, several factors possibly affecting carbohydrate metabolism were studied in 12 cirrhotic patients with different blood glucose responses to an oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose levels, 120 min after the load, were inversely and significantly related to insulin sensitivity, measured by means of the euglycemic glucose clamp technique (r=–0.746). Basal and glucose-induced insulin secretion (insulin and C-peptide levels) only slightly correlated with glucose tolerance, which was not related to functional liver cell mass (galactose elimination), portal-systemic shunting (degree of varices at endoscopy), or maximal glucose-independent insulin secretion (peak C-peptide levels after a glucagon test). Multiple regression analysis identified insulin sensitivity and liver cell mass as the independent variables able to explain most of the variance of 120-min blood glucose (about 84%), and both of them contributed considerably to the regression. While reduced insulin sensitivity is probably the main cause of impaired glucose tolerance, the reduced hepatocellular mass only appears to modulate the degree, and therefore the clinical relevance, of this defect.Supported by a Grant from Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, Rome, 1983.This work was presented at the III Italian Week on Digestive Diseases (SIMAD III), Bari, Italy, June 27–July 1, 1983 and published in abstract form (Ital J Gastroenterol 16:143, 1984).     

Increased insulinogenic index is an independent determinant of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in patients with normal glucose tolerance

Background

Although insulin resistance is involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, role of abnormalities in early phase of insulin secretion has not been examined.

Aims

We examined which anthropometric and metabolic parameters, including insulinogenic index during oral glucose tolerant test, were independently associated with the disease activity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Methods

A total of 114 consecutive biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients without type 2 diabetes were enrolled.

Results

Age, aspartate aminotransferase, free fatty acid, ferritin type IV collagen, hyaluronic acid, procollagen N-terminal peptide, fasting plasma glucose and 2-h insulin after glucose loading were significantly higher in patients with impaired glucose tolerance than those with normal glucose tolerance. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that glycated haemoglobin, decreased density ratio of liver to spleen in computed tomography and increased insulinogenic index were independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in normal glucose tolerance patients, whereas aspartate aminotransferase and 2-h insulin in impaired glucose tolerance subjects. However, there were no significant independent correlations between insulinogenic index and steatosis grade/fibrosis stage in normal glucose tolerance patients.

Conclusion

The present study suggests that increased early phase of insulin secretion may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in patients with normal glucose tolerance.     

Glycated haemoglobin and cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese subjects with normal glucose tolerance

Increased plasma glucose concentration is a predictive factor for mortality in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Although glycated haemoglobin (HbA_1c) is a useful index of mean blood glucose concentrations over the preceding 1 to 3 months, there are few data regarding its relationship to cardiovascular risk. We have examined the relationship between HbA_1c and cardiovascular risk factors in 1280 subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Based on HbA_1c tertiles (tertile 1: n = 427, 262 men and 165 women, HbA_1c level: 2.9–4.7 % in men and 3.2–4.2 % in women; tertile 2: n = 426, 261 men and 165 women, HbA_1c level: 4.7–5.1 % in men and 4.2–4.6 % in women; tertile 3: n = 427, 262 men and 165 women, HbA_1c level: 5.1–6.7 % in men and 4.6–6.9 % in women), increasing HbA_1c was associated with increasing age, blood pressure, waist–hip ratio, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, 2-h insulin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipo- protein B and urate concentrations. When age and sex were included as covariates, increasing HbA_1c remained associated with increasing fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, 2-h insulin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. These findings emphasize the importance of hyperglycaemia, as reflected by HbA_1c, as a continuum in the evaluation of cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, these findings support the hypothesis that cardiovascular disease risk commences with rising glucose concentrations before ‘conventionally-defined’ glucose intolerance occurs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原发性醛固酮增多症的胰岛素抵抗及葡萄糖代谢异常

目的探讨原发性醛固酮增多症与胰岛素抵抗、葡萄糖代谢异常之间的关系。方法选择北京协和医院2003年9月至2005年12月期间诊治的103例肾上腺皮质腺瘤(APA)患者,75例特发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)患者及56例代谢综合征(MS)患者为研究对象。所有受试对象均行3h口服葡萄糖耐量试验,以稳态模型(HOMA model)公式计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果MS患者的胰岛素曲线下面积[INS_(AUS) 270.8(192.7,370.4)mU·L~(-1)·h~(-1)]、HOMA-IR[3.2(2.4,4.7)]及胰岛素抵抗所占百分率(64.3%)均高于APA患者[113.2(81.5,193.6)mU·L~(-1)·h~(-1)、1.4(1.0,2.2)、16.5%]和IHA[186.9 (116.6,243.3)mU·L~(-1)·h~(-1)、2.0(1.4,3.1)、32.0%]患者(均P＜0.01)；IHA患者的INS_(AUC)、HOMA-IR及胰岛素抵抗所占百分率均高于APA患者(P＜0.05或P＜0.01)。APA、IHA患者发生糖调节受损(41.7%和34.7%),糖尿病(15.5%和16.0%)的比例与MS(41.1%和26.8%)患者间差异无统计学意义。结论原发性醛固酮增多症患者存在胰岛素抵抗,其中IHA患者的胰岛素抵抗程度更高。