小肠腔内超声在小肠疾病诊断中的初步应用研究

目的 研究小肠腔内超声(ISIU)对小肠正常组织的影像学表现及对小肠病变的诊断价值.方法 对2011年12月至2012年12月经胶囊内镜、胃镜、结肠镜及双气囊小肠镜检查中筛选出的50例患者,行小肠腔内超声检查,观察其正常组织结构及病变小肠的超声内镜学表现.发现小肠病变者加行经腹超声(US)及螺旋CT(SCT)检查,研究ISIU对小肠正常组织及部分病变的临床诊断价值.结果 50例入选患者中,完成ISIU检查共47例,其中发现小肠病变10例.所发现病变中,ISIU诊断出全部病例,US、SCT分别诊断出1例和3例.经ISIU观察正常小肠肠壁图像可分6层,但空肠与回肠在ISIU下表现不完全相同,各有其特点.结论 ISIU可提供高分辨率的正常小肠壁结构的各层次图像,并可对病变的来源及内部回声进行清晰的观察,从而有助于提高小肠疾病的诊断率.     

双气囊内镜对小肠狭窄性疾病诊断和治疗选择的价值

目的 探讨双气囊内镜(DBE)对小肠狭窄性病变尤其是肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法选择的价值.方法 2003年6月至2006年7月在广州南方医院对208例可疑小肠疾病患者行DBE检查,发现病变进行活检、标记,并与部分手术结果对照.结果 208例可疑小肠疾病患者中DBE检查发现小肠狭窄39例,检出率18.8%.DBE诊断小肠肿瘤14例,多发性溃疡(含克罗恩病)18例,回肠憩室5例,炎性狭窄或外压2例,其中手术治疗19例,证实18例.39例患者临床表现主要以单纯或合并不全性肠梗阻、黑便为主,其中无肠梗阻表现的占59.0%(23/39).结论 DBE对小肠狭窄尤其是肿瘤性小肠狭窄有较高的检出率和诊断率;对于治疗方式选择,小肠肿瘤性狭窄需选择剖腹手术,在缺乏相应的DBE治疗器械的情况下,良性肿瘤或良性病变可选择腹腔镜手术.     

双气囊内镜检查对小肠溃疡病变的诊断研究

目的 研究双气囊内镜(DBE)检查对小肠溃疡病变的诊断价值.方法 统计2003年9月到2007年12月广州南方医院DBE检查发现的小肠单纯溃疡而内镜活检显示为"小肠溃疡"或"慢性炎症"者的资料.结果 符合以上条件者62例,其中男48例,女14例,年龄10～71岁,平均43.9岁.临床主诉为消化道出血38例(61.3%)、腹痛16例(25.8%)、腹胀5例(8.1%)、消瘦2例(3.2%)、腹泻1例(1.6%).DBE诊断为克罗恩病53例(85.5%)、药物性溃疡4例(6.5%)、慢性非特异性炎症2例(3.2%)、淋巴瘤2例(3.2%)、结核1例(1.6%).62例内镜活检常规病理全部为"慢性炎症".其中32例行手术治疗(51.6%),在DBE诊断为克罗恩病的30例中,手术后诊断为克罗恩病22例(3例合并癌变)、淋巴瘤4例、白塞病3例、小肠结核1例,DBE确诊率73.3%;DBE诊断的1例小肠结核和1例淋巴瘤,手术后诊断均为克罗恩病.62例小肠溃疡病变DBE总的确诊率为68.8%(22/32),误诊率达31.2%(10/32).结论 对小肠溃疡病变的定性诊断,DBE结合常规活检也不是特异的,常规病理结合免疫组化技术有可能提高诊断的准确率,当内科治疗效果不好时,适时外科手术对其诊断和治疗都是有益的.     

双气囊内镜检查对小肠疾病的诊断价值

目的探讨小肠溃疡性病变的临床、内镜、病理等特点。方法临床怀疑小肠疾病者155例。按术者操作内镜并送镜,助手辅助进外套管的方法。结果155例患者中,125例发现病变,阳性率80．6％。检出的主要疾病为小肠溃疡（含克罗恩病）、慢性炎症、美克尔憩室、间质瘤、血管畸形、小肠癌等。其中92例怀疑小肠出血者,检查阳性84例（91．3％）;39例腹痛患者中,阳性24例（61．5％）;腹泻、腹胀、消瘦23例,阳性16例（69．6％）。病变位于胃及十二指肠9例,小肠病变115例,大肠病变1例,全消化道未发现病变30例。在155例接受双气囊内镜（DBE）检查的患者中,检出小肠溃疡性病变43例;病灶数为单个12例,多个（2个及以上）31例;病变位于空肠的18例,回肠20例,空肠和回肠都有病变的5例。DBE结合组织学检查对美克尔憩室、间质瘤、癌、血管病变、肠黏连的诊断与手术后诊断是完全相符的;而对溃疡性病变（主要是克罗恩病）的诊断与手术后诊断却相差较大,符合率57．1％（4／7）。发生小肠穿孔和急性肠梗阻并发症各1例。结论DBE目前是诊断小肠疾病安全、有效的方法,特别在发现病变方面,但对溃疡性病变的定性即使结合活检也未必是特异的,及时行外科处理对某些溃疡性病变的诊断和治疗都是有益的。     

成人小肠重复畸形11例临床分析

目的：分析成人小肠重复畸形患者的临床特点,探讨双气囊小肠镜（DBE）对成人小肠重复畸形的诊断价值。方法对我院2011年6月～2014年6月 DBE 检查疑诊为小肠重复畸形并经手术及病理检查证实的11例患者的临床资料进行分析。结果行 DBE 检查疑诊为小肠重复畸形并经手术治疗的患者16例,其中11例诊断为成人小肠重复畸形,均为男性,年龄19～48岁,平均年龄30．5岁,均表现为消化道出血,DBE 表现病变部位均为双腔样结构,大多位于回肠（10／11）,DBE 对小肠重复畸形的诊断准确率为68．8％（11／16）,畸形部位诊断准确率为100％（11／11）。11例患者均行畸形肠管切除术。随访3个月～3年,11例患者均恢复良好。结论DBE 检查对成人小肠重复畸形的发现有临床意义,手术切除畸形肠管预后良好。     

系统碘水造影在小肠疾病诊断与治疗中的价值

目的研究系统碘水造影在小肠疾病诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2012年3月武汉大学人民医院行系统碘水造影检查的98例疑患小肠疾病患者的临床资料,其中52例为慢性腹痛,21例为反复呕吐,15例为腹痛伴呕吐,5例为慢性腹泻,5例为黑便。患者口服造影剂碘海醇注射液行系统碘水造影,经腹部X线动态观察造影剂在消化道内的充盈和缺损,并与患者DBE检查或手术结果进行对比分析。结果系统碘水造影诊断小肠疾病64例,小肠造影检查未见明显异常34例。其中无内镜检查禁忌证患者34例行DBE检查证实小肠疾病29例,系统碘水造影检查未见小肠疾病而DBE检查发现小肠病变6例;系统碘水造影检出疾病但DBE未发现者7例。无法行DBE检查或DBE检查过程中因肠腔堵塞无法进镜且无手术禁忌证患者行剖腹探查术者17例,系统碘水造影检查与剖腹探查术对小肠疾病检出一致率达100%,多为小肠梗阻及穿孔等急腹症。系统碘水造影检查及DBE检查均未见明显异常者34例。结论系统碘水造影检查对小肠疾病的诊断及治疗方案的选择具有指导意义,对于小肠梗阻患者有较大诊断价值,还能找出内镜遗漏的病变,适用范围更广,可以作为小肠镜检查的有效补充,但其对小肠黏膜较细微的病变显示不足。     

微探头超声对下消化道疾病的诊断价值

目的 探讨微探头超声检查对下消化道疾病的诊断价值。方法 应用微探头超声对115例下消化道病灶进行内镜超声检查（EUS）。结果 结直肠癌81例，EUS下表现为低回声肿块，微探头超声检查对肿瘤侵犯深度诊断总的准确率为82．7％（67／81），肠壁周围淋巴结转移的敏感性55．4％（36／65）和特异性68．8％（11／16）；粘膜下肿瘤15例，除1例平滑肌瘤误诊为平滑肌肉瘤外其余全部得到正确诊断；溃疡性结肠炎10例，克罗恩氏病9例。结论 微探头超声对结直肠癌侵犯深度和粘膜下肿瘤的诊断有很高的准确率，术前微探头超声检查可以为结直肠癌和粘膜下肿瘤选择合适的治疗方案提供指导。     

小肠肠壁增厚的MSCTE征象在不同类型小肠疾病诊断中的价值

目的研究不同类型小肠疾病采用多层螺旋CT小肠造影(MSCTE)表现出的小肠肠壁增厚征象,并对其诊断价值作出分析。方法调取经MSCTE检查后发现小肠肠壁增厚的小肠疾病患者60例为研究对象,所有患者经手术及病理检查证实诊断,由2名经验丰富的放射科医生对60例患者的影像学结果进行阅片,分析增厚肠壁的受累肠段、受累长度、强化方式、对称情况和肠周异常情况。结果恶性肿瘤多表现为不均匀强化和不对称性的局限性肠壁增厚,炎性或感染性疾多表现为均匀强化和对称性的节段性肠壁增厚,克罗恩病则多见于良性病变。增厚肠壁分层状强化在炎性或感染性疾病中较为常见,均匀强化和不均匀强化在肿瘤中较为常见,强化减弱在肠缺血中较为常见,增厚肠壁邻近淋巴结增大在小肠恶性肿瘤、克罗恩病与结核中较为常见,邻近肠系膜血管异常在炎性性或感染性疾病中较为常见。结论不同类型小肠疾病肠壁增厚的受累长度、程度、对称性与否、强化方式情况和肠周异常情况的MSCTE征象不同,可将MSCTE检查作为鉴别克罗恩病、炎性性或感染性疾病、恶性肿瘤诊断的有效方式。     

小肠克罗恩病的CT诊断

目的探讨CT检查对小肠克罗恩病诊断的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2010年12月在我院经手术病理证实的27例小肠克罗恩病患者的CT检查资料。图像分析项目包括小肠本身改变(如受累的部位、数目、肠壁厚度、黏膜强化、肠腔扩张和肠腔狭窄)、肠道周围病理改变(如系膜水肿、淋巴结肿大和积液等)和并发症(如蜂窝组织炎、脓肿和窦道等)等。结果 27例中,肠壁增厚、水肿、分层21例;肠腔狭窄6例;19例见小肠系膜"梳状征";淋巴结肿大7例;腹腔积液4例;小肠外脓肿2例,窦道形成1例。结论小肠克罗恩病的CT表现有一定特征性,CT检查对小肠克罗恩病的诊断具有重要临床应用价值。     

600例小肠溃疡患者的临床特点分析

目的 总结不同类型小肠溃疡的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学及预后特征。方法 纳入中南大学湘雅医院双腔气囊小肠镜(double balloon enteroscopy, DBE)或胶囊内镜(capsule enterscopy, CE)发现小肠溃疡的患者，回顾性分析其临床资料并随访预后。结果 600例小肠溃疡主要以男性的克罗恩病患者多见。临床症状主要表现为腹痛、腹泻、体质量下降。实验室检查可有白细胞升高、贫血和低蛋白血症。影像学检查中，CT主要表现依次是：肠壁节段性不均匀增厚、淋巴结肿大、管腔狭窄或梗阻，其病变检出率为95.6%。DBE下溃疡特点主要表现为多个不规则或纵行溃疡，黏膜有不同程度的充血水肿及狭窄，500例(83.3%)患者的溃疡位于回肠。结肠镜联合CT检出率达97.8%。病理改变主要是慢性炎和炎细胞浸润。103例(17.2%)患者预后不佳，血红蛋白、血沉和C反应蛋白与预后有统计学意义(P<0.5)。结论 小肠溃疡临床表现无特异性。结肠镜联合CT检查对于发现病变有一定意义。大部分患者在对其病因予以相应治疗后预后较好，但对于有贫血、血沉增快、C反应蛋白升高的小肠溃疡患者需要密...     

双气囊内镜在小肠疾病诊断中的应用价值研究

目的评价双气囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值。方法2007年7月至2009年11月,对141例拟诊或需排除小肠疾病的患者在静脉麻醉下进行小肠镜检查,59例单纯经口进镜,46例单纯经肛门进镜,36例经口和肛门两次进镜。结果141例患者中发现小肠疾病105例,检出率为74．5％。其中良恶性肿瘤32例,克罗恩病14例,小肠非特异性炎症17例,小肠息肉15例,小肠憩室16例,小肠血管病变9例,肠结核3例,小肠钩虫病1例。检查过程中有1例并发胰腺炎,余未发生明显并发症。结论双气囊内镜能安全快速地检查全小肠,并能准确地诊断各种小肠疾病。     

Role of endoscopic miniprobe ultrasonography in diagnosis of submucosal tumor of large intestine

AIM: To evaluate the role of miniprobe ultrasonography under colonoscope in the diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the large intestine, and to determine its imaging characteristics. METHODS: Thirty-five patients with submucosal tumors of the large intestine underwent miniprobe ultrasonography under colonoscope. The diagnostic results of miniprobe ultrasonography were compared with pathological findings of specimens by biopsy and surgical resection. RESULTS: Lipomas were visualized as hyperechoic homogeneous masses located in the submucosa with a distinct border. Leiomyomas were visualized as hypoechoic homogeneous mass originated from the muscularis propria. Leiomyosarcomas were shown with inhomogeneous echo and irregular border. Carcinoids were presented as submucosal hypoechoic masses with homogenous echo and distinct border. Lymphangiomas were shown as submocosal hypoechoic masses with cystic septal structures. Malignant lymphomas displayed as hypoechoic masses from mucosa to muscularis propria, while pneumatosis cystoids intestinalis originated from submucosa with a special sonic shadow. One large leiomyoma was misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic miniprobe ultrasonography can provide precise information about the size, layer of origin, border of submucosal tumor of the large intestine and has a high accuracy in the diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the large intestine. Pre-operative miniprobe ultrasonography under colonoscope may play an important role in the choice of therapy for submucosal tumor of the large intestine.     

Double-balloon endoscopy-diagnosed multiple small intestinal ulcers in a Churg-Strauss syndrome patient

Churg-Strauss syndrome(CSS) is a systemic vascular disorder characterized by severe bronchial asthma hypereosinophilia,and allergic rhinitis.Small intestina ulcers associated with CSS are a relatively rare manifestation that causes gastrointestinal bleeding.Multiple deep ulcers with an irregular shape are characteristic of small intestinal involvement of CSS.Video-capsuleendoscopy(VCE),double-balloon endoscopy(DBE) and Spirus assisted enteroscopy have been developed recently and enabled observation of the small intestine In this case report,we have described a patient with CSS who had multiple deep ulcers in the jejunum detected by oral DBE.Since severe gastrointestinal(GI) involvement has been identified as an independent factor associated with poor outcome,the careful investigation of GI tract must be needed for CSS patients with GI symptoms.We describe the usefulness of DBE for diagnosis of small intestinal ulcers in patient with CSS.     

富士能智能染色内镜在大肠扁平病变诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨富士能智能染色内镜（FICE）技术在大肠扁平病变诊断及指导治疗中的临床价值。方法应用富士能智能染色内镜技术对72例患者的87个大肠扁平病变观察,其中侧向发育型肿瘤（LST）12个,按工藤分型进行腺管开口诊断,并行病理活检,部分病例行全瘤切除送检或外科手术治疗,将FICE内镜诊断结果与病理学诊断结果相比较。结果 FICE内镜技术诊断非肿瘤性病变及肿瘤性病变的病理符合率分别为88.24%、97.22%,总病理符合率为91.95%,12个LST腺管开口Ⅱ型1例,ⅢL型4例,Ⅳ型5例,ⅤA型2例,病理结果均为腺瘤,并伴有不同程度的非典型增生。结论通过FICE放大内镜对大肠扁平病变腺管开口的形态观察可以大致预测病理组织学诊断及病变的浸润深度,指导正确的治疗方法。     

双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜诊断小肠出血的临床评价

目的评价双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血的临床诊断价值。方法比较双气囊内镜、胶囊内镜及全消化道造影对小肠出血病灶的总体检出率;通过自身对照,比较双气囊内镜和胶囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率;分析胶囊内镜对1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率的影响。结果105例小肠出血患者中,双气囊内镜检出克罗恩病24例,腺癌15例,慢性非特异性炎症12例,不明原因小肠溃疡10例,小肠间质肿瘤8例,小肠息肉8例,小肠血管畸形出血6例,钩虫病5例,麦克尔憩室及多发憩室5例,小肠淋巴瘤3例,无明显异常9例,阳性率91．4％（96／105）。其中40例进行胶囊内镜检查,病变检出率75．0％（30／40）;75例患者全消化道造影检查,病变检出率33．3％（25／75）。根据胶囊内镜结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率90．0％（36／40）,而根据临床特征及消化道造影结果1次双气囊内镜检查明确诊断率69．2％（45／65）。结论小肠疾病的主要病因是小肠良性溃疡（包括克罗恩病）、肿瘤、慢性炎症,其次是息肉、血管畸形、寄生虫感染、麦克尔憩室及淋巴瘤等。双气囊内镜对小肠出血诊断率高于胶囊内镜,胶囊内镜能提高1次双气囊内镜明确诊断率。     

Duodenal subepithelial hyperechoic lesions of the third layer: Not always a lipoma

Endoscopic ultrasonography is the most accurate procedure for the evaluation of subepithelial lesions. The finding of a homogeneous, hyperechoic, well-delimited lesion, originating from the third layer of the gastrointestinal tract (submucosa) suggests a benign tumor, generally lipoma. As other differential diagnoses have not been reported, echoendoscopists might not pursue a definitive pathological diagnosis or follow-up the patient. This case series aims to broaden the spectrum of differential diagnosis for duodenal hyperechoic third layer subepithelial lesions by providing four different and relevant pathologies with this echoendoscopic pattern.     

双气囊电子小肠镜在小肠疾病诊断中的应用价值

目的:探讨和评价双气囊电子小肠镜(DBE)对小肠疾病的诊断价值、安全性及适应症.方法:对怀疑或证实有小肠疾病的183例患者在异丙酚麻醉/镇静状态下进行210例次(经口检查61例,经肛门检查95例,双侧对接检查27例)DBE检查.结果:检查成功率为99.5%(209/210),平均检查时间75(30-180)min.小肠病变阳性检出率为71.0%(130/183),检出的主要病变有:小肠炎症性改变(n=43)、小肠Crohn病(n=19)、小肠血管发育不良(n=17)、小肠息肉(n=14)、小肠肿瘤(n=14,恶性10例,良性4例)、Peutz-Jeghers综合征(n=8)、小肠憩室及小肠寄生虫病各4例,其他少见小肠疾病7例.仅少数患者检查结束后有轻微咽部或肛门部疼痛不适和腹胀.结论:DBE能够对整个小肠进行直视检查,检查成功率高,安全可靠,对小肠疾病检出率高,可作为小肠疾病诊断的首选方法.     

Assessment of usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography in determination of depth of tracheobronchial tumor invasion.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We assessed the usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography in the determination of the depth of tumor invasion of the tracheobronchial wall. METHODS: We performed a needle-puncture experiment on normal tissue of 45 specimens to determine the laminar structure of the tracheobronchial wall. In addition, we compared the ultrasonographic determinations of tumor invasion from 24 lung cancer cases with the histopathologic findings. RESULTS: The cartilaginous portions of the extrapulmonary bronchi and the intrapulmonary bronchi exhibited a five-layer structure. Starting on the luminal side, the first layer (hyperechoic) was a marginal echo, the second layer (hypoechoic) was the submucosal tissue, the third layer (hyperechoic) was the marginal echo on the inner side of the bronchial cartilage, the fourth layer (hypoechoic) was bronchial cartilage, and the fifth layer (hyperechoic) was the marginal echo on the outer side of the cartilage. In the membranous portions, the first layer (hyperechoic) was a marginal echo, the second layer (hypoechoic) was smooth muscle, and the third layer (hyperechoic) corresponded to the adventitia. Comparisons between the ultrasonograms and the histopathologic findings in 24 lung cancer cases revealed that depth diagnosis was the same in 23 lesions (95.8%) and was different in 1 lesion (4.2%). In the single case in which the findings were different, lymphocytic infiltration that protruded between the cartilage rings was mistakenly interpreted as tumor infiltration. CONCLUSIONS: This method allows visualization of the laminar structure of the tracheobronchial wall, which is impossible with other diagnostic imaging methods.     

Different roles of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy in obscure small intestinal diseases

AIM: To compare the roles of capsule endoscopy(CE)and double-balloon enteroscopy(DBE) in the diagnosis of obscure small bowel diseases.METHODS: From June 2009 to December 2014, 88 patients were included in this study; the patients had undergone gastroscopy, colonoscopy, radiological small intestinal barium meal, abdominal computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan and mesenteric angiography, but their diagnoses were still unclear. The patients with gastrointestinal obstructions,fistulas, strictures, or cardiac pacemakers, as well as pregnant women, and individuals who could not accept the capsule-retention or capsule-removal surgery were excluded. Patients with heart, lung and other vital organ failure diseases were also excluded. Everyone involved in this study had undergone CE and DBE. The results were divided into:(1) the definite diagnosis(the diagnosis was confirmed at least by one of the biopsy,surgery, pathology or the drug treatment effects with follow-up for at least 3 mo);(2) the possible diagnosis(a possible diagnosis was suggested by CE or DBE,but not confirmed by the biopsy, surgery or follow-up drug treatment effects); and(3) the unclear diagnosis(no exact causes were provided by CE and DBE for the disease). The detection rate and the diagnostic yield of the two methods were compared. The differencein the etiologies between CE and DBE was estimated,and the different possible etiologies caused by the age groups were also investigated.RESULTS: CE exhibited a better trend than DBE for diagnosing scattered small ulcers(P = 0.242, Fisher's test), and small vascular malformations(χ 2 = 1.810,P = 0.179, Pearson χ 2 test), but with no significant differences, possible due to few cases. However,DBE was better than CE for larger tumors(P =0.018, Fisher's test) and for diverticular lesions with bleeding ulcers(P = 0.005, Fisher's test). All three hemangioma cases diagnosed by DBE in this study(including sponge hemangioma, venous hemangioma,and hemangioma with hamartoma lesions) were all confirmed by biopsy. Two parasite cases were found by CE, but were negative by DBE. This study revealed no obvious differences in the detection rates(DR) of CE(60.0%, 53/88) and DBE(59.1%, 52/88). However,the etiological diagnostic yield(DY) difference was apparent. The CE diagnostic yield was 42.0%(37/88),and the DBE diagnostic yield was 51.1%(45/88).Furthermore, there were differences among the age groups(χ 2 = 22.146, P = 0.008, Kruskal Wallis Test). Small intestinal cancer(5/6 cases), vascular malformations(22/29 cases), and active bleeding(3/4cases) appeared more commonly in the patients over50 years old, but diverticula with bleeding ulcers were usually found in the 15-25-year group(4/7cases). The over-25-year group accounted for the stromal tumors(10/12 cases).CONCLUSION: CE and DBE each have their own advantages and disadvantages. The appropriate choice depends on the patient's age, tolerance, and clinical manifestations. Sometimes CE followed by DBE is necessary.     

Localized wall thickening of the gallbladder mimicking a neoplasm

Clinical diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis is made based on diffuse hyperechoic thickening of the gallbladder wall as shown by ultrasonographic examination. We herein report three cases of chronic cholecystitis showing localized hypoechoic thickening of the gallbladder wall that mimicked gallbladder cancer by ultrasonography. Histologically, hypertrophy of the muscularis propria was a common characteristic finding in these three patients. A smooth surface of the inner hypoechoic layer of the thickened wall was considered to be a reliable finding in the differential diagnosis between this type of chronic cholecystitis and gallbladder cancer.