顽固性感染性休克相关心功能不全患者的血流动力学研究

目的 分析顽固性感染性休克相关心功能不全患者的血流动力学.方法 北京协和医院加强医疗科收治的70例顽固性感染性休克患者在放置肺动脉导管(PAC)之前均放置了中心静脉导管并进行了复苏治疗,放置PAC后进行血流动力学最佳化治疗,记录放置肺动脉导管即刻的心率、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺动脉压(PAP)、肺动脉阻塞压(PAOP)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、体循环阻力指数(SVRI)、肺循环阻力指数(PVRI)、混合静脉血氧饱和度(S-vO2)、氧输送(DO2I)、氧消耗(VO2I)、氧摄取率(O2ext)、APACHEII评分、动脉血乳酸水平和24h乳酸清除率以及诊断后第28天生存状况.结果 (I)70例顽固性感染性休克患者中,26例(37.1%)患者出现了心功能不全,44例患者未出现心功能不全;出现心功能不全者年龄大于未出现心功能不全者(P=0.038),CVP、PAOP、PAP、SVRI、PVRI、O2ext明显高于未出现心功能不全者,CO、CI、DO:I、S-v O2明显低于未出现心功能不全者,差异有统计学意义.(2)70例顽固性感染性休克患者28 d死亡42例(28 d病死率为60%),存活28例(40%);其中未出现心功能不全者中死亡25例(56.8%),出现心功能不全者中死亡17例(65.4%).(3)未出现心功能不全者中,死亡者动脉血乳酸水平、APACHEII评分、心率高于存活者,24 h乳酸清除率低于存活者(P<0.05).(4)在出现心功能不全者中,死亡者APACHEn评分高于存活者(P<0.01),24 h乳酸清除率、VO:I低于存活者(P<0.05).(5)相关分析:S-v O2与CI呈正相关(r=0.680,P=0.000),CI与D02I呈正相关(r=0.859,P=0.000).结论 (1)顽固性感染性休克合并心功能不全可能是导致患者病死率高的主要因素;(2)顽固性感染性休克合并心功能不全者若CVP或PAOP偏高而S-v O2偏低,结合APACHE II评分高或年龄偏大提示心功能不全,同时,CI下降可能是导致氧输送下降的主要原因;(3)在顽固性感染性休克合并心功能不全患者中,初始动脉血乳酸水平高而24 h乳酸清除率低提示预后差.     

右心室流出道起搏与右心室心尖部起搏的血流动力学对比

目的比较右心室流出道与右心室心尖部起搏的血流动力学效果,并评价螺旋电极右心室流出道起搏的可行性。方法52例拟用螺旋电极进行人工心脏起搏的患者,先后将电极分别放在右心室心尖部和右心室流出道起搏,同时用温度稀释法及右心导管术测血流动力学指标:并测定患者不同部位的起搏参数和心电参数。结果右心室流出道起搏血流动力学指标改善优于右心室心尖部起搏,右心室流出道起搏时,心排血量、心脏指数、肱动脉收缩压、平均肺动脉压和肺毛细血管楔压分别为(7.0±1.4)L/min,(4.1±0.8)L·min-1·m-2,(130±21)mmHg,(14±3)mmHg,(8±3)mmHg;而在右心室心尖部起搏时分别为(6.2±1.2)L/min,(3.6±0.6)L·min-1·m-2,(124±22)mmHg,(16.7±3.6)mmHg,(11±4)mmHg。肱动脉舒张压则没有明显差异。两者刺激阈值、感知阈值、阻抗等起搏参数均无显著差别。结论右心室流出道起搏与传统的右心室心尖部起搏相比,可显著改善血流动力学;螺旋电极在右心室流出道的起搏参数满意。     

马来酸桂哌齐特对急性心肌梗死伴充血性心力衰竭患者的血流动力学效应

目的测定马来酸桂哌齐特对急性心肌梗死(AMI)并充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患者的血流动力学效应。方法将45例AMI并CHF患者分为治疗组25例,对照组20例。用SwanGanz导管测其血流动力学,治疗组分别测定应用马来酸桂哌齐特前后的血流动力学变化。结果治疗组用药前后患者的平均肺动脉压(MPAP)[(4.81±1.89)∶(3.62±1.45)kPa,P<0.05],心排血量(CO)[(3.12±0.77)∶(3.75±1.1)L/min,P<0.05],肺毛细血管压力(PCWP)[(3.45±1.17)∶(3.01±1.12)kPa,P<0.05)及心脏指数(CI)[(2.17±0.62)∶(2.48±0.55),P<0.05]均有改善;与对照组比较,用药后患者的MPAP[(3.62±1.45)∶(4.77±1.56)kPa,P<0.05]、CO[(3.75±1.1)∶(3.24±0.97)L/min,P<0.05]、PCWP[(3.01±1.12)∶(3.40±1.21)kPa,P<0.05]及CI[(2.48±0.55)∶(2.23±0.74),P<0.05]亦有明显好转。结论马来酸桂哌齐特对AMI并CHF患者的血流动力学有改善作用。     

吸入伊洛前列素对不同类型肺动脉高压患者氧动力学的影响

目的 分析雾化吸入伊洛前列素对动脉型肺动脉高压(PAH)及慢性血栓栓寒性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者的氧动力学的急性影响.方法 顺序收集北京朝阳医院2006年6月至2009年1月连续收治的明确诊断为PAH的患者22例及CTEPH患者24例,均行右心导管检查,监测基线状态及吸人伊洛前列素20μg后的即刻血流动力学特征,同步抽取肺动脉及股动脉血行血气分析,计算氧动力学参数.结果 基线状态PAH及CTEPH患者的PaO2分别为(63±10)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)及(59 ±10)mm Hg,氧输送指数(DO2I)分别为(458±136)ml·min-1·m-2及(386 ±92)ml·min-1·m-2,氧消耗指数分别为(135±53)ml·min-1·m-2及(131±43)ml·min-1·m-2.吸入伊洛前列素后即刻,2组患者肺内分流率均显著升高(均P<0.01),P4O2显著升高(均P<0.01);动脉血氧含量均显著降低(均P<0.05);混合静脉血氧合指标及氧摄取率无明显变化;DO2I无明显增加,氧消耗指数出现不同程度降低;2组患者各项氧动力学参数变化幅度无差异.基线状态CTEPH患者混合静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)、静脉血氧含量(CvO2)及DO2I均显著低于PAH患者(均P<0.05).吸药后,CTEPH患者PaO2、SvO2及CvO2均显著低于PAH患者(均P<0.05).结论 PAH及CTEPH患者存在低氧血症及氧动力学异常;雾化吸入伊洛前列素后患者肺内分流增加,氧动力学状态无改善.CTEPH患者的氧动力学状态较PAH患者更差,应用伊洛前列素时需加强氧合功能监测,必要时给予氧疗支持.     

DDD起搏器选择心室起搏部位对血流动力学的影响

目的比较右室间隔部(RVS)和右室心尖部(RVA)起搏对血流动力学的影响。方法42例置入DDD起搏器的患者,分为RVS组和RVA组;比较2组术前和术后3个月随访的左室射血分数(LVEF)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量(SV)、左室最大压力上升速率(dp/dtmax)、左室最大压力下降速率(-dp/dtmax)、二尖瓣血流E峰和A峰最大充盈速度比值(E/A)、等容舒张时间(IVRT)差异。结果与术前相比,RVA组3个月随访的LVEF、CI、SV、dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax、E/A、IVRT均显著降低(0.51±0.04vs0.54±0.03;2.33±0.09L/min.m-2vs2.68±0.11L/min.m-2;71.11±14.2mlvs80.17±16.12ml;1614±133mmHg/svs1702±155mmHg/s;2230±234mm-Hg/svs2404±242mmHg/s;1.38±0.47vs1.86±0.28;73.2±3.86msvs77.6±4.15ms,均P<0.05),RVS组无明显变化。3个月随访RVS组LVEF、CISV、SV、dp/dtmax均显著高于RVA组(P<0.05)。结论RVS起搏对血流动力学无不良影响。     

无创正压机械通气对急性左心衰老年患者NT-proBNP与白介素6的影响

目的评价无创正压机械通气(NPPV)在治疗急性左心衰时,对患者N端前体脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)与白介素6(IL-6)的影响。方法采用随机分组的方法,将91例急性左心衰患者分为NPPV组和对照组,分别为45例和46例,观察治疗24 h后血清NT-proBNP、IL-6与血流动力学、氧动力学参数的变化。结果治疗24 h后,NPPV组患者的NT-proBNP、IL-6、中心静脉压(CVP)水平均较治疗前明显降低(均P<0.05),左室射血分数(LVEF)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、氧输送(DO2)及氧耗量(VO2)水平较治疗前明显上升(P<0.05);对照组患者的NT-proBNP、IL-6、CVP水平均较治疗前明显降低(均P<0.01),PaO2、PaCO2和DO2水平较治疗前明显升高(均P<0.01)。两组间比较,NPPV组NT-proBNP、IL-6、CVP、PaO2、PaCO2、DO2及VO2改善幅度均明显大于对照组(P<0.05)。结论适当参数的NPPV治疗,可降低急性左心衰患者NT-proBNP及IL-6水平,改善血流动力学及氧动力学。     

FloTrac/Vigileo系统用于冠状动脉搭桥术中血流动力学监测

目的:观察FloTrac/Vigileo系统在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)血流动力学监测中应用的可行性,分析其与肺动脉导管(PAC)心排量监测(CCO)结果的相关性。方法:随机选择50例择期OPCABG的患者,所有患者同时应用连续心排出量(APCO)和CCO进行心排量(CO)监测,分别在切皮前、吻合左冠状动前降支、吻合回旋支、吻合后降支、关胸后5个时间点,测定2种方法监测的CO、心排指数(CI)及其他血流动力学参数。结果:术中在固定器放置、改变心脏位置、血管活性药物及使用正性肌力药情况下,APCO监测结果均有所改变,变化趋势与PAC监测结果一致。2种监测方法在各时间点监测的CO值的相关系数(r)分别为0.70,0.59,0.78,0.74及0.85,各时间点CI差值的偏倚范围分别为:(0.39±0.06)L.min-1.m-2、(0.48±0.12)L.min-1.m-2、(0.26±0.06)L.min-1.m-2、(0.27±0.06)L.min-1.m-2及(0.30±0.05)L.min-1.m-2,提示2种方法监测结果有较好的相关性。2种监测方法所得(SVR)在吻合血管时变化趋势与各自监测所得CO变化趋势相反。结论:APCO用于OP-CABG术中连续CO监测具有可行性,与PAC监测法所得CO结果相关,监测结果体现了较好的即时性和动态性。     

特发性肺动脉高压的临床和血液动力学分析

目的:初步分析特发性肺动脉高压(IPAH)患者的临床特征和血流动力学特点。方法:分析2008年3月至2011年3月,北京世纪坛医院住院的27例IPAH患者的临床资料,所有患者均通过静息状态下超声心动图及右心导管检查确诊,并进行PAH功能分级及6 min步行距离检查。结果:患者首发症状至确诊时间为(34.16±39.85)个月,74%PAH患者确诊时WHO功能分级为III-IV级;男女两性之比1:4,6 min步行距离平均(363.04±101.48)m,肺动脉平均压(64.60±16.28)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa),心脏指数(3.12±1.22)L.min-1.m-2,右心房平均压(10.40±4.78)mmHg,肺血管阻力(18.04±4.65)Wood单位,N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)测定值为(3225.26±728.5)ng/L,超声心动图测得肺动脉收缩压及经右心导管检查测得肺动脉收缩压,分别为(88.00±22.67)mmHg,(94.89±30.24)mmHg,二者相关性(r=0.795,P<0.01)。结论:本组PAH的人口学特点与NIH注册研究接近,大多数患者确诊时已出现功能受损的严重症状,Ⅲ/Ⅳ级患者其血流动力学指标较Ⅰ/Ⅱ级患者明显恶化,建议应用超声心动图检查、心功能分级、6 min步行距离及肺血流动力学参数的变化,来对IPAH进行筛查及病情评估、治疗效果评价及病情恶化的监测,可以做到早期发现、早期干预。     

心力衰竭患者脑利钠肽浓度与血流动力学的关系及临床意义

目的探讨心力衰竭(心衰)患者快速检测脑利钠肽(BNP)水平与血流动力学的相关性及对心衰诊断的临床意义。方法2003年7月至2004年6月住院有气促和呼吸困难患者117例:(1)心原性呼吸困难组75例,其中行血流动力学检查53例,(2)肺原性呼吸困难组42例。均经干式快速免疫荧光法定量分析检测BNP。超声心动图检查左室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)。结果53例心衰患者的肺毛细血管嵌压[PCWP,mmHg(1mmHg=0·133kPa)]、平均肺动脉压(MPAP,mmHg)、右房压(RAP,mmHg)和血浆BNP(ng/L)水平分别是:Ⅱ级心功能(18例)为16.10±3.50、22.50±4·68、3.11±1·90、271.25±159.29,Ⅲ级心功能(20例)为21.50±4.42、28.60±9.35、8.95±3.86、619.58±237.48,Ⅳ级心功能(15例)为29.28±8.61、36.50±12.32、15.27±4.96、1519.28±618.62(P<0.01~0.05)。血浆BNP与各血流动力学指标做直线相关回归分析表明,BNP分别与PCWP、MPAP、RAP显著正相关(r分别为0.59、0.50、0.32,P值分别<0.01、<0.01、<0.05)。LVEDD≥60mm组24例的血浆BNP浓度(918.48±453.25)ng/L,显著高于LVEDD<60mm组29例(298.58±167.51)ng/L(P<0.01),而LVEDD<60mm组BNP水平比左、右室舒张期末内径正常的肺原性呼吸困难组BNP[(35.4±26.4)ng/L]显著增高(P<0.01)。心原性呼吸困难组BNP水平(761.30±480.47)ng/L,明显高于肺原性呼吸困难组(35.4±26.4)ng/L(P<0.01)。结论心衰患者BNP与PCWP、MPAP、RAP显著正相关,BNP的释放直接与心室压力负荷过度和心室容积扩张相关。快速检测BNP浓度对鉴别呼吸困难是心原性或肺原性具有重要意义。     

主动脉内球囊反搏在心脏外科围术期的临床应用

目的：探讨主动脉内球囊反搏术（IABP）在心脏外科围术期患者出现低心排血量综合征时应用的有效性及可行性。方法：回顾性分析40例使用IABP的原因及使用12h、24h、48h后平均动脉压（MAP）、心脏指数（CI）、肺动脉嵌压（PAWP）、氧输送指数（DO2I）、氧摄取率（O2ER）等血流动力学指标变化。结果：与IABP前比较,IABP12h、24h、48h后MAP[48h：（56．40±6．51）mmHg比（73．00±3．36）mmHg]、CI[48h：（1．74±0．21）L·min-1·m-2比（2．74±0．21）L·min-1·m-2]、DO2I[48h：（267．36±15．95）ml·min-1·m-2比（429．60±33．19）ml·min-1·m-2]均明显升高,尿量[48h：（25．44±3．88）ml／h比（99．48±9．48）ml／h]明显增加,PAWP[48h：（18．00±1．66）mmHg比（12．60±0．71）mmHg]、O2ER[48h：（44．45±4．00）％比（31．41±1．25）％]均明显下降（P均〈0．01）。40例中死亡7例（19．5％）。结论：主动脉内球囊反搏术可有效改善血流动力学,对于围术期低心排患者的治疗安全且有效。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.