急性脑梗死后失语症的MRI影像学研究

目的:应用MRI检查确定急性脑梗死后失语症类型与脑梗死部位之间的关系。方法:对68例急性脑梗死后具有失语症表现患者应用汉语失语成套测验中的利手评定标准进行利手判定和汉语失语症检查进行失语症的分类,用头颅MRI确定患者的脑梗死部位及病灶体积。结果:68例急性脑梗死失语症患者均为右利手,失语症类型分别为完全性失语18例,运动性失语25例,感觉性失语7例,传导性失语7例,经皮质运动性失语7例,命名性失语4例。累及经典语言中枢的有32例,36例为非语言中枢受累。结论:急性脑梗死失语症类型与传统的失语症解剖定位不完全符合,非语言中枢梗死也可引起失语症。     

交叉性失语

右利手者右大脑半球病变所致的失语称为交叉性失语。交叉性失语少见。我科八年来共诊断八例（占我组失语症患者２５０例的２．８％），均为男性右利手者，头颅ＣＴ扫描均证实右大脑半球单发病灶，其中脑梗塞７例，脑出血１例。均于发病三个月内作失语检查。其中交叉性Ｂｒｏｃａ失语一例，交叉性传导性失语一例，交叉性Ｗｅｒｎｉｃｋｅ失语一例，交叉性经皮质运动性失语一例，交叉性经皮质感觉性失语三例，交叉性丘脑性失语一例。此８例各型交叉性失语之临床表现与右利手左大脑半球病变产生的各相应类型失语无根本不同。产生交叉性失语是患者的大脑半球语言中枢的逆转所致（不在左侧而在右侧大脑半球的对称部位），它与遗传有关。失语症类型与患者年龄和性别的关系有待进一步研究。     

右侧皮质分水岭梗死致交叉性失语1例报告

交叉性失语是指任何利手同侧大脑半球病变引起的失语,目前仅指右利手者右侧大脑半球受损所致的失语症,临床少见.现报告1例右侧皮质分水岭梗死致交叉性失语如下. 1 病例 男,57岁.因"突发左半身无力伴言语不清3h"于2011年3月11日入院.患者于3h前活动中突发左半身无力伴言语不清,症状持续存在.患者发病前语言功能正常,除汉语外不会其他语言.无左利手家族史.     

汉语失语症患者的语言大脑优势侧与利手的关系

对309例急性期(3个月以内)脑梗塞(225例)和脑出血(84例)患者进行了失语症检查及利手的测定,结果为语言正常患者170例(占55.02％),确诊为各型(10型)失语症的患者139例(占44.98％)。失语症患者中右利手134例(96.40％),非右利手5例(3.60％)。左大脑半球病灶失语症患者136例(97.84％),其中右利手者131例(94.24％),非右利手者5例(3.60％)。右大脑半球病灶右利手者仅3例(2.16％),为交叉性失语。表明中国汉人无论是右利手还是非有利手,其语言优势侧仍以在左大脑半球者为多数,与西方人无根本差别。     

失语症患者磁共振灌注成像特点及其发病机制分析

目的通过功能磁共振揭示运动性、感觉性失语患者的语言功能区血流量变化,探讨失语症可能的发病机制,为语言康复训练提供理论指导。方法对2004年2月至2005年2月在北京天坛医院神经内科住院的58例经CT或MRI证实为脑梗死且符合病例入选标准及排除标准的患者,采用西部失语成套测验评定标准判断失语症类型。对运动性或感觉性失语患者病变可能波及的Broca区、Wernicke区进行磁共振灌注成像(perfusion weighted imaging,PWI)分析,主要测量Broca区或Wernicke区的局部脑血流量、局部脑血容量、对比剂平均通过时间、达峰时间,并与对侧镜像区进行对比。结果在符合入选标准的58例脑梗死患者中,经西部失语成套测验评定12例为运动性失语、21例为感觉性失语,其他失语症类型25例。对12例运动性失语、21例感觉性失语患者的PWI结果进行统计学分析,提示患者受累语言功能区处于低灌注状态。结论失语症患者急性期语言功能区均呈低灌注表现,这可能为失语症的发病机制之一。     

急性缺血性脑卒中后局部血流灌注与失语类型及预后的相关性分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中后失语类型与局部血流灌注的相关性并分折影响预后的相关危险因素。方法收集2016-01-2017-10在郑州大学第一附属医院神经内科住院的急性脑卒中患者,根据失语量表对其进行失语评分及分类。对纳入的患者进行颅脑血管成像(CTA)及CT灌注成像(CTP)检查,记录病灶局部及镜像侧血流灌注参数,观察不同类型失语与脑局部血流灌注的相关性并分析影响其预后的相关因素。结果 127例失语患者中69例存在病灶区灌注不足,不同的语言功能障碍与相应区域的脑血流低灌注有关(P0.05),失语严重程度与受累病灶区低灌注的程度关系密切(P0.05)。结论以ABC量表所得评分及波士顿诊断性失语严重程度分级标准作为卒中后失语患者评价失语严重程度标准,进行语言功能与局部脑灌注的相关性分析,语言功能障碍程度与不同区域的脑血流灌注减低量呈正相关,即局部灌注越差,语言功能障碍程度越高。年龄60岁、入院NIHSS评分较高及病灶局部脑血流减少是其预后不良的危险因素。     

交叉性失语的研究进展

交叉性失语是一组由于右利手者右侧大脑半球损伤引起的获得性语言障碍综合征，在卒 中患者中的发病率为0.38%～4.6%，包括镜像失语与非典型失语，口语表达障碍多数为非流利性失语。 交叉性失语的发病机制目前仍存在争议，越早进行康复训练，预后越好。本文从交叉性失语的发病 机制、临床特点、影像学检查及康复训练的研究进展进行综述，以提高临床医师的重视，从而为交 叉性失语的诊治提供理论依据。     

颈动脉或大脑中动脉闭塞致失语

１０例诊断明确的颈内动脉或大脑中动脉闭塞均伴失语。其中运动性失语５例，混合性失语４例，感觉性失语１例。除１例右颈内动脉闭塞致交叉性失语外余９例头颅ＣＴ左侧优势半球均可见病灶。２例右侧大脑中动脉闭塞无临床神经体征，侧支循环的代偿是无症状性闭塞的一个重要原因。失语与ＣＴ证实的优势半球病灶多属一致，失语的类型则因Ｎａｒｉｅ方形区血供复杂及其侧支循环情况不同而难以确定。单纯运动性失语康复较快，混合性或感觉性失语康复较困难，常明显慢于肢体功能康复。     

急性脑梗死导致特殊类型失语临床分析

目的观察急性脑梗死所致几种特殊类型失语症患者的语言特点。方法分别在发病1 w、4 w采用中国康复研究中心的汉语标准失语症检查表对遴选患者进行评价,并完善留存影像学资料。其中包括1例纯词哑、2例交叉性失语、1例基底节性失语及1例丘脑性失语。结果少数急性脑梗死患者失语症类型、神经影像学检查所见的病变部位并不完全符合经典的失语症模式。结论经典语言中枢以外的更多部位可能参与失语症的形成。     

性别、年龄、卒中类型与卒中后失语症类型的相关性分析

【摘要】
目的 本文旨在探讨性别、年龄、卒中类型和卒中后失语症分类间的关系。
方法 回顾性分析2005年7月～2012年7月首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院收治的符合病例入排标准的421例急性卒中患者,应用北京大学第一医院神经内科汉语失语检查法中的利手评定标准进行利手判定、西部失语成套测验进行失语症的分类及失语指数（Aphasia Quotient,AQ）评分,按照年龄不同分为青、中、老年三组,按卒中类型分为脑梗死及脑出血,结合不同性别观察失语症类型的分布情况,比较不同年龄、性别以及卒中类型间失语症类型分布有无差异。
结果 入选患者均为右利手,男性占69.60%,女性占30.40%。失语症类型如下：运动性失语116例（男85例,女31例）,感觉性失语35例（男20例,女15例）,传导性失语15例（男10例,女5例）,经皮质运动性失语63例（男50例,女13例）,经皮质感觉性失语11例（男8例,女3例）,经皮质混合性失语27例（男13例,女14例）,命名性失语73例（男47例,女26例）,完全性失语81例（男60例,女21例）,经统计学分析,男性卒中后失语症发生率（69.60%）明显高于女性（30.40%）（χ2=11.57,P=0.003）,尤以青中年（≤65岁）为主（73.38%）,老年期（>65岁）女性发生率逐渐升高（42.97%）,与男性差异逐渐缩小（26.28%）;性别对失语症类型无明显影响（χ2=13.84,P=0.054）,男女患者均以运动性失语最常见（分别为29.01%、24.22%）;各年龄组患者失语类型分布无明显差异（χ2=14.94,P=0.382）。脑梗死所致失语症患者较脑出血所致者更为多见（分别为306例和115例）,但在失语症类型分布上差异无显著性（χ2=13.23,P=0.067）,除女性脑出血患者外,均以运动性失语最为常见（分别为29.82%,29.55%,26.67%）。
结论 年龄、性别及卒中类型对卒中后失语症类型分布均无明显影响,男性卒中后失语发生率明显高于女性且患病平均年龄小于女性,两性中均以运动性失语最常见;除去女性脑出血患者外,均以运动性、完全性及命名性失语最常见。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.