经乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术的应用价值

目的:探讨行腔镜乳晕入路手术治疗甲状腺疾病的价值。方法:2008年11月至2009年12月为15例患者行经双侧乳晕三孔法腔镜甲状腺手术,通过分离胸前皮下和颈阔肌深面,注入CO2(压力6～8mmHg),建立操作空间。用超声刀切割、分离甲状腺组织和血管;术中保护喉返神经、喉上神经及甲状旁腺。结果:15例手术均获成功,其中甲状腺囊肿切除术1例,甲状腺腺瘤切除术5例,单侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,双侧甲状腺部分切除术3例,甲状腺次全切除术3例。手术时间(110.0±31.3)min,术中出血(70±20.5)ml,术后1例颈部皮肤灼伤,1例胸部少量皮下积液,无中转开放手术。结论:经乳晕径路行腔镜甲状腺手术具有极佳的美容效果,值得临床推广应用。     

Postauricular and Axillary Approach Endoscopic Neck Surgery: A New Technique

Background  While the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) to endoscopic neck surgery resolves various benign and malignant thyroid and parathyroid diseases with minimal adverse effects and excellent cosmetic outcomes, it involves circumareolar incisions. Many patients, especially young female patients, are reluctant to have their breast involved. Consequently, we developed the postauricular and axillary approach (PAA) that uses postauricular incisions. Methods  From June 2006 to December 2007, we treated 10 patients with PAA endoscopic neck surgery. After subcutaneous infiltration with diluted epinephrine solution, the subplatysmal and subcutaneous spaces were dissected. Two axillary ports and two postauricular ports were used and low-pressure CO₂ insufflation generated operative space. After dividing the midline between the strap muscles, the isthmus was divided and the thyroid lobe was dissected with ultrasonic shears and excised after careful identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands. Malignant lesions were treated with contralateral thyroid lobectomy. For parathyroid adenomas, we performed parathyroidectomy after dividing the strap muscles in the midline. Results  Two thyroid lobectomies, one parathyroidectomy, one subtotal thyroidectomy, and six total thyroidectomies were performed by PAA endoscopic neck surgery. The mean operation time was 210.0 ± 43.7 min. There were no cases of conversion to open surgery, permanent vocal cord palsy, or facial nerve palsy. None of the thyroidectomy patients exhibited hypocalcemia. The cosmetic outcomes were excellent and all patients were satisfied. Conclusions  PAA endoscopic neck surgery is a feasible method for thyroid and parathyroid surgery that permits good operative visualization and has minimal adverse effects and excellent cosmetic outcomes.     

经胸乳入路内镜手术治疗甲亢的疗效及技术难点

目的:探讨经胸乳入路行内镜手术治疗甲亢的技术难点及疗效.方法:2006年10月至2011年2月为66例甲亢患者在全麻下经胸乳入路行内镜双侧甲状腺次全切除术.第1穿刺孔(观察孔,长1 mm)位于两乳头连线水平,用于置入内镜镜头;另两个穿刺孔(操作孔,长5 mm)分别位于左、右乳晕边缘,用于置入无创抓持钳和超声刀.用CO2...     

经胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除术影响美容效果的因素分析

目的:探讨影响腔镜甲状腺切除术美容效果的因素.方法:为43例患者采用经胸部乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺肿瘤切除术,其中甲状腺腺瘤26例,结节性甲状腺肿16例,甲状腺癌1例.结果:41例手术获得成功,26例行单侧甲状腺包块切除术,15例行甲状腺腺叶大部切除术.2例中转开放手术.手术时间80 ～ 140 min,平均100.5 m...     

腔镜下甲状腺手术160例报告

目的探讨腔镜下甲状腺手术的疗效和美容效果。方法采用前胸壁入路实施160例腔镜下甲状腺手术,颈部手术空间压力8mmHg,超声刀充分游离甲状腺后切除病灶。结果腔镜下成功完成手术157例,其中乳头状腺癌6例。3例中转开放手术(1例甲状腺功能亢进术中出血,2例甲状腺癌淋巴结转移)。无气管或甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症,1例(甲状腺癌)术后暂时性声嘶(术后1个月恢复),1例(结节性甲状腺肿)术后皮下淤血并积液(术后2周消退)。术后平均住院4d(3~5d)。92例良性者术后随访3~24个月,平均6.8月,无复发;6例恶性者随访4~52个月,平均14.6月,无复发转移。98例均对手术的美容效果满意。结论腹腔镜下胸骨前径路甲状腺切除术安全可行,疗效可靠,颈部美容效果好。     

胸乳入路完全腔镜甲状腺全切加中央区淋巴结清扫术

完全腔镜甲状腺手术将传统的颈部手术切口转移至隐蔽部位,兼顾治疗与美容效果。采用胸前人路,建立皮下空间,通过特殊拉钩显露,行甲状腺全切除和中央区淋巴结清扫术。可以结合术中神经监测技术和纳米炭甲状旁腺负显影技术保护喉返神经和甲状旁腺,对于意外切除的甲状旁腺给予自体移植。实践证明,对于低危组的早期分化型甲状腺癌,完全腔镜技术是安全可行的。     

非颈部切口内镜甲状腺手术的临床应用

目的:探讨内镜技术用于甲状腺手术的可行性、技术难点及解决方法。方法:回顾分析2006年10月至2008年7月我院为128例患者行内镜甲状腺手术的临床资料。结果:128例中122例内镜手术成功,6例中转手术,其中2例为Ⅲ度甲亢,颈部操作空间不够;4例游离甲状腺肿瘤时引起难以控制的出血。手术时间48～240min,平均85min。术中平均出血15ml。颈部引流管术后3d拔除,术后4d出院。6例皮下积液,2例皮下气肿,2例皮下瘀斑,2例颈部感觉减退,3例吞咽不适,经对症处理很快康复。未损伤喉上神经、喉返神经及甲状旁腺。随访122例6～9个月,无一例复发。患者对术后美容效果非常满意。结论:内镜甲状腺手术出血少,并发症发生率低,具有颈部无瘢痕、美容效果极佳、安全可靠的优点。操作空间的建立,手术视野、甲状腺及肿瘤的良好显露,残留甲状腺体积的正确估计,超声刀的熟练运用,出血的处理及颈前肌群的熟练缝合是手术的关键。     

Comparison of a gasless unilateral axillo-breast and axillary approach in robotic thyroidectomy

Background

New approaches to robotic thyroidectomy help to prevent neck scarring and improve surgical ergonomics. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and advantages of a gasless unilateral axillary (GUA) approach and an axillo-breast (GUAB) approach in robotic thyroidectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 131 patients who underwent robotic thyroidectomy with or without central neck dissection using a GUAB (90 cases) or GUA (41 cases) approach between September 2009 and December 2011. We excluded patients who underwent simultaneous lateral neck dissection and cases within the learning curve. We compared patient and tumor characteristics, surgical outcomes, perioperative complications, and cosmetic satisfaction between the two approaches.

Results

Robotic thyroidectomy was successful in all patients. There were no differences in terms of patient and tumor characteristics, extent of thyroidectomy and central neck dissection, operative time, and postoperative complications between the two approaches. Cosmetic satisfaction was excellent in both groups. There was no difference in satisfaction with the cosmetic result in the neck area, but the GUA patients expressed higher satisfaction with the appearance of the breast.

Conclusions

The surgical outcomes of GUA and GUAB approaches are similar in robotic thyroidectomy. Both are safe, effective, and yield cosmetically excellent results when performed by an experienced robotic thyroid surgeon. However, a GUA approach is associated with superior cosmetic satisfaction with the appearance of the breast.     

100 cases of endoscopic thyroidectomy: breast approach

Neck surgery is one of the newest fields of endoscopic surgical application. One hundred patients underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy. We used 3 incisions: 1 on both upper circumareolar areas and 1 approximately 3 cm below the clavicle on the tumor side. Subplatysmal and subcutaneous operative space was created with CO2 insufflation at 6 mm Hg of pressure. The thyroidal vessels and the parenchyma of the gland were dissected and divided with ultrasonic scalpel and commonly used laparoscopic instruments. The mean (+/-SD) operation time was 136 +/- 10 minutes before the year 2000 and 67 +/- 9 in the year 2000 (P < 0.05). There were six cases of conversion to conventional thyroidectomy. Postoperative complications occurred in five cases. There was no subcutaneous emphysema. The patients were satisfied with the cosmetic result. On the basis of our experience with these 100 patients, we believe that endoscopic thyroidectomy is feasible and safe for resection of thyroid tumors. Thus, this procedure will provide another surgical technique for treatment of thyroid tumors, with maximized cosmetic effect.(2)     

经胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除术25例报告

目的:总结初期开展经胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的经验。方法:回顾分析为25例患者经胸乳入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:23例成功完成手术,1例因术中出血中转开放手术,1例术中冰冻切片病理提示甲状腺癌,中转行扩大腺叶切除术。手术时间50~170m in,平均83m in;行单侧甲状腺部分切除术17例,双侧甲状腺部分切除或次全切除术7例。术后出现喉返神经暂时性损伤1例,皮下气肿1例。结论:经胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺手术美容效果好,手术安全,并发症少,是较理想的腔镜甲状腺手术。     

内镜甲状腺切除术183例经验

目的探讨内镜甲状腺切除术的可行性及其美容效果的评价。方法采用胸部乳晕入路或腋下入路行内镜甲状腺切除术183例，其中甲状腺腺瘤56例（1例伴甲亢），结节性甲状腺肿88例（5例伴腺瘤，2例伴甲亢），原发性甲状腺机能亢进25例，甲状腺癌14例。结果成功完成手术179例，一侧腺体全切术123例，一侧全切加对侧部分切除或次全切除56例。手术时间93（45～280）min。中转开放手术4例。无神经、气管及甲状旁腺损伤等严重并发症。术后平均住院时间4（3～8）d。术后随访1～38个月，3例复发，患者均对手术的美容效果满意。结论内镜甲状腺切除手术是一种安全、可行的手术方法，具有良好的美容效果。     

“Scarless” (in the Neck) Endoscopic Thyroidectomy (SET): An Evidence-based Review of Published Techniques

BACKGROUND: Excision of the thyroid through a skin crease incision in the anterior neck provides good direct exposure to facilitate safe dissection and a quick operation with low morbidity and minimal mortality. However, these patients still have a scar in the neck. Technologic innovations have allowed surgeons to remove the thyroid gland from a remote site, providing a scarless outcome in the neck. This study was designed to assess the different techniques of scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET) by reviewing the current literature. METHODS: A computer-assisted search of the Medline database through September 2007 was undertaken. The combination of terms used included the following: endoscopic thyroidectomy; minimally invasive thyroidectomy; minimally invasive endocrine surgery; thyroidectomy via the axillary approach; thyroidectomy via the anterior approach; and thyroidectomy via the breast approach. Additional data were provided based on previously unpublished experience from our own unit with SET. RESULTS: There were seven studies that involved 186 patients in whom the thyroid was excised via the axillary method and five published series that involved 169 patients who had thyroidectomies performed via the anterior approach. There were four published series of thyroidectomies performed via a hybrid approach, which is a combination of both the anterior and axillary approach, involving 180 patients. Four studies compared SET and another approach for a thyroidectomy. In our unpublished series of SET, we performed 20 cases during a 2-year period comprising 11 cases via the axillary approach and 9 cases via the anterior/breast approach. Nineteen cases were lobectomies and one case was an isthmusectomy. SET was associated with a longer operative time and increase postoperative pain. Patients who had SET were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of the procedure. CONCLUSION: Scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy is not a minimally invasive technique but a maximally invasive one that involves a longer operative time and greater postoperative pain. What it does provide is a safe excision of the thyroid pathology with the absence of a scar in the neck. However, there is a steep learning curve. With experience and newer surgical instruments, the operative time and postoperative pain might decrease.     

颈前皮瓣悬吊（免注气）胸乳入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术

目的探讨颈前皮瓣悬吊（免充CO2气体）建立皮下手术空间，进行胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺手术的临床价值。方法对21例甲状腺疾病，其中结节性甲状腺肿16例、原发性甲状腺功能亢进（甲亢）5例，利用腹壁悬吊器，采用2根悬吊针机械牵拉的方法悬吊颈前部皮瓣形成手术空间完成甲状腺切除手术。结果21例手术均成功完成，无中转开放手术。手术时间57～125min，平均82．5min，术中出血〈20ml。术后恢复顺利，引流量50～150ml，平均80．6ml。21例随访1～12个月，平均8个月，无并发症发生。结论颈前皮瓣悬吊免充CO2气体胸乳入路甲状腺手术避免术中充注CO2气体所引起的相关并发症，吸引水雾方便，手术空间较充气法稍小，但基本不影响手术的进行，是一种安全可行而经济的手术方法。     

胸骨前径路腔镜甲状腺手术的临床应用

目的：探讨胸骨前径路腔镜甲状腺手术的临床应用价值。方法：于胸骨切迹下10cm处建立观察孔,双侧锁骨中线乳头上方5cm处建立操作孔,行腔镜甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺良性疾病58例,回顾分析其临床资料。结果：54例在腔镜下完成,4例中转常规手术。手术种类包括腔镜甲状腺瘤切除术38例、单侧甲状腺大部切除术14例,双侧甲状腺次全切除术2例,平均手术时间134min（115～230min）,出血量26ml（5～80ml）,术后住院时间4.6d（3～7d）。皮下气肿1例,皮下淤血4例,颈前区不适感2例,均于1月内消失;所有患者对美容效果满意,随访8～38个月,2例结节性甲状腺肿患者术后复发,目前仍继续观察,甲亢患者甲状腺功能正常。结论：胸骨前径路腔镜甲状腺手术在保证美容效果的同时,进一步减小了患者的创伤,具有经济、安全、有效等优点,值得临床推广。     

改良胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺手术间隙的建立

目的:探讨改良经胸前乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术建立手术间隙的体会与经验。方法:回顾分析2008年6月至2013年2月为162例甲状腺疾病患者行改良经胸前乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的临床资料。结果:162例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放手术。术后1例发生短暂性喉返神经麻痹,1例发生皮下积液,1例发生一过性低钙,1例出现声音低沉,3例患者自觉胸部感觉麻木。结论:改良经前胸壁乳晕入路行腔镜甲状腺切除术,空间解剖标志明显,手术简单、易行、安全,具有较好的美容效果。     

胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除术51例

目的：探讨胸乳入路腔镜下甲状腺手术的临床应用价值。方法我科自2010年3月至2013年4月完成胸乳入路腔镜甲状腺切除术51例,其中甲状腺腺瘤22例,结节性甲状腺肿29例。结果51例手术均取得成功,其中一侧腺叶部分切除术22例,一侧次全切除术23例,一侧次全切除另侧部分切除术4例,双侧次全切2例。无喉返神经、喉上神经损伤、无甲状旁腺损伤。手术时间60~120 min,出血量5~20 ml。颈部皮肤瘀斑8例,未予特殊处理,出院后两周自行吸收。皮下气肿15例,经过挤压、负压吸引痊愈。切口渗出较多、脂肪液化2例,经过局部引流、压迫在一周内痊愈。手术区域巨大血肿1例,术后4 h 再次局部麻醉下从胸部切口吸引清除,加置1根引流管,压迫止血后痊愈。51例随访6~24个月,无复发,所有患者对美体效果满意。结论胸乳入路腔镜下甲状腺切除术是治疗良性甲状腺疾病的一种很好的选择,颈部无痕的美容效果受到部分患者的欢迎,值得临床推广;但由于颈部解剖复杂,血管、神经变异较多,内镜下操作空间小,操作具有相当的难度,因此在开展初期应该选择合适的病例,循序渐进,逐步扩大手术适应证。     

经胸乳入路内镜手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌85例临床分析

目的 探讨经胸乳入路内镜手术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的可行性、有效性及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2010年3月间浙江大学医学院附属第二医院内镜手术治疗的85例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料.结果 84例患者手术成功,平均手术时间113.3 min.84例均行中央区清扫,其中12例怀疑颈侧区淋巴结转移者加行患侧颈侧区清扫.平均清扫淋巴结数目在中央区为6.5个,在颈侧区为19.2个.6例(7.14%,6/84)出现术后暂时性声音嘶哑,4例(4.76%,4/84)术后发生一过性低血钙症状.随访9～57个月,B超和ECT提示患侧无残留腺体,局部无复发,颈部外观良好,所有患者对手术效果均满意.结论 内镜甲状腺手术治疗严格选择的甲状腺乳头状癌是安全可行的,但其远期效果还有待长期随访观察.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of endoscopic thyroidectomy via anterior chest and breast for the treatment of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma ( PTC ).Methods Endoscopic thyroidectomy was performed in 85 PTC patients between March 2006 and March 2010. Diagnosis was based on intraoprative frozen section. There were 83 females and 2 males, age averaged at 36. 3 years. Sixty three of 85 cases were diagnosed preoperatively as thyroid carcinoma and US revealed ipsilateral cervical lymph node enlargement suspective of metastasis in 12 cases. Endoscopic thyroidectomy plus selective neck dissection was performed. Results This procedure was carried out successfully in 84patients. There were 51 cases of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas(<1. 0 cm) , 28 cases between 1. 0 cm and<2. 0 cm, and 5 cases with the diameter between 2. 0 cm and 3. 0 cm. Total thyroidectomy, ispilateral lebectomy and ispilateral lebectomy plus contralateral subtotal lobetomy were performed in 4, 6, 74 cases,respectively. Central compartment dissection was performed in all of the 84 cases and ipsilateral neck dissection was also performed in 12 cases that were suspected metastatic lateral neck lymph nodes. The mean operative time was (113. 3 ±46. 5) minutes. No significant blood loss occurred. The mean number of lymph nodes yield in the central compartment and lateral compartment were 6. 5 (range 2 to 14) and 19. 2 (range 9 to 26 ), respectively. Forty-four cases ( 44/84, 52. 4% ) had metastatic lymph nodes in central compartment, while 11 cases (11/12,91.1% ) in lateral compartment. Six patients (6/84,7.14%) had transient vocal cord palsy and recovered after 1-2 months. Postoperative transient hypocalcaemia occurred in 4 cases (4. 8% ) , and there were no other major complications. The average postoperative hospital stay was 3. 7 days (range 3 to 6). No evidence of residual or recurrent disease was found at follow-up. The cosmetic results of this procedure were excellent. Conclusions The anterior chest and breast approach of endoscopic thyroidectomy is feasible and safe and cosmetic worthwhile for selected cases of PTC.     

Endoscopic Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Patients with Graves' Disease

Endoscopic thyroidectomy performed via the precordial approach leaves no scarring of the neck, and thus provided excellent results from a cosmetic viewpoint. We applied this technique to perform subtotal thyroidectomy in 12 patients with Graves' disease. Three trocars were inserted in the precordial region, and endoscopic surgery was performed with carbon dioxide insufflation. Vessel management and thyroi-dectomy were carried out using ultrasonic coagulation devices. The mean operative time was 259.8 min, and the mean blood loss was 90.2 ml. There were no postoperative complications such as subcutaneous emphysema or hemorrhage, although hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in one patient. Cosmetically esthetic results were achieved in all patients. These findings indicate that this surgical technique represents an effective method of treating Graves' disease that provides excellent cosmetic results. Received: February 18, 2000 / Accepted: July 25, 2000     

Endoscopic Thyroidectomy by the Breast Approach: A Single Institution’s 9-year Experience

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and cosmetic results of endoscopic thyroidectomy by the breast approach for patients with thyroid diseases. Methods From August 1998 to July 2007, 92 patients with benign thyroid diseases underwent endoscopic thyroidectomy at our institution. Of these patients, 54 underwent thyroid lobectomy for a thyroid nodule, and 38 selected subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease. Results Ninety of the 92 procedures were successfully completed endoscopically. Mean operative time for thyroid lobectomy and subtotal thyroidectomy was 121.1 min and 231.9 min, repectively. Postoperative complications included one wound infection, one transient and one permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, one transient hypocalcemia, and five hypertrophic scars in the right breast medial margin. At 84 months of follow-up, one patient reported paresthesia in the anterior chest and one had experienced swallowing discomfort. Patient satisfaction was recorded as “satisfied,” “equivocal,” and “unsatisfied” in 54, 2, and 0 patients. Mean satisfaction score was 9.7, 9.5, 9.5, and 8.9 points in patients in their teens, 20s, 30s, and 40s, respectively, with an overall mean score of 9.3 points, showing more satisfaction in the young. Conclusions Endoscopic thyroidectomy by the breast approach for patients with thyroid diseases is an effective procedure that allows an excellent cosmetic result.     

经胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术70例临床分析

目的:探讨经胸壁入路腔镜甲状腺切除术的优缺点。方法:2007年2月至2009年12月采用经胸壁三孔入路法行腔镜甲状腺切除术70例。其中甲状腺腺瘤18例,结节性甲状腺肿50例,甲状腺癌2例。结果:69例顺利完成腔镜手术,1例因术中出血中转开放。手术时间62～110min,平均80min,甲状腺肿瘤直径1.5～7.5cm,平均4.1cm。行甲状腺肿瘤切除术10例,单侧甲状腺次全切除术24例,单侧甲状腺腺叶切除术12例,双侧甲状腺部分切除术22例,甲状腺癌根治术2例。术后2～3d拔除引流管,术后住院2～5d,平均4d。2例术后声音嘶哑,均于6个月内恢复,3例术后一过性低钙,自行恢复,2例术后局部积液,经2～3次穿刺抽液后好转。术后随访2～35个月,未发现复发病例。结论:腔镜甲状腺手术安全可行,美容效果佳,其中经胸壁三孔入路法操作简便,是较理想的术式。