针刺预处理对短暂性脑缺血再灌注损伤海马神经元的保护

The present study established a model of brain ischemia in aged rats using four-vessel occlusion.We observed hippocampal CA1 neuronal apoptosis and apoptosis-mediated protease caspase-3 expression following preconditioning of electroacupuncture at Baihui(GV 20).Our results showed that the number of hippocampal CA1 normal neurons was decreased,and degenerated neurons were increased 12 hours to 3 days following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.The number of hippocampal CA1 apoptotic neurons and caspase-3-positive neurons in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was significantly decreased following acupuncture preconditioning.Acupuncture preconditioning protects aged rats against ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating caspase-3 protein expression.     

Effect of ischemic preconditioning on antioxidant status in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a condition of sublethal transient global ischemia and exhibits neuro-protective effects against subsequent lethal ischemic insult. We, in this study, examined the neuroprotective effects of IPC and its effects on immunoreactive changes of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and SOD2, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region after transient forebrain ischemia. Pyramidal neurons of the stratum pyramidale (SP) in the hippocampal CA1 region of animals died 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC (8.6%(ratio of remanent neurons) of the sham-operated group);however, IPC prevented the pyramidal neurons from subsequent lethal ischemic injury (92.3%(ratio of remanent neurons) of the sham-operated group). SOD1, SOD2, CAT and GPX immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals were easily detected in pyramidal neurons in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region, while all of these immunoreac-tivities were rarely detected in the stratum pyramidale at 5 days after lethal transient ischemia without IPC. Meanwhile, their immunoreactivities in the sham-operated animals with IPC were similar to (SOD1, SOD2 and CAT) or higher (GPX) than those in the sham-operated animals without IPC. Furthermore, their immunoreactivities in the stratum pyramidale of the ischemia-operated animals with IPC were steadily maintained after lethal ischemia/reperfusion. Results of western blot analysis for SOD1, SOD2, CAT and GPX were similar to immunohistochemical data. In conclusion, IPC maintained or increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the stratum pyramidale of the hippocampal CA1 region after subsequent lethal transient forebrain ischemia and IPC exhibited neuroprotective effects in the hippocampal CA1 region against transient forebrain ischemia.     

以单纯肢体抖动为临床表现的短暂性脑缺血发作

以单纯肢体抖动为临床表现的短暂性脑缺血发作(limb shaking transient ischemic attack,LSTIA)临床少见,易被忽视或误诊为局灶性运动性癫疴发作而延误治疗.我院2007年7-10月诊断治疗3例以单纯肢体抖动为临床表现的短暂性脑缺血发作患者,现将其临床诊断与治疗经过总结如下.     

短暂性脑缺血发作发展至脑梗死的分析

目的 分析短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)发展至脑梗死的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析60例住院的TIA发展至脑梗死患者的临床资料,其中男36例(60.0%),女24例(40.0%),年龄44～87岁,平均(67±12)岁.本组患者最近1次TIA发展至脑梗死均在7d内发生.结果 按照"ABCD"评分1～2分、3～4分和5～6分为3组,进行脑梗死发病时血压、血糖、血脂和表达患者残损程度的NIHSS评分的比较,显示3组之间各项指标的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈内动脉系统TIA发生脑梗死和椎-基底动脉系统TIA发生脑梗死之间的性别、年龄、颈动脉斑块、脑梗死家族史、人院时的NIHSS评分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 "ABCD"评分法虽然能够识别TIA后有无近期脑梗死的危险,但是该评分的高低可能与血压、血糖、血脂和表达患者残损程度的NIHSS评分无直接相关;颈内动脉系统和椎-基底动脉系统之间某些脑梗死相关因素的差异可能没有明显的差别.     

短暂性脑缺血发作患者脑动脉狭窄与相关危险因素的临床分析

目的短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)被认为是首次缺血性卒中主要的可控制的危险因素,也是神经科常见急症之一。越来越多的学者提出了应该更加深入认识、研究和总结TIA的相关临床特征以及危险因素,为制定更规范、更有针对性的个体化诊疗策略提供理论依据。方法本研究通过对2010年1月-2013年3月间在吉林大学第一医院住院治疗的1003例TIA患者进行回顾性分析,总结患者的临床特征及脑血管病情况,重点研究患者脑动脉狭窄与各种临床因素、危险因素以及ABCD~2评分的关系,探讨各相关因素对临床的指导意义。结果 TIA患者是否存在血管狭窄与性别、高血压、症状持续时间有相关性(P0.05),TIA患者血管狭窄分布情况与年龄、糖尿病及ABCD~2评分有相关性(P0.05)。结论对于短暂性脑缺血患者需要及时对糖尿病、高血压等风险因素进行干预治疗,高度关注TIA症状持续时间,并常规对患者进行ABCD~2评分,减少脑动脉狭窄的发病率,从而减少脑梗死的发生。     

表现为短暂性脑缺血发作患者ABCD2评分与hs-CRP的相关性分析

目的探讨以短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)为表现患者的ABCD2评分与血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的相关性。方法326例临床表现为TIA的患者,于发病1周内入院,并查头颅DWI了解是否有高信号。按照DWI是否有高信号分为脑梗死组与非脑梗死组,测定血清hs-CRP水平,观察所有患者ABCD2评分与hs-CRP水平的相关性,且比较2组ABCD2评分及hsCRP。结果 ABCD2评分与hs-CRP水平呈正相关,且脑梗死组ABCD2评分和hs-CRP水平高于非脑梗死组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 hs-CRP水平与ABCD2评分具有很好的相关性,ABCD2评分越高,TIA发生率越高,hs-CRP越高越能反映动脉粥样硬化程度,二者联合有利于评估TIA患者病情风险与指导治疗。     

ABCD2评分在短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用价值

目的探讨ABCD2评分在短暂性脑缺血发作中的应用价值。方法按照ABCD2评分法将TIA患者分成0～3分、4～5分和6～7分3组,观察7d内脑梗死的发生率。对于TIA继发脑梗死患者,比较各组入院时神经功能缺损程度评分MESSS和病程1个月时日常生活能力ADL评分。结果214例TIA患者7d内脑梗死的发生率为25．2％。低危（0～3分）、中危（4～5分）和高危（6～7分）组7d内发生脑梗死的比例分别为4．9％、30．1％和60．0％（P〈0．05）。对于TIA继发脑梗死患者进行MESSS评分和ADL评分的比较,显示3组之间各项指标的差异不明显（P〉0．05）。结论ABCD2评分标准是临床上预测TIA短期进展为脑梗死的一种比较有效的方法,但是该评分的高低可能与TIA继发脑梗死患者的残损程度及预后无直接关系。     

ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作患者发生脑梗死风险的评估价值

目的探讨ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者发生脑梗死风险的评估价值。方法对病程<7 d的220例TIA患者应用ABCD2评分分为低危组(0～3分)和中-高危组(4～7分),观察并比较两组患者TIA发病7 d、6个月、1年内脑梗死的发生率。结果根据ABCD2评分,108例患者归为低危组,112例归为中-高危组。TIA发病7 d、6个月及1年内低危组脑梗死发生率分别为4.6%、6.5%及7.4%,中-高危组脑梗死发生率分别为18.8%、27.7%及33.9%;中-高危组TIA发病7 d、6个月及1年内脑梗死发生率显著高于低危组(均P<0.05)。结论 ABCD2评分是临床上预测TIA患者发生脑梗死的有效方法。     

ABCD2评分对短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中严重程度的评估价值

目的：初步探讨ABCD2评分方法对短暂性脑缺血发作后卒中严重程度的评估价值。方法选择有 T IA发作史的脑梗死患者96例,根据ABCD2评分法分成低危（0～3分）、中危（4～5分）和高危（6～7分）3组,比较高、中、低危组继发脑梗死神经功能缺损程度（NIHSS）评分。结果低危、中危和高危3组之间NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 ABCD2评分是预测T IA短期内发生脑梗死简单而有效的方法,但该评分高低可能与脑梗死神经功能缺损程度无直接相关。     

ABCD3-I评分预测短暂性脑缺血发作后早期卒中风险

目的 探讨采用ABCD3-I评分法预测短暂性脑缺血发作早期进展为卒中的风险。方法 收集在我院治疗的186例以短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）为首发症状的患者,均于发病后48小时内行常规弥散加权成像（diffusion weighted imaging,DWI）、磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）、磁共振血管成像（magnetic resonance angiography,MRA）检查,按照ABCD3-I评分法分为低危组、中危组和高危组,观察TIA后7天、90天内各组卒中的发生率,并比较ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法这3种评分方法的阳性预测值。采用logistic回归模型预测TIA后早期进展为卒中的危险因素。结果 ABCD3-I评分的低危组（0～3分）、中危组（4～7分）、高危组（8～13分）7天内卒中发生率分别为0、3.0%、33.8%,90天内卒中发生率分别为0、6.0%、52.3%。与低危组、中危组分别比较,高危组TIA后7天、90天内卒中发生率明显升高（P均﹤0.01）。与低危组比较,中危组90天内卒中发生率升高（P﹤0.01）,两组7天内卒中发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。Logistic回归模型显示：双重TIA患者90天内预测卒中风险比值比（odds ratio,OR）为4.307,95%可信区间（credibility interval,CI）2.317～8.005,P ﹤0.01;DWI检查出现高信号患者90天内预测卒中风险OR为1.102,95%CI 27.719～223.344,P ﹤0.01;同侧颈动脉中重度狭窄患者90天内预测卒中风险OR为7.800,95%CI 2.075～29.319,P ﹦0.005。预测7天内卒中发生风险时,ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法的曲线下面积（area under thecurve,AUC）分别为0.627、0.842、0.900;阳性预测值分别为25.3%、68.4%、81%。预测90天卒中发生风险：ABCD2评分法、ABCD3评分法、ABCD3-I评分法的AUC分别为0.608、0.796、0.860;阳性预测值分别为21.5%、59.1%、73%。结论 ABCD3-I评分≥8分时（高危组）,TIA后7天及90天内卒中发生率均升高,ABCD3-I评分≥4分时（中高危组）,TIA后90天内卒中发生率升高。双重TIA、DWI检查出现高信号、同侧颈动脉狭窄与TIA后早期发生卒中相关。本研究提示ABCD3-I评分法在预测TIA进展为卒中的阳性率上,明显优于ABCD2评分法和ABCD3评分法。     

Neurobrucellosis as an exceptional cause of transient ischemic attacks

We report a series of four cases presented with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) or ischemic stroke as the predominant manifestation of neurobrucellosis (NB). Three of the patients were 20-28 years of age, and one patient was 53 years old. They all used to consume unpasteurized milk or its products. Two patients had systemic brucellosis in the past and received antibiotic treatment. Other causes of TIA including cardiac embolism, hypercoagulability, vascular malformations, systemic vasculitis, and infective endocarditis were excluded. NB was diagnosed with serological tests or cultures for Brucella in the cerebrospinal fluid. None of the patients had any further TIA after the initiation of specific treatment. NB should always be sought in young patients with TIA or ischemic stroke, especially if they have no risk factors for stroke and live in an endemic area for brucellosis, even if they do not have other systemic signs of brucellosis.     

Executive function during transient ischemic attacks

BACKGROUND: Recent researches demonstrate that damage of executive function is an early manifestation of vascular cognitive disorder. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the executive functions of patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA). DESIGN: Case control. SETTING: Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 83 TIA patients (46 males and 37 females, aged 32–74 years) were selected from Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College from July 2005 to December 2006. The diagnosis of TIA was established by the criteria of cerebrovascular diseases made by the Fourth National Cerebrovascular Disease Meeting. In these cases, forty-five patients (54%) were involved in internal carotid artery, and thirty-eight patients (46%) were involved in vertebral basilar system. Fifty healthy adults (Control group: 28 males and 22 females, aged 32–74 years) were chosen from retiree in community and family of patients. All of them were right-handedness, without cerebrovascular disease, cerebral trauma, inborn oligophrenia, and hearing and visual disorders; also they had no anxiety and depression nearly one week. In addition, all the subjects cooperated with examination. METHODS: After TIA diagnosis, all patients received neuropsychological examination, including attention and inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning and diversion, based on Stroop tests (C and CW) and the Wisconsin card sorting tests (WCST). ① WCST test: The edition revised by Nelson was used. We would take the times of sorting, incorrect response, persistent incorrect response, and randomly incorrect response as the index of evaluation. ② Stroop tests: The edition revised by Trenarry was used and this test had two types: form color and form color-word. Their incorrect response and response time were recorded for data analysis in the end. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Results of WCST test and Stroop tests. RESULTS: A total of 83 TIA patients and 50 healthy subjects were involved in the final analysis. Items of Stroop tests, including response time of Stroop-C test, incorrect response of Stroop-C test, response time of Stroop-CW test and incorrect response of Stroop-CW test, and items of WCST, including incorrect response, persistent incorrect response and random incorrect response, between internal carotid artery system and vertebral basilar artery system were (93.87±24.39) s, 3.16±3.97, (228.46±68.13) s, 12.91±10.56, 55.42± 20.38, 26.58±10.41, 28.62±11.22; (96.76±24.75) s, 3.89±4.77, (223.46±72.54) s, 18.71±13.80, 52.47 ±22.25, 28.82±16.20, 23.39±9.72, respectively; this was higher than those in the control group [(52.10± 12.18) s, 1.68±1.97, (134.86±34.15) s, 4.22±4.21, 32.46±17.97, 14.42±8.47, 18.24±10.24, P < 0.05– 0.01]. Times of sorting of WCST between internal carotid artery system and vertebral basilar artery system were obviously lower than those in the control group (8.27±2.73, 8.66±2.77, 11.22±2.41, P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences between internal carotid artery system and vertebral basilar artery system (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with TIA have executive dysfunctions, and the dysfunctions have no difference between internal carotid artery system and vertebral basilar artery system.     

TIA与TIA形式的脑梗死的相关因素分析

目的分析TIA及TIA形式的脑梗死的临床特点,探索其临床相关因素。方法回顾性分析83例初步诊断为TIA并在症状首发后24 h内行常规MRI及DWI检查的患者,发病1周内行颈部动脉血管彩超、TCD。记录发病后7 d内的临床转归。根据DWI结果分为DWI+组及DWI-组,确定DWI阳性率。比较DWI+组及DWI-组临床特征差别。分析两组患者动脉粥样硬化斑块的部位、性质、数量及颅内外血管狭窄的部位、程度。结果DWI阳性率为36.1%。DWI阳性与动脉粥样硬化相关(P=0.03),与颈部动脉动脉粥样硬化斑块数目相关(P=0.04),TIA症状首发后7 d内,30.0%DWI+组患者TIA症状反复发作或表现为临床症状持续存在,高于DWI-组(22.6%)。结论临床表现为TIA的病例大于1/3急性期已经形成了脑梗死,动脉粥样硬化斑块数量越多,DWI阳性的可能性越大,DWI+的患者7 d内更易进展。     

颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作患者颅内血管狭窄程度和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系

目的探讨颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者颅内血管狭窄和ABCD2评分与近期预后的关系。方法对64例颈内动脉系统TIA患者行MRI、MR血管成像(MRA)检查及ABCD2评分,并分析其与近期预后的关系。结果 MRA结果显示,47例(73.4%)患者有不同程度的颅内血管狭窄或闭塞,其中正常或轻度狭窄组37例,中度狭窄组16例及重度狭窄组11例;根据ABCD2评分结果,低危组22例,中-高危组42例。发病7 d内14例(21.9%)发生脑梗死,中度狭窄组(12.5%)及重度狭窄组(7.81%)脑梗死发生率显著高于正常及轻度血管狭窄组(1.6%)(均P<0.05)。中-高危组中重度血管狭窄率及脑梗死发生率显著高于低危组(均P<0.05)。结论颈内动脉系统TIA患者颅内血管狭窄程度及ABCD2评分对TIA的近期预后评估有重要的意义。     

前循环短暂性脑缺血发作患者血浆纤维蛋白原水平与ABCD2评分的关系

目的 探讨前循环短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)患者血浆纤维蛋白原(Fg)水平与ABCD2评分的关系.方法 采用ABCD2评分对133例前循环TIA患者进行评估,并根据评分分为低危亚组、中危亚组和高危亚组.检测TIA患者及128名正常对照者的血浆Fg水平,并比较.结果 根据ABCD2评分将患者分为低危亚组32例,中危亚组72例,高危亚组29例.TIA组血浆Fg水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01).中危及高危亚组的血浆Fg水平显著高于低危亚组;高危亚组显著高于中危亚组(均P＜0.05).Kruskal-Wallis H检验显示,高危亚组、中危亚组、低危亚组的血浆Fg水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).经Spearmen秩相关系数检验,血浆Fg平均水平与ABCD2评分呈正相关(r=0.548,P＜0.001).结论 前循环TIA患者血浆Fg水平与ABCD2评分呈正相关.     

短暂性脑缺血发作173例临床分析

目的:通过分析173例短暂脑缺血发作(TIA)的临床特点,探讨其分型、治疗及预后。方法:对173例TIA患者资料进行回顾性分析,并对其进行半年至4年的随访。结果:血流动力学型87例,微栓塞型48例,梗死型38例。发生脑梗死情况:2天内发生3例(1.73%),30天内发生8例(4.62%),90天内发生11例(6.35%),1年内发生17例(9.83%),1年～4年内共发生24例(13.87%),149例随访半年至4年,未发生脑梗死。结论:根据发病机制可将TIA分为3型:血流动力学型、微栓塞型、梗死型;抗血小板、抗凝治疗可有效降低卒中的发生率。     

肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作临床分析

目的探讨肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作的临床表现及诊断,提高临床医师对这一症候的认识。方法采用动态脑电图、经颅多普勒超声、颈部血管超声、头部核磁共振、核磁共振血管成像、全脑血管造影等辅助检查,对4例肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作患者进行临床表现、辅助检查及影像学资料分析。结果4例患者均表现为肢体发作性短暂不能控制的抖动,其发作均有明显诱因,其中2例曾被误诊为癫,给予抗癫治疗无效。全部患者均有抖动肢体对侧至少1条以上颅内和（或）颅外动脉严重狭窄或闭塞,头部核磁共振3例显示抖动肢体对侧分水岭脑梗死,发作期脑电图检查未见癫波释放,给予抗血小板聚集、扩容或者血管内支架治疗后,症状均消失。结论肢体抖动性短暂性脑缺血发作常表现为发作性、无意识的肢体抖动,和局灶性运动性癫发作相似,易误诊为局灶性癫,通常提示大血管严重的狭窄或闭塞,低灌注是其最可能的发病机制,通过脑电图及全脑血管造影等检查可以明确诊断,防止漏诊及误诊。     

数字减影血管造影在识别高危的短暂性脑缺血发作中的临床价值

目的应用数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术,对短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)有卒中高危因素患者的颅内外大动脉狭窄进行研究。方法采用ABCD评分工具,对48h内入院的非心源性TIA患者进行危险分层,于入院5d内完成DSA检查,根据颅内外动脉狭窄程度的分值,创建新的ABCD+DSA(ABCDA)评分工具。比较这两种评分工具对卒中风险的预测及其分层有无统计学差异。结果在纳入的88例患者中,有37.5%(33例)的患者在90d内发生卒中,其中伴有≥70%狭窄和闭塞的占66.7%(22例),在无动脉狭窄8例中,仅1例发生卒中。两种评分工具对30d和90d的卒中风险预测均有较高的价值,而ABCDA评分的预测能力则更强。按照ABCD评分分层,本组评分为≥5分组与评分<5分组之间,短期内累计的卒中发生率无统计学差异。在添加DSA项目的分值后,评分为≥5分的患者在30d内发生卒中的风险增加了6倍,在90d内增加了4倍。结论颅内外动脉≥70%狭窄或闭塞是TIA短期内发生卒中的高危人群。ABCDA评分不仅能增强风险的预测和分层能力,并且在卒中的二级预防上有着重要的指导意义。