早期胃癌特征性miRNA筛选

目的检测早期胃癌组织中微小RNA（miRNA）表达谱,筛选出早期胃癌的特征性miRNA。方法应用中通量基因芯片技术来检测5例早期胃癌组织及其癌旁组织标本中miRNA的表达。结果相对于癌旁组织,早期胃癌组织中共有36个miRNA表达下调,如miR-9．1、miR-103、miR-141等;12个miRNA表达上调,如miR．196a、miR．142．3p、miR-25等。结论在早期胃癌组织中表达异常的miRNA可能与胃癌发生发展有着一定的相关性。     

Screening for prostate cancer

This article provides a review of present evidence that suggests that screening achieves a reduction in prostate cancer mortality. Aspects of quality of life and cost effectiveness are reviewed, as well as present test performance. The questions addressed in this article include the following: Is screening in its present form acceptable as a public health instrument? What changes are needed to improve the screening procedure? What are the research priorities in this field, assuming that the present evidence of prostate cancer mortality reduction is eventually confirmed by ongoing randomized controlled trials?     

Screening for prostate cancer

Carcinoma of the prostate gland is the secondmost common cancer among men with anage-adjusted incidence of 635 cases per 100,000men aged 65 and older. While there are severalproven methods for detecting prostate cancer,debate continues as to the best way to detectit early as well as who should receiveparticular screening. There are differingopinions as to proven benefit even when canceris detected. Fortunately, newer methodscontinue to be developed that will hopefullyreduce false positive detection rates whileinsuring an adequate level of screeningprotection.     

Screening for lung cancer

The large clinical studies of lung cancer screening carried out more than 20 years ago were interpreted as evidence against screening. Those studies have been recently reassessed in the light of methodologic flaws in the randomization of subjects at risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence to support the former conclusion that screening is ineffective and the consequent official recommendation not to screen for lung cancer. The hypothesis of overdiagnosis of lung cancers diagnosed by screening is false. Clinical evidence supports the concept that the current dogma against screening for lung cancer is untrue. Indeed, the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC detected in stage I and radically resected ranges from 60% to 80%. This rate is in sharp contrast to the 10% survival rate of stage I NSCLC not resected. About 90% of lung cancer cases are detected among smokers and former smokers; these well-known at-risk subjects should be offered a screening test with the goal of detecting the disease when it is in stage I. It is expected that the techniques for early detection of lung cancer will be refined and become more sensitive in the near future, so that it will be possible to detect an increasingly large proportion of lung cancers when they are truly in stage I (i.e., nonmetastatic) and curable by radical surgical resection. Low-dose helical CT scan is currently believed to represent a very useful technique for screening for lung cancer, with a higher sensitivity than chest radiograph screening. Chest radiography for lung cancer screening, however, is cheaper and ubiquitously available, and it should still be recommended if CT scan is locally unavailable. As underscored in a recent commentary in The Lancet, the existing public health policy discouraging the screening for lung cancer is in urgent need of reconsideration.     

胃癌相关激肽释放酶的筛选及其临床意义

目的:筛选并探讨胃癌相关激肽释放酶(kallikrein,KLK)在胃癌中的表达,及其与胃癌临床病理和预后的关系。方法:用cDNA微阵列检测胃癌组织及正常胃黏膜标本,筛选出在胃癌组织中差异表达的KLK;用real-timePCR方法进一步验证;再用免疫组化检测胃癌组织石蜡切片中之目标KLK表达水平,并分析其与胃癌病人临床特征及预后的关系。结果:胃癌组织中,KLK10表达上调9.55倍,KLK11表达下调12.02倍。KLK10的表达水平与肿瘤直径、肿瘤浸润深度及淋巴结转移情况明显相关,而KLK11的表达水平与这些临床病理学特征均无关;肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移情况及KLK10和KLK11表达状况与病人的总体生存率明显相关。结论:胃癌组织中差异表达的KLK主要包括KLK10及KLK11;KLK10的表达水平与肿瘤直径、肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移情况及病人的总体生存率明显相关;而KLK11的表达水平与这些临床病理学特征均无相关,而与病人的总体生存率明显相关。     

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随着胃癌现代外科治疗理论的发展和技术进步 ,对复发胃癌及晚期胃癌的外科治疗观念发生了改变 ,过去对此类胃癌多采取消极的态度。近年来 ,由于对复发胃癌的复发形式、生物学特点的深入了解 ,诊断技术的进步 ,外科营养及外科治疗水平的提高 ,对某些病例采用积极的外科治疗 ,取得了一定的疗效。胃癌的复发外科治疗将成为胃癌治疗领域里的新课题。1　胃癌的复发机制和形式复发的机制可分为两类 :一类是连续性复发 :从残留的原发病变连续生长 ,大多为切断端复发。另一类是非连续性复发 :有微小转移癌灶在组织间隙、淋巴管内形成癌栓、着床、增…     

Proximal gastric exclusion for unresectable gastric cancer

Background: Patients with unresectable distal gastric cancer causing obstruction have classically undergone palliative gastrojejunostomy, but high mortality rates and delayed return of gastric emptying have been reported. The aim of the present study was to compare gastrojejunostomy and proximal gastric exclusion in patients with unresectable distal gastric cancer. Methods: Until 1996, patients with unresectable obstructing distal gastric cancer underwent antecolic gastrojejunostomy, but since 1997 we have performed proximal gastric exclusion for these patients. Mortality, morbidity, time taken to resume oral fluids and normal diet, length of palliation and survival were compared. Results: There was no mortality in either the gastrojejunostomy group (n = 4) or the exclusion group (n = 6). A single patient in the gastrojejunostomy group developed a sacral sore and another patient had recurrent vomiting following gastrojejunostomy. Exclusion resulted in a quicker return to diet and a slightly longer survival, although these were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Proximal gastric exclusion offers a safe, quick and life‐enduring palliation for unresectable malignant gastric outlet obstruction.     

Screening for breast cancer.

Mammography is of real assistance to the surgeon in evaluating breast problems not associated with a breast mass. Use of mammography in the detection of early breast cancer in breast demonstration projects has brought forth the time honored value judgement of benefit vs risk. This report introduces an additional aspect in the consideration of benefit vs risk, the interval cancer. From the demonstration project at KUMC, 326 biopsies were performed and 65 proved to be cancer. However, 24 additional women developed cancer before their next recommended screening date. This reduces the accuracy of mammography and physical examination by trained nurses in screening for breast cancer to 73%.     

Near-total gastrectomy for gastric cancer

Fifty-nine consecutive patients (95 percent) with gastric cancer of the distal portion of the stomach were operated on with 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy between 1975 and 1980. The operations were for cure in all cases. Twenty-five patients were alive after 5 years, for a crude 5 year survival rate of 42 percent. The operative mortality rate was 5 percent (three patients). Twenty-four patients (41 percent) had complications, which consisted of postoperative respiratory infection in 11 patients (19 percent), postoperative ileus in 4 patients (7 percent), and subphrenic abscess in 2 patients (3.4 percent). In addition, there was one wound dehiscence and one liver rupture (with fatal outcome), one deep venous thrombosis, one urinary infection, and one wound infection. Only one patient (1.7 percent) had an anastomotic leak at the gastrojejunostomy site. Seven relaparotomies (12 percent) had to be performed for complications. We have concluded that, in patients with distal gastric cancer, 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy can result in a 5 year survival rate that is comparable to that reported in the literature for total gastrectomy, and it has the advantage of a very low rate of anastomotic leakage between the minute gastric remnant and the jejunum. Therefore, 95 percent subtotal gastrectomy is recommended over total gastrectomy in the treatment of distal gastric cancer.     

Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer

The growing role of multimodal treatment plans for advanced gastric cancer has contributed to the development of more accurate preoperative staging strategies. The high diagnostic efficacy of video-laparoscopy as regards the M factor has been reported by many; preoperative laparoscopy therefore permits to avoid unhelpful surgical exploration in case of peritoneal dissemination of tumor or liver metastases undetected by conventional staging. At Memorial Sloan Kattering Cancer Center preoperative staging laparoscopy is currently included in the diagnostic algorithm for gastric cancer. Data from a consecutive series of 103 patients demonstrated metastatic disease in 24 patients (37%) who were considered to have localized cancer by computed tomography (CT) or endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), with an accuracy of 94% with respect to the M factor. These patients did not require open surgery. Laparoscopic washings were obtained from 127 patients with gastric cancer and a positive correlation between the extent of disease and prevalence of positive cytology was noted (T1/T2: 0%, T3/T4: 10%, M+: 59%). Our experience suggests that laparoscopy has added value in staging patients with gastric carcinoma. It appears to be a safe and effective staging modality, avoiding unnecessary explorations and providing new means of directing appropriate treatment strategy.     

胃癌的腹腔镜手术

近年来,随着腹腔镜技术的不断发展完善以及外科医生对微创理念的认识加深,腹腔镜技术在胃癌治疗中的应用越来越广泛.我们根据自身累积的经验和认识,就腹腔镜在胃癌治疗中的应用现状及进展作简要的论述.     

Subcardial resection for gastric cancer

The method of subtotal gastric resection for cancer, stipulating for lower esophageal sphincter and gastric cardia, was elaborated in the clinic. Good immediate results, low rate of postoperative complications, the absence of gastroesophageal anastomosis sutures insufficience together with significant improvement of functional results due to preservation of lower esophageal sphincter function permit to recommend subcardial gastric resection as a method of choice in a distal gastric third cancer as well as in the early gastric corpus cancer.