急性混合谱系融合基因阳性急性白血病患儿的临床特点

目的分析混合谱系白血病(MLL)融合基因阳性的急性白血病(AL)患儿临床特点,探讨其治疗措施及其预后相关因素。方法选取细胞形态学、分子生物学、免疫分型及巢式反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿51例,对其临床表现、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果51例MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿中急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)37例,急性髓细胞白血病(AML)14例。42例涉及11号染色体改变;RT-PCR检测有36例MLL基因重排,15例为串联重复。32例接受正规治疗的AL患儿中24例完全缓解,其中ALL19例,AML5例;缓解时间持续2 a以上者ALL5例,AML仅1例;持续缓解存活者仅16例,ALL12例,AML4例;10例MLL融合基因已转阴,并持续存活。在随访6 a中,32例中复发6例,均为骨髓复发,死亡6例。结论MLL融合基因阳性AL患儿发生率低,化疗效果差,易复发,预后差。少数对化疗敏感的AL患儿MLL融合基因可转阴,并持续存活。     

儿童急性髓系白血病163例临床分析

目的分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院初诊急性髓系白血病（AML）患儿的临床资料,为进一步完善治疗方案提供依据。方法除外急性早幼粒细胞白血病,2008年1月-2012年12月共收治AML患儿163例,分析其临床资料。结果（1）以男性和5～10岁组患儿较多见;中位初诊年龄为5岁4个月,其中有18例患儿初诊年龄≤1岁。（2）骨髓MICM分型检查：FAB分型中以M2亚型最多见;免疫分型除139例患儿单纯表达髓系分化抗原表达以外,21例同时伴有淋巴系抗原表达,3例为未表型;细胞遗传学中异常核型的检出率为66％,以复杂核型最多见;26例患儿检测到AML1-ETO融合基因。（3）本研究治疗率55．2％,总诱导缓解率为87．8％,无诱导缓解化疗相关死亡患儿。（4）90例接受诱导缓解化疗患儿中位生存时间为13个月,中位无复发生存时间为9个月,其中43例接受2个疗程以上根治性缓解后化疗患儿中位生存时间为20个月,中位无复发生存时间为14个月。结论我院AML患儿治疗率仅为52．5％。还需要进一步完善AML患儿临床危险度分组以指导治疗,以中大剂量阿糖胞苷为主的化疗可改善预后。     

10例伴TLS-ERG融合基因阳性儿童急性白血病临床病例分析

目的探讨TLS-ERG融合基因对于儿童急性白血病的影响。方法回顾及总结分析2006年1月-2014年12月在北京儿童医院血液肿瘤中心诊断急性白血病且TLS-ERG融合基因阳性患儿的临床特征、治疗、危险度评估及预后。结果 1500例急性白血病患儿中检测出10例(0.6%)伴有TLS-ERG融合基因,其中男7例,女3例,中位年龄8岁,急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)6例,急性髓细胞白血病(AML)4例。6例ALL患儿中,免疫分型:4例为普通B淋巴细胞表型,1例为前B淋巴细胞表型,1例为带髓系标记的B淋巴细胞表型;危险度评估:2例为标危,4例为中危。4例AML患儿中,3例为AML-M2型,1例为AML-M5型。ALL患儿按照中国儿童白血病协作组(CCLG)-ALL 2008方案进行化疗,6例均在诱导缓解期达到完全缓解,按照化疗方案规律治疗,定期检测微小残留病(MRD)均小于1×10~(-4)。4例AML患儿中,2例患儿在第一疗程ADE(阿糖胞苷+柔红霉素十依托泊苷)化疗第21d复查骨穿提示未缓解,放弃治疗;1例患儿完成第一轮ADE化疗后骨髓完全缓解,按照化疗方案完成两轮ADE、MIT+ARA(米托蒽醌+阿糖胞苷)、CLASP(阿糖胞苷+左旋门冬酰胺酶)化疗后复发,后放弃治疗;1例患儿第一疗程化疗后完全缓解,后经过2疗程ADE、MIT/ARA、CLASP后骨髓细胞学完全缓解,TS-ERG融合基因仍阳性,故行父亲6/10HLA半相合造血干细胞移植,随访至今。结论 TLS-ERG融合基因在儿童急性白血病中阳性率低,但在ALL及AML患儿中均可发生。根据本中心资料,该融合基因对于ALL患儿的治疗及预后影响不大,但伴有TLS-ERG融合基因的急性髓细胞白血病患儿治疗困难,预后较差。该融合基因发生率较低,单中心资料有限,故需要多中心更大宗的资料进一步证实。     

7例婴儿急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床分析

目的总结我科7例婴儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的临床及实验室检查特点,探讨其治疗及预后的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2011年1月—2017年7月徐州市儿童医院血液肿瘤内科收治的7例婴儿ALL的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗及预后。结果 7例婴儿ALL,初诊年龄3～11个月,平均发病年龄5个月。临床表现为贫血、发热、出血、肝脾肿大,其中1例患儿就诊时白细胞大于300×10~9/L。7例骨髓形态学诊断后进一步完善了免疫学、细胞遗传学、分子生物学检查。免疫分型均为B细胞性ALL,其中有5例患儿存在MLL基因重排。2例患儿诊断后放弃治疗,1例在诱导化疗中放弃治疗,其余4例接受治疗的患儿,例2完全缓解(52个月)至今,例1完全缓解31个月后骨髓复发,例3在诱导缓解后因重症肺部感染死亡,例4诱导缓解后行脐血干细胞移植治疗,随访至今完全缓解(14个月)。结论婴儿ALL儿童白血病中罕见,我科该类患儿占同期初诊白血病的2. 0%,临床特征与其他类型白血病不同,7例中仅4例完成诱导化疗并接受后续化疗,1例缓解后复发,1例早期死亡,仅2例无病生存,预后差,复发率高。     

急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿诱导缓解期合并可逆性后部白质脑病临床特征

目的探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病（acute lymphoblastic leukemiu,ALL）患儿,在诱导缓解化疗期间发生可逆性后部白质性脑病综合征（reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy sysdrome,RPLS）的病因、临床表现、影像学特征及治疗。方法2011年6月至2012年3月,北京儿童医院血液病中心诱导缓解化疗期间出现RPLS的8例患儿。回顾性分析RPLS发病时间、临床表现、影像学检查特点、治疗及预后。结果8例患儿发生RPLS中位时间为诱导缓解化疗第28（23～34）d,以癫痫为主要表现,2例视觉障碍,3例意识障碍;均有粒细胞缺乏、电解质紊乱及凝血功能障碍;应用过粒细胞集落刺激因子;8例患儿均存在典型头部核磁共振成像（MRI）特征,6例患儿出现血管源性水肿,预后良好,2例患儿出现细胞毒性水肿,其中1例复发,预后不良。结论RPLS可发生在ALL患儿诱导缓解化疗期间,有特征性临床和影像学检查表现,头部MRI检查是诊断及评估RPLS预后的重要手段。其发病机制暂不明确。在化疗期间需要密切监测血压、血常规、电解质及凝血功能,积极处理。     

多重RT-PCR检测儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病融合基因的临床研究

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）患儿染色体畸变所致融合基因与临床危险度分层及治疗的关系。方法采用多重RT-PCR方法检测儿童ALL的常见融合基因,结合染色体核型分析、免疫表型及临床资料对152例ALL患儿进行临床研究。结果152例ALL患儿中有43例（29．5％）具有9种常见融合基因表达,包括 TEL/AML1、BCR/ABL（P190）、BCR/ABL（P210）、E2A/PBX1、MLL/ENL、MLL/AF9、TLS/ERG、CBF/MYH11、Hox11。TEL/AML1融合基因阳性23例,其中1例放弃治疗,1例因早期治疗反应不良,评估为高危,其他21例均早期治疗反应良好,目前停药10例（停药时间4～30个月）,11例仍为完全缓解（CR）,1例停药18个月后骨髓复发。E2A/PBX1融合基因阳性4例,其中3例评估为中危,目前均CR中,1例因早期治疗反应不良,评估为高危,化疗过程中复发死亡;BCR/ABL（P190）阳性5例,BCR/ABL（P210）阳性3例,其中5例行骨髓移植治疗（4例移植后数月骨髓复发,1例CR中）,1例选择高危方案化疗后骨髓复发,另外2例临床未缓解,放弃治疗;MLL基因阳性2例,均评估为中危,1例MLL/AF9,经强化疗后目前已停药18个月,1例MLL/ENL,在化疗过程中复发,放弃治疗;TLS/ERG融合基因1例,早期治疗反应不良,经强化疗后达CR,目前已停药20个月;Hox11融合基因阳性4例,均评估为中危,化疗后3例CR中,1例因复发放弃治疗。结论 TEL/AML1表达者化疗效果良好;BCR/ABL、MLL基因重排等化疗效果差,需骨髓移植或强烈化疗。采用多重RT-PCR方法可快速同时检测儿童急性白血病29种常见融合基因,完善白血病的MICM分型、指导临床个体化治疗。     

治疗相关白血病1例报告

目的探讨急性淋巴细胞白血病患者长期化疗后发生治疗相关骨髓增生异常综合征白血病(t-MDS/AML)的临床特征及预后。方法观察一例儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病经化疗后演变为幼年慢性粒-单核细胞白血病(JMML)的临床演变过程及治疗结果并进行相关文献复习。结果1例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿经3年正规化疗停药后3月,外周血白细胞进行性增高并出现原始粒、单核细胞。各项检查支持幼年慢性粒-单核细胞白血病诊断。根据2000年WHO造血组织和淋巴组织肿瘤分类方法,归于MDS/MPD一类疾病。患者迅速进展为AML-M4b,治疗无效死亡。结论t-MDS比原发性MDS病情进展更快,预后更差。t-AML临床预后不良,骨髓移植及大剂量化疗仅对部分患者有效。应进一步加强儿童ALL患者的合理用药,根据不同危险度分型,选取相应治疗强度化疗方案,以减少t-MDS/AML发生的可能。     

儿童慢性活动性EB病毒感染18例病例系列报告

目的探讨慢性活动性EB病毒感染（CAEBV）患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗和预后,为其诊治提供参考。方法回顾性分析2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日18例CAEBV患儿的临床资料,包括起病方式、临床表现、实验室检查（EB病毒DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子等）、治疗和随访情况。结果18例CAEBV患儿进入本文分析,男8例、女10例。发病年龄1.0~13.9岁。该病起病方式13例为EB病毒再发感染,5例为EBV相关噬血细胞综合征（EBV-HLH）。临床表现主要为反复发热,肝、脾、淋巴结肿大,肝功能损害,血细胞减少;18例EB病毒衣壳抗原（VCA）-IgM首次检测均阴性,EB VCA-IgG均强阳性,血清（18/18）、骨髓（14/14）及活检组织EBV-DNA（肝1/4,淋巴结2/3）强阳性;IL-4、IL-10及IFN-γ升高者分别占67%（12/18）、89%（16/18）、72%（13/18）。B细胞、总T细胞及CD8+T细胞、NK细胞比例降低。患儿主要接受抗病毒药物、丙种球蛋白、免疫抑制剂、联合化疗、利妥昔单抗和造血干细胞移植等治疗。1例失访,14例（78%）死亡,EBV-HLH起病者生存期明显缩短。结论CAEBV起病方式、临床表现多样,治疗方案差异较大,病死率高,预后差。EBV DNA及抗体谱、细胞因子及淋巴细胞亚群改变呈一定的特异性,可为该病的早期诊断、进行有计划造血干细胞移植等提供参考。     

急性白血病患儿骨髓细胞血管内皮生长因子及其受体表达

目的探讨儿童急性白血病（AL）骨髓细胞血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）及其受体（Flt,KDR）表达差异,分析其与儿童AL临床特征关系及化疗前后变化。方法采用S-P免疫组织化学方法检测53例AL患儿治疗前后及对照组骨髓VEGF/Flt-1,KDR表达情况,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）33例,急性髓系白血病（AML）20例;对照组21例为骨髓像正常非恶性血液病患儿,抽取骨髓肝素抗凝,应用梯度离心法分离单个核细胞。结果VEGF、Flt-1、KDR在AL患儿骨髓中表达水平高于对照组,AML组表达高于ALL组。化疗后完全缓解（CR）40例患儿,其VEGF、Flt-1、KDR的表达在化疗后较化疗前显著性降低;化疗后未获得CR患儿的表达在化疗前后无显著性。AL患儿VEGF的表达与骨髓中幼稚细胞百分比、外周血幼稚细胞百分比呈正相关。骨髓VEGF、Flt-1、KDR表达水平在不同年龄、性别、有无髓外浸润无差异。高表达VEGF组缓解率低于低表达组。结论VEGF、Flt-1、KDR在儿童AL中高表达,提示可能与儿童AL的发生过程、发展、疾病预后有关。     

基于流式细胞术的可测量残留病对儿童急性髓系白血病预后意义的前瞻性研究

目的 通过分析以可测量残留病（measurable residual disease,MRD）为导向的风险分层治疗,评估MRD在儿童急性髓系白血病（acute myeloid leukemia,AML）治疗过程中的预后价值。 方法 前瞻性纳入93例AML患儿,按照初诊时遗传学异常、诱导治疗Ⅰ后MRD及骨髓细胞学决定的风险分层完成2015-AML-03方案化疗。以多参数流式细胞术动态监测MRD,分析MRD对3年累积复发（cumulative recurrence,CIR）率、无事件生存（event-free survival,EFS）率、总生存（overall survival,OS）率的影响。 结果 93例AML患儿中,3年CIR率为48%±6%,中位复发时间是11（范围：2~32）个月,3年OS率为65%±6%,3年EFS率为50%±5%。诱导治疗Ⅰ和强化治疗Ⅰ后MRD阳性患儿的3年CIR率均高于MRD阴性患儿,3年EFS率、OS率均低于MRD阴性患儿（P<0.05）。初诊时低危的MRD阳性患儿调整化疗强度后的3年CIR率、EFS率、OS率与MRD阴性患儿相比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。多因素分析表明,强化治疗Ⅰ后MRD阳性是AML患儿3年OS率的危险因素（P<0.05）。 结论 MRD对儿童AML预后有预测价值;利用基于MRD的风险导向治疗,合理应用化疗可能改善儿童AML患儿的整体预后。 引用格式:     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.