同型半胱氨酸与缺血性脑血管病相关性及控制措施分析

目的探讨同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与缺血性脑血管病(ICVD)的相关性及控制措施。方法选取ICVD患者85例为ICVD组,选取同期入院体检正常人40例为对照组,检测Hcy水平、叶酸、维生素B12;并观察ICVD患者服用叶酸、维生素B12、维生素B6前后Hcy、叶酸、维生素B12水平变化情况。结果脑梗死组Hcy(17.01±2.96)μmol/L显著高于TIA组、对照组,叶酸为(14.63±7.58)μg/L显著低于TIA、对照组,TIA组、对照组组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);脑梗死组、TIA组B12水平均低于对照组,但脑梗死组、TIA组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。ICVD患者治疗后Hcy水平为(14.64±3.57)μmol/L,显著低于治疗前,叶酸、B12水平分别为(34.05±15.26)μg/L、(724.99±157.67)μmol/L,均显著高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论高Hcy血症与ICVD具有显著相关性,可补充叶酸、B族维生素,降低血浆Hcy水平。     

同型半胱氨酸在帕金森病患者血浆中的变化及临床意义

目的对比研究同型半胱氨酸(homocystein,Hcy)在帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)和脑梗死患者血浆中的变化,探讨其临床意义。方法检测PD、脑梗死患者及对照组血浆Hcy水平,检测PD、脑梗死患者及对照组血浆叶酸和维生素B_(12)水平。对PD患者血浆Hcy水平与叶酸及维生素B_(12)水平进行相关性分析,对血浆Hcy水平与PD严重程度、病程、临床类型、情绪、认知功能及是否服用美多芭进行相关性分析。结果 (1)PD组、脑梗死组及对照组血浆Hcy水平分别为20±11μmol/L、16±7μmol/L及11±2μmol/L,PD组和脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或0.01),PD组血浆Hcy水平明显高于脑梗死组(P0.01);(2)PD组血浆叶酸和维生素B_(12)水平分别为6±5μg/L和514±345ng/L。PD组血浆叶酸和Hcy水平呈明显负相关(r=-0.453,P0.01);血浆维生素B_(12)和Hcy水平无明显相关性(r=-0.268,P0.05)。(3)按照Hoehn-Yahr分期对PD严重程度进行分组,轻、中、重度PD组血浆Hcy水平分别为16±8μmol/L、21±9μmol/L和35±3μmol/L,三组之间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);(4)血浆Hcy水平与病程、临床类型、情绪、认知功能及是否服用美多芭无关。结论 PD组和脑梗死组血浆Hcy水平明显增高,PD组Hcy水平与疾病严重程度密切相关,PD组血浆叶酸和Hcy水平呈明显负相关。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与脑卒中的关系

目的:探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与脑卒中的关系。方法:采用微粒子酶免分析(MEIA)测定130例脑卒中患者(急性脑梗死90例、脑出血40例)和80例对照组血浆Hcy浓度,同时测定叶酸、维生素B12、血脂、空腹血糖等,进行Logistic回归分析。结果:卒中组平均血浆Hcy水平[(16.71±6.93)μmol·L-1]明显高于对照组「(10.16±2.71)μmol·L-1](t=8.07,P<0.001);两组中血浆Hcy升高分别有60例(46.15%)和5例(6.25%),差异有显著统计学意义(χ2=36.898,P<0.001)。卒中组平均血浆叶酸水平及维生素B12明显低于对照组;两组血浆Hcy浓度与叶酸及维生素B12水平均呈负相关。Hcy浓度与血压、血糖、血脂、尿酸无明显相关性。Logistic回归分析显示,高Hcy血症的OR值为5.272(95%CI:2.406￣11.552)。结论:高Hcy血症是脑卒中的独立危险因素;Hcy与叶酸、维生素B12呈负相关。     

轻度认知障碍患者血浆同型半胱氨酸和血清维生素B12及叶酸水平变化研究

目的 探讨轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、血清维生素B12及叶酸水平的变化及相互关系.方法 MCI组80例,正常对照组80例,检测所有观察对象的血浆同型半胱氨酸、血清VitB12及叶酸水平并分析相互关系.结果 MCI组血浆Hey水平较正常组显著增高为(18.9±8.8)μmol/L vs(14.35±5.7)μmol/L,而血清叶酸和VitB12水平在正常组和MCI组之间并没有显著差异;相对于血浆Hey正常组,MCI比值比(0R)在轻、中度高同型半胱氨酸血症组中增高(OR=1.85,95%CI=1.56～2.95;OR=3.32,95%CI=1.61～6.48;P=0.001);无论在MCI组还是在正常组中,血浆Hey与血清叶酸及Vit B12的水平均呈负相关.结论 血浆Hey水平升高与MCI相关,叶酸和VitB122缺乏可能导致血浆Hcy水平升高.     

MTHFR基因多态性及同型半胱氨酸与青年脑血管病的关系

目的:研究Ns,N10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性及血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与青年脑血管病的关系。方法:研究对比40例青年脑血管病患者(首次发病年龄≤50岁)及32例健康青年人的MTHFR基因多态性及血浆Hcy水平。结果:(1)对照组及病例组T/T纯合子率分别为37.5％和22.5％;T等位基因频率分别为60.9％和51.3％,差异均无显著统计意义(均P>0.05)。(2)病例组血浆Hcy几何均值(11.0±2.3μmol/L)显著高于对照组(8.0±1.4μmol/L,P<0.05)。(3)所有受试者中T/T组Hcy值高于C/C组(10.4μmol/L和7.6μmol/L),但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结合叶酸考虑,进一步将所有受试者按叶酸中位数水平分组。叶酸中位数以下组中,T/T组Hcy值显著高于C/C组(P<0.05);而叶酸中位数以上组中,T/T组Hcy值与C/C组无显著差异。(4)血浆Hcy与叶酸、维生素B12呈显著负相关,与肌酐呈显著正相关。吸烟者血浆Hcy水平显著高于不吸烟者(P<0.05)。结论:(1)本组人群MTHFR基因C677T突变的纯合子在低叶酸状态下可引起血浆Hcy水平显著增高,但与青年脑血管病无显著关系。MTHFR基因677TT纯合突变可能为健康青年人脑血管的保护因素。(2)血浆Hcy水平与青年脑血管病的发生密切相关。(3)叶酸、维生素B12肌酐、吸烟是Hcy的非遗传影响因素。     

帕金森病患者左旋多巴治疗对血浆同型半胱氨酸的影响

目的 探讨左旋多巴对帕金森病(Parkinson disease,PD)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和维生素B12等的影响.方法 分为PD组28例和健康对照组30名,测定被检者血浆中Hcy和维生素B12浓度等,PD组患者分别在左旋多巴治疗前、后测两次.结果 PD组左旋多巴治疗后血Hcy浓度[(19.19±8.01)μmol/L]明显高于治疗前[(12.50±3.78)μmol/L]和健康对照组[(12.60±3.94)μmol/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);经相关回归分析显示PD组左旋多巴治疗后血Hcy水平与维生素B12呈负相关(r=-0.386).结论 左旋多巴治疗可导致血浆中Hcy升高,有必要对服用左旋多巴的PD患者群进行Hcy、维生素和叶酸的检测,补充维生素B12、叶酸可能会降低Hcy和危险因素.     

血浆Hcy水平变化对急性脑梗死患者预后的预测价值

目的探讨血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平变化对急性脑梗死(acute cerebral infarction,ACI)患者预后的预测价值。方法选择2011-06—2013-12在我院住院治疗的ACI患者84例为ACI组,选取同期在我院接受健康体检的健康人84例作为正常组。利用化学发光法检测2组患者的Hcy、维生素B12(VB12)和叶酸(FA)水平,并对ACI组患者进行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)。将ACI组分为2组,每组42例,观察组采用VB12制剂联合FA进行治疗,对照组仅给予常规治疗。结果ACI组Hcy、FA和VB12水平分别为(22.4±7.6)μmol/L、(5.1±1.6)ng/mL和(218.2±97.2)pg/mL,正常组为(13.2±3.3)μmol/L、(7.5±2.4)ng/mL和(307.4±122.6)pg/mL,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗前脑梗死各亚组Hcy、FA和VB12水平及NIHSS评分相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后观察组Hcy、FA、VB12水平和NIHSS评分分别为(12.1±3.5)μmol/L、(6.3±4.2)ng/mL、(1353.4±253.1)pg/mL和(4.8±3.2)分,对照组为(18.8±4.9)μmol/L、(4.2±2.6)ng/mL、(296.3±133.4)pg/mL和(7.1±3.6)分,2组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ACI患者Hcy水平急剧增加,同时Hcy水平与ACI患者的预后情况紧密相关,Hcy水平可作为ACI患者预后的评价指标。     

左旋多巴对老年帕金森病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的影响

目的观察左旋多巴对老年帕金森病(PD)患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、叶酸、维生素B12水平的影响。方法选择55例采用左旋多巴治疗的PD患者为观察组,另选择同时期健康体检者50例为对照组,分别测定观察组治疗前后及对照组的血浆Hcy、叶酸、维生素B12水平。结果观察组治疗后的血浆Hcy、维生素B12水平与治疗前及对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组治疗前后与对照组叶酸水平无显著差异(P0.05);回归分析显示,血浆Hcy与叶酸、维生素B12水平呈负相关(P0.05)。结论左旋多巴会提高帕金森病患者体内的血浆Hcy水平,及时补充叶酸、维生素B12利于降低患者体内血浆Hcy水平。     

血浆同型半胱氨酸与脑梗死的临床观察

目的观察脑梗死病人血浆同型半胱氨酸与脑梗死的关系及其临床意义.方法 79例急性脑梗死患者和同期39例对照者采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定空腹血浆同型半胱氨酸,采用化学发光法测定叶酸和维生素B12.结果血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)>15 μmol/L者,脑梗死组为57例,占71.25%.对照组为5例,占12.5%.两组平均t-Hcy分别为22.40±11.23 μmol/L和11.89±2.50 μmol/L,差异有极显著性(χ2＝36.87,P<0.01).叶酸水平两组分别为4.73±1.83 ng/mL与(6.77±4.29)ng/mL,(t＝3.62, P<0.01);维生素B12水平两组分别为5.59±0.73 pg/mL与5.96±0.56 pg/mL,(t＝2.78, P<0.01);差异均有极显著性.结论脑梗死病人血浆同型半胱氨酸水平是升高的,而叶酸和维生素B12水平呈下降.     

痴呆与血浆同型半胱氨酸水平的关系及其干预研究

目的 探讨痴呆与血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平的关系.方法 运用简易智能精神状态检查量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(Activity of Daily Living Scale,ADL)、阿尔茨海默病行为症状评定量表(the Behavior Pathlology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale,BEHAVE-AD)对临床确诊的80例痴呆患者及年龄匹配对照者进行临床心理评估,用高压液相色谱方法检测不同组别的血浆同型半胱氨酸水平,用叶酸及B族维生素进行干预治疗.结果 痴呆患者Hcy水平[(16.98±6.40)μmol/l]高于对照组[(13.08±3.37)μmol/l],高Hcy组BEHAVE-AD(11.61±3.33)高于正常Hcy组(7.85±1.85),高Hcy组6个月后MMSE评分显著下降(P<0.05),干预组和非干预组之间差异没有显著性.结论 血浆高Hcy与痴呆的发生发展及预后相关,但未能证实补充叶酸、B族维生素可在短期内改善痴呆症状.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.