穿膜肽-抗体-微球偶联物的制备方法研究

目的：探讨制备穿膜肽-抗体-微球新型药物传送系统的可行性。方法：采用N-琥珀酰亚胺基-3-（2-吡啶二硫）-丙酸酯（SPDP）交联法将穿膜肽-增强型绿色荧光蛋白融合蛋白（CPPs-EGFP）、牛血清白蛋白微球（BSA-NS）、乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白（HBIg）分别采用一次偶联法和二次偶联法两种交联方案进行共价交联,采用还原和非还原SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）和免疫荧光法评价穿膜肽、抗体、微球间的交联。结果：两种交联方案制备的穿膜肽-抗体-微球偶联物,SDS-PAGE还原电泳均可见在低分子量端形成三条蛋白条带,非还原电泳均未见条带;在不同激发波长的荧光显微镜下,均可见微球表面分别发出绿色荧光和红色荧光。结论：应用SP-DP交联剂,无论是一次偶联法还是二次偶联法均能够将穿膜肽、抗体、微球有效地进行偶联,为进一步研究穿膜肽-抗体-微球新型药物传送系统的特性奠定了基础。     

牛血清白蛋白阳离子微球的制备及体外评价

目的 制备牛血清白蛋白(BSA)口服阳离子微球,考察天然阳离子物质壳聚糖(CHS)的加入对蛋白微球的粒径、电动电势、包封率、载药量及体外释放情况的影响。方法 以乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)和壳聚糖(CHS)为载体材料,采用W/O/W复乳-溶剂挥发法制备牛血清白蛋白乳酸/羟基乙酸共聚物-壳聚糖(PLGA/CHS)阳离子微球。通过正交设计优化制备工艺,确定最佳处方。建立准确而简便的蛋白含量测定方法,并对微球进行体外评价。结果 最佳处方为：BSA浓度为150 g·L^-1、PLGA浓度为8%、外水相体积为80 mL、壳聚糖浓度为0.2%。制得的微球形态圆整,平均粒径为(6.9±5.5)μm,为表面荷正电的阳离子微球[ζ电势=(10.0±0.6)mV],包封率为(75.4±4.6)%,载药量为(9.3±0.2)%。体外释放结果表明,在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中,壳聚糖的加入均能减少突释,延缓药物的释放。结论 与PLGA微球相比,制得的PLGA/CHS阳离子微球表面带正电,具有较高的包封率和载药量,可以延缓药物释放,同时减少突释现象。     

牛血清白蛋白阳离子微球的制备及体外评价

目的制备牛血清白蛋白（BSA）口服阳离子微球,考察天然阳离子物质壳聚糖（CHS）的加入对蛋白微球的粒径、电动电势、包封率、载药量及体外释放情况的影响。方法以乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）和壳聚糖（CHS）为载体材料,采用W／O／W复乳-溶剂挥发法制备牛血清白蛋白乳酸／羟基乙酸共聚物-壳聚糖（PLGA／CHS）阳离子微球。通过正交设计优化制备工艺,确定最佳处方。建立准确而简便的蛋白含量测定方法,并对微球进行体外评价。结果最佳处方为：BSA浓度为150g·L^-1、PLGA浓度为8％、外水相体积为80mL、壳聚糖浓度为0．2％。制得的微球形态圆整,平均粒径为（6．9±5．5）μm,为表面荷正电的阳离子微球[ζ电势=00．0±0．6）mV],包封率为（75．4±4．6）％,载药量为（9．3±0．2）％。体外释放结果表明,在模拟胃液和模拟肠液中,壳聚糖的加入均能减少突释,延缓药物的释放。结论与PLGA微球相比,制得的PLGA／CHS阳离子微球表面带正电,具有较高的包封率和载药量,可以延缓药物释放,同时减少突释现象。     

胰高血糖素样肽-2/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸微球的制备及其体外释药性质研究

目的:制备胰高血糖素样肽-2(GLP-2)/聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)微球,并对其体外释药特性进行研究。方法:通过L(93)4正交试验设计优选微球最佳制备工艺条件,采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备GLP-2/PLGA微球,并对制备工艺的重现性、所制微球的性质及体外释药性能进行考察。结果:优选的GLP-2/PLGA微球的最佳制备工艺稳定、重现性好;微球形态圆整,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径为14.49μm,载药量为13.48%,包封率为36.97%,微球在6 d内释药缓慢而均匀。结论:建立的制备工艺条件稳定、可行,所制微球初步达到了预期的试验目的。     

注射用人α-心房肽缓释微球的制备及体外释药研究

目的 制备注射用人α-心房肽缓释微球,以实现缓释作用和减少用药次数.方法 采用复乳-液中干燥法和冷冻干燥,以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)为载体,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液为分散介质,乙酸乙酯为有机溶剂,甘露醇为保护剂,制备注射用人 α-心房肽缓释微球;采用正交试验法,以微球粒径、收率、包封率为指标,优化微球的处方和制备工艺;采用透析法考察含药微球的体外释药特性,计算微球累积释药百分率,绘制体外释药曲线.结果 通过正交设计筛选出了制备注射用人 α-心房肽缓释微球的处方和制备工艺,载药量为35.4%,包封率为89.7%,Zeta电位为(-28.6±1.64)mV,含药缓释微球的体外释药过程符合Higuchi方程.结论 制备的注射用人 α-心房肽缓释微球具有长时间的缓释作用.     

多层海藻酸-壳聚糖聚电解质膜微球的制备与体外释放特性研究

目的：制备牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖微球（BSA-ACM）,牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球（BSA-ACAM）,牛血清白蛋白-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微球（BSA-ACACAM）。方法：以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖溶液为囊材,对BSA进行反复包裹,采用乳化-交联法制备BSA-ACM、BSA-ACAM、BSA-ACACAM;采用扫描电镜测定微球粒径,Micro-BCA试剂盒测定载药量,考察包封率和24h体外释药特性,并进行Higuchi方程拟合。结果：BSA-ACM、BSA-ACAM、BSA-ACACAM微球球形圆整,分散性好,平均粒径分别为（3.79±1.33）、（3.52±0.96）、（3.07±1.17）μm;载药量分别为（17.97±1.33）%、（16.95±0.46）%、（16.47±1.49）%;包封率分别为（65.78±4.98）%、（63.99±4.83）%、（55.00±1.50）%。微球体外释放速率与聚电解质膜包裹层数呈负相关,均符合Higuchi方程（r分别为0.9787、0.9869、0.9808）,24h内累积释放量分别为32.15%、25.59%、16.72%,无明显突释现象。结论：多层海藻酸-壳聚糖聚电解质膜微球能减少药物的突释,具有良好的缓释效果。     

PLGA微球的制备及其用于脉冲给药的初步研究

目的：制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物（PLGA）微球,并考察其用于脉冲式释药系统的可行性。方法：以牛血清白蛋白（BSA）为模型药物,用S/O/W（Solid-in-oil-in-water）法和S/O/O（Solid-in-oil-in-oil）法制备PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球,比较2种方法制备的微球的表面形态、包封率及载药量等,并考察2种微球的体外释放行为。结果：S/O/W法和S/O/O法制备的微球均圆整、无粘连、形态良好,但S/O/W法制备的微球表面较为平整,而S/O/O法表面均匀分布有较大的凹陷。S/O/W法制备的PLGA（75：25）和PLGA（50：50）微球包封率分别为（60.15±5.95）%、（49.50±3.69）%,载药量分别为（2.56±0.25）%、（2.10±0.16）%,10h内药物释放均为10%左右,而后随着聚合物的降解药物的释放量突然增加;S/O/O法所制微球包封率分别为（84.36±1.11）%、（77.94±1.42）%,载药量分别为（3.58±0.05）%、（3.31±0.06）%,24h内药物释放均可达50%左右,而后呈现较为平稳的释放行为。S/O/O法制备的微球包封率及载药量均较S/O/W法高;S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球药物释放呈现一定的脉冲行为,其中PLGA（75：25）微球体外释放行为受微球粒径的影响较大。结论：S/O/W法制备的PLGA微球具有一定的脉冲式释药效果,微球的粒径最好控制在120μm以下。     

SPG膜乳化法制备槲皮素缓释微球的工艺优化与表征及体外释放研究

目的 以槲皮素作为模型药物,制备聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)缓释微球,考察其粒径及其分布、形态、包封率、载药量和体外释药性质.方法 采用SPG膜乳化法制备微球,单因素法初步优化制备处方;粒径分析仪检测微球的粒径及其分布;光学显微镜观察微球形态;通过紫外分光光度法测定微球的包封率和载药量;利用直接释药法和超速离心法...     

豹皮菌中氨基酸类成分的研究

从豹皮菌Amanita panthorina新鲜子实体的乙醇提取物中分离得到了4个氨基酸类化合物(I～IV)。根据光谱分析及理化性质,鉴定Ⅰ的结构为3-amino-2-hydroxypentandioicacid,Ⅱ为2-amino-3-(1,2-dicarboxyethylthio)propanoicacid。其中I为一新化合物,Ⅱ是首次从该菌中提取得到的。药理实验证明Ⅰ及Ⅱ分别是谷氨酸NMDA受体兴奋剂及阻断剂。     

海藻酸-壳聚糖-聚乳酸羟乙醇酸复合微球的制备及其对蛋白释放的调节

目的制备蛋白的海藻酸-壳聚糖-聚乳酸羟乙醇酸(PLGA)复合微球，以增加蛋白药物的包封率、减少突释和不完全释放。方法以牛血清白蛋白为模型药物采用修饰的乳化、醇洗法制备小粒径海藻酸微囊，再以壳聚糖孵育制得海藻酸-壳聚糖双层微囊，并进一步用PLGA包裹制得复合微球。采用微量BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度，考察其包封率及释放行为，改变各种制备因素调节微球的释放特性。结果复合微球粒径约30 μm，形态圆整。与单纯PLGA微球相比，包封率由60%-70%上升至80%以上。复合微球在磷酸盐缓冲液的1 h突释量由40%-50%下降至25%以下，在生理盐水中则进一步下降至5%以下。结论海藻酸-壳聚糖-PLGA复合微球提高了蛋白药物的包封率，减少了药物的突释，并可通过调节PLGA比例调节药物的释放。     

小分子靶向肽与力达霉素辅基蛋白偶联方法研究

建立小分子靶向肽（RGD）2C肽同时与力达霉素辅基蛋白氨基和羧基联接的方法。方法：先用交联剂SPDP与力达霉素辅基蛋白氨基端氨基反应,再用交联剂HPDP与力达霉素羧基在交联剂EDC存在时反应,最后将联接有SPDP与HPDP的力达霉素辅基蛋白与（RGD）2C肽反应。上述三个过程分别用Sephadex G15葡聚糖凝胶柱纯化以除去小分子物质。以基质辅助激光解吸电离／飞行时间质谱检测联接结果。结果：在本实验条件下,小分子靶向肽（RGD）2C肽同时与力达霉素辅基蛋白氨基与羧基成功联接,总的联接比为1：1和2：1。结论：采用交联剂SPDP和HPDP,可使小分子靶向肽同时与力达霉素氨基和羧基成功联接。     

Effect of Particle Size of Nanospheres and Microspheres on the Cellular-Association and Cytotoxicity of Paclitaxel in 4T1 Cells

Purpose. To compare the effect of size of delivery systems on the cell-association and in vitro cytotoxicity of paclitaxel.Methods. Four sizes of PLGA-paclitaxel particles were prepared to study the effect of particle size on the cell-association of paclitaxel in 4T1 monolayer in the presence, and absence, of BCRP inhibitor, endocytic inhibitor, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Paclitaxel cell-association studies were repeated in Caco-2, Cor-L23/R, and bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMECs), as well as the association of etoposide in 4T1 cells. Cytotoxicity of paclitaxel to 4T1 cells delivered in nanospheres was compared to microspheres.Results. The concentration of paclitaxel and etoposide associated with 4T1 cells was 4.8 and 29 times greater, respectively, as the size increased from 310 to 2077 nm. Paclitaxel association consistently increased in Caco-2 and Cor-L23/R as the size of the delivery system increased. The endocytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose, significantly decreased the cellular paclitaxel association when delivered by nanospheres but not microspheres. Consistent with the cell-association results, paclitaxel was thrice more cytotoxic to 4T1 cells when delivered in microspheres.Conclusions. Cell-association of paclitaxel increased in 4T1, Caco-2, and Cor-L23/R as particle size increased. Paclitaxel delivered from 1-m microspheres was thrice more cytotoxic to 4T1 cells compared to the drug delivered from nanospheres or solution.     

Preparation and Characterization of Thermal- and pH-Sensitive Nanospheres

Pharmaceutical Research -     

用高效毛细管电泳法分离六种肽类混合物的方法探讨

分高血管紧张素Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ｐ物质、神经激肽和生长激素释放的抑制因子等六种肽类混合物。方法：用胺基涂层毛细管［５７ ｃｍ×７５μｍ（ｉ．ｄ．）（有效长度为５０ｃｍ）〕,以４０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ醋酸铵（ｐＨ＝４．５）为运行缓冲液,在工作电压为 １０ ｋＶ、检测波长为 ２１４ ｎｍ、温度为 ２５℃的条件下对上述物质进行分离。结果：回收率及精密度均较好。结论;用带涂层的高效毛细管柱对肽类药物进行检测是较为理想的方法。     

Prolonged Anti-Inflammatory Action of DL-Lactide/Glycolide Copolymer Nanospheres Containing Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate for an Intra-Articular Delivery System in Antigen-Induced Arthritic Rabbit

Purpose. The objective of the present study was to develop prolonged anti-inflammatory action of DL-lactide/glycolide copolymer (PLGA) nanosphere incorporating a water-soluble corticosteroid (betamethasone sodium phosphate; BSP). Another aim was to demonstrate the biocompatibility and biologic efficacy of these BSP-loaded nanospheres directly administered into ovalbumin-induced chronic synovitis in the rabbit. Methods. BSP-loaded nanospheres were prepared by an emulsion solvent diffusion method in oil (caprylate and caprate triglyceride). The drug releasing properties of the nanospheres were measured in vitro in phosphate buffer saline (PBS: pH7.4), and in vivo in rat air-pouch (pseudo synovial fluid). The BSP-loaded nanosphere suspensions were administered into the joint cavity in a model of antigen-induced arthritic rabbit and evaluated by measuring the joint swelling, and the biocompatibility was appraised by histologic microscopy. Results. The BSP-nanospheres were a unimodally-dispersed particulate system with a mean diameter ranging from 300 to 490 nm, and BSP was efficiently entrapped in the lipophilic copolymer (PLGA), although its hydrophilic properties. The drug release-rate from the nanospheres in PBS was controlled by the molecular weight and the lactic/glycolic acid (LA/GA) ratio of the polymers. The in vitro releasing study demonstrated that sustained drug release occurred for over three weeks. In the antigen-induced arthritic rabbit, the joint swelling decreased significantly by administering BSP-loaded nanospheres during a 21-day period after intra-articular challenge. With regards to the prolonged anti-inflammatory efficacy, serum antibody to ovalbumin showed a sustained reduction during the period, and the steroidal effect appeared by the degradation of the polymer in the synovium. The BSP-nanosphere administered was phagocytosed by the synovial activated-cells and the cartilage degradation was almost prevented. Conclusions. Direct intra-articular injection of a PLGA nanosphere system with a water-soluble steroid provided a prolonged pharmacological efficacy in the joints of arthritic rabbits. The local anesthetic in the knee-joints was evaluated to be safe and without biologic damage.     

米托蒽醌类脂质纳米球包封率和包封产率的测定

目的:比较透析法和凝胶拄色谱法测定米托蒽醌类脂质纳米球的包封率和包封产率的结果,阐明包封率和包封产率的准确含义.方法:以透析法和葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法,分离、收集,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定药物的吸光度,分别测定游离药物和载药类脂质纳米球两部分的含药量.结果:分别测定游离的和类脂质纳米球内的药物量,求得包封率和包封产率.结论:透析法和葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法分别测得类脂质纳米球未包封药物量与包封药物量,求得包封率和包封产率是可行的,进一步明确了包封率和包封产率的含义.     

载环孢素纳米球的制备及释放特性*

目的：制备一种环孢素A（CsA）缓释纳米体系。方法：以PLA-co-PEG共聚物材料作为环孢素药物的释放载体；采用超声振荡技术制备载环孢素的PLA—PEG—PLA纳米球；分析纳米球的粒径与分布以及纳米球降解过程中的形貌变化；体外释放试验探讨制备的纳米球的降解特性以及与载体材料、介质pH值之间的影响关系；小鼠灌胃后HPLC法测定血药浓度。结果：采用PLA—PEG—PLA共聚材料装载CsA，药物包封率达到89．2％。纳米球平均粒径为242．3nm，载药后平均粒径增大到320．2nm。扫描电镜分析发现纳米球在磷酸缓冲液中溶胀程度与降解速率依赖于介质pH值。体外模拟释放表明载药纳米球的药物释放速率与载体降解速率一致，持续稳定释药时间〉7d。动物模型也证实该载CsA纳米球可维持血液中稳定的药物浓度5d以上。结论：利用本方法制备的载CsA纳米球是一种较理想的环孢素药物剂型，具有临床应用价值。     

A New Powder Design Method to Improve Inhalation Efficiency of Pranlukast Hydrate Dry Powder Aerosols by Surface Modification with Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Phthalate Nanospheres

Purpose. A new particle design method to improve the aerosolization properties of a dry powder inhalation system was developed using surface modification of hydrophobic drug powders (pranlukast hydrate) with ultrafine hydrophilic particles, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) nanospheres. The mechanism of the improved inhalation properties of the surface-modified particles and their deposits on carrier particles (lactose) was clarified in vitro. Methods. Drug particles were introduced to aqueous colloidal HPMCP dispersions prepared by emulsion-solvent diffusion techniques followed by freeze- or spray-drying of the resultant aqueous dispersions. The surface-modified powders obtained with HPMCP nanospheres and their mixture with lactose powders were aerosolized by Spinhaler and their mode of deposition in lung was evaluated in vitro using a twin impinger. To elucidate the inhalation mechanism of these surface modified particles, we measured their modified micromeritic properties, such as surface topography, specific surface area, dissolution rate, and dispersibility in air. Results. Dramatically improved inhalation properties of the surface modified powder, i.e. a two-fold increase in emission and a three-fold increase in delivery to deep lung, were found in vitro compared with the original unmodified powder. Improved inhalation was also found with the surf ace-modified drug deposited on lactose particles. Those improvements were attributed to the increased surface roughness and hydrophilicity of the surface-modified particles, and the resultant increased dispersibility in air. Conclusions. Surface modification of hydrophobic drug particles with HPMCP nanospheres to improve hydrophilicity was extremely useful in increasing the inhalation efficiency of the drug itself and the drug deposited on carrier; this was attributed to increased dispersibility in air and emission from the device, for spray- and freeze-dried particles, respectively.     

白肤唑软膏的研制及测定方法

本文研究了白肤唑软膏的配制和测定，采用双相滴定法是可行的，其回收率为９９．６％，ＲＳＤ为０．３％