波生坦联合伊洛前列素治疗先天性心脏病合并肺动脉高压患儿的临床疗效及对galectins-3、GDF-15和NT-proBNP水平的影响

目的 探讨波生坦联合伊洛前列素治疗先天性心脏病（CHD）合并肺动脉高压（PAH）患儿的临床疗效及其对半乳糖凝集素-3（Gal-3）、生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）及氨基末端脑利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平的影响。方法 前瞻性选择邯郸市妇幼保健院2019年1月-2021年1月期间收治的84例CHD合并PAH患儿为研究对象,遵照随机数字表法将患儿分为对照组（n=42）与试验组（n=42）,对照组给予基础治疗+口腔雾化吸入伊洛前列素溶液,吸入用伊洛前列素溶液10 μg与生理盐水2 mL混合后雾化吸入,每次15 min,每天6次。试验组在对照组基础上加用波生坦分散片口服治疗,起始剂量2 mg·kg^-1,每天2次,持续4周,随后增加至4 mg·kg^-1,每天2次,持续4周。两组均持续治疗8周。比较两组患儿治疗前后心功能分级、肺血流动力学、肺功能、Borg呼吸困难指数（BDI）评分,同时检测患儿血清Gal-3、GDF-15、NTproBNP水平,观察治疗期间两组患儿不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗后对照组、试验组心功能分级均较治疗前均改善（P<0.05）,且试验组心功能分级优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组肺动脉收缩压（PASP）、肺动脉舒张压（PADP）、平均肺动脉压（MPAP）均低于治疗前（P<0.05）,用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量比值（FEV1/FVC）均高于治疗前（P<0.05）,且试验组PASP、PADP、MPAP均低于对照组（P<0.05）,FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC均高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组BDI评分均低于治疗前（P<0.05）,且试验组BDI评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后两组血清Gal-3、GDF-15、NT-proBNP水平均低于治疗前（P<0.05）,且试验组血清Gal-3、GDF-15、NT-proBNP水平低于对照组（P<0.05）。试验组药物相关不良反应发生率（11.90%）与对照组（9.52%）比较,差异不具有统计学意义（P> 0.05）。结论 波生坦联合伊洛前列素治疗CHD合并PAH患儿,可以改善心功能、肺血流动力学、肺功能,降低BDI评分,调节血清Gal-3、GDF-15、NT-proBNP水平,且具有较高安全性。     

波生坦联合伐地那非治疗先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压的临床疗效及对血管内皮功能的影响

目的 探究波生坦联合伐地那非治疗先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压的临床疗效及对血管内皮功能的影响。方法 2011年11月-2015年12月郑州市第七人民医院重症医学科收治的80例先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压患者为研究对象。根据术后拔除气管插管顺序随机分为观察组（40例）和对照组（40例）。两组患者均给予持续吸氧、利尿等常规治疗。在此基础上,对照组口服盐酸伐地那非片;观察组在对照组的基础上加服波生坦,两组均治疗6个月。比较两组患者临床有效率、临床症状缓解情况、心脏功能的情况。结果 治疗后对照组的临床总有效率为80.0%,观察组的临床总有效率为90.0%,观察组的临床总有效率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者的肺动脉收缩压（sPAP）、肺动脉平均压（mPAP）均大幅下降（P<0.05）,肺循环血流量/体循环血流量明显升高（P<0.05）;且观察组的变化较对照组更为显著,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后两组患者的呼吸困难评分（Borg）、心脏功能分级（NYHAFC）评分均大幅下降（P<0.05）,且观察组上述指标评分显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平均治疗前大幅下降（P<0.05）,且观察组下降幅度较对照组更为明显,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组在不良反应方面比较,差异无统计学意义。结论 波生坦联合伐地那非治疗先天性心脏病术后肺动脉高压的临床效果显著,可显著改善患者呼吸困难等临床症状,改善心脏功能,值得临床推广。     

左西孟旦联合曲美他嗪治疗肺动脉高压患者的疗效及对心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨左西孟旦联合曲美他嗪治疗肺动脉高压（PH）患者的疗效对心肌型脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）表达的影响。方法 采用回顾性、总结研究方法,选择2016年1月-2018年2月在漯河市中医院诊治的PH患者101例作为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同分为观察组51例与对照组50例,对照组给予曲美他嗪治疗,观察组给予左西孟旦联合曲美他嗪治疗,两组都治疗观察1个月。比较两组临床疗效、心功能指标改善情况、肺动脉收缩压（PASP）及H-FABP变化情况。结果 治疗后观察组的总有效率为92.2%,对照组为72.0%,观察组显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,观察组患者左室收缩末径（LVSD）、左室舒张末径（LVDD）、左室射血分数（LVEF）指标均明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组患者治疗后LVEF、LVSD指标明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗后,观察组LVDD明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者PASP均低于治疗前,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组也低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者血清H-FABP水平均明显低于治疗前,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 左西孟旦联合曲美他嗪治疗PH能抑制H-FABP的释放,降低PASP,促进改善心功能,从而提高治疗效果。     

前列舒乐颗粒联合非那雄胺治疗良性前列腺增生症的临床研究

目的 探讨前列舒乐颗粒联合非那雄胺片治疗良性前列腺增生症的临床疗效。方法 选取2021年1月—2022年12月如皋市人民医院收治的100例良性前列腺增生症患者，根据随机数字表法将所有患者分为对照组和治疗组，每组各50例。对照组口服非那雄胺片，1片/次，1次/d。治疗组在对照组基础上口服前列舒乐颗粒，1袋/次，3次/d。两组治疗12周后统计疗效。观察两组的临床疗效，比较两组的临床体征、临床症状、尿动力学、前列腺液炎症因子水平。结果 治疗后，治疗组、对照组的总有效率为88.00%、72.00%，组间的差异显著（P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组的前列腺体积（PV）、膀胱残余尿量（RUV）低于治疗前，最大尿流率（Q_max）高于治疗前（P＜0.05）；治疗组患者的PV、RUV低于对照组，Q_max高于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组的国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）评分显著降低（P＜0.05），治疗组较对照组IPSS评分降低更明显（P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组的最大尿道闭合压、最大尿道压高低于治疗前（P＜0.05），且治疗组最大尿道闭合压、最大尿道压比对照组低（P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组前列腺液白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）低于治疗前（P＜0.05）；治疗组的前列腺液IL-8、PSA低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 前列舒乐颗粒联合非那雄胺片可提高良性前列腺增生症的疗效，显著缩小前列腺体积和减轻临床症状，改善尿动力学水平，降低炎症反应。     

不同剂量米力农对新生儿肺动脉高压的疗效及肝肾功能的影响

目的 探讨不同剂量米力农对新生儿肺动脉高压（PPHN）的疗效及肝肾功能的影响。方法 将2013年5月—2017年6月收治的96例肺动脉高压新生儿均分为A、B、C 3组,在常规治疗的基础上应用米力农注射液治疗,3组维持剂量分别为0.25、0.50、0.75 μg/(kg·min)。比较3组的血气指标、疗效和肝肾功能指标。结果 3组治疗后的肺动脉血氧饱和度（SpO₂）、氧分压（PaO₂）高于治疗前且二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）、肺动脉收缩压（PASP）低于治疗前,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且C组的改善幅度大于A、B组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组的改善幅度小于B组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。经治疗,C组的总有效率高于A、B两组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组总有效率低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。3组治疗后的丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、尿素氮（BUN）和血肌酐（Scr）与治疗前差异无统计学意义,且治疗前后组间差异无统计学意义。结论 在常规治疗的基础上应用米力农治疗PPHN可明显改善血气指标,疗效显著,无肝肾功能损伤及其他不良反应,最佳维持剂量为0.75 μg/(kg·min)。但有必要扩大样本量以对合适的剂量做进一步系统研究。     

注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗老年冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭伴低血压的临床观察

目的 观察注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗老年冠心病合并慢性心力衰竭（CHF）伴低血压患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性收集2018年2月—2022年2月在贵州医科大学附属医院中医科住院的老年冠心病合并CHF伴低血压患者90例为研究对象,根据治疗方案不同分为对照组和试验组,每组各45例。对照组患者仅行抗心衰治疗,试验组在对照组基础上给予注射用益气复脉（冻干）5.2 g用5%葡萄糖注射液或0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL溶解,静脉滴注,每天1次,连续使用14 d。治疗后观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组患者治疗前后心功能指标［左室射血分数（LVEF）、氨基端前心钠肽（NT-proBNP）、6 min步行试验距离（6MWD）］和血压水平。观察治疗期间两组不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗后,试验组总有效率为95.56%,显著高于对照组的84.44%（P＜0.05）。治疗前两组患者LVEF、NT-proBNP、6MWD比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后两组患者LVEF和6MWD均较本组治疗前显著增加（P＜0.05）,NT-proBNP均较本组治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,且试验组LVEF和6MWD显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,NT-proBNP显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗前两组患者平均收缩压和舒张压比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后,两组患者平均收缩压和舒张压均较本组治疗前显著升高（P＜0.05）,且试验组治疗后平均收缩压和舒张压均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间对照组不良反应发生率为11.11%,试验组不良反应发生率为6.67%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 注射用益气复脉（冻干）治疗老年冠心病合并CHF伴低血压患者临床疗效肯定,改善患者心功能,并升压平稳,具有较高安全性。     

女珍颗粒联合唑吡坦治疗围绝经期肝肾阴虚型失眠症的临床研究

目的 探讨女珍颗粒联合唑吡坦治疗围绝经期肝肾阴虚型失眠症的临床疗效。方法 选取2021年1月—2023年3月河南中医药大学第一附属医院脑病科收治的失眠症患者100例,随机分为对照组（50例）和治疗组（50例）。对照组患者睡前口服酒石酸唑吡坦片,10 mg/次,1次/d。在对照组的基础上,治疗组患者口服女珍颗粒,6 g/次,3次/d。两组治疗7 d。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组患者症状缓解时间,睡眠质量评定量表（SPIEGEL）评分和生活质量评估量表（QOL）评分,及血清白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、脑胶质性神经营养因子（GDNF）、激素皮质醇（COR）和5-羟色胺（5-HT）水平。结果 治疗后,治疗组临床总有效率为98.00%,明显高于对照组（84.00%,P＜0.05）。治疗后,治疗组症状缓解时间均明显早于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者SPIEGEL评分比治疗前明显降低,而QOL评分明显升高（P＜0.05）,且治疗组评分明显好于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组患者血清GDNF和5-HT水平明显升高,而COR和IL-1β水平明显降低（P＜0.05）,且治疗组血清因子水平明显好于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 女珍颗粒联合唑吡坦治疗围绝经期肝肾阴虚型失眠症能促进深度睡眠,使炎性反应减弱,有效提升生活质量。     

超声心动图对新生儿肺动脉高压的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声心动图对新生儿肺动脉高压的诊断价值。方法 收集2011年6月至2014年12月接收的80例新生儿,其中经过超声心动图证实患有新生儿持续肺动脉高压(PPHN)的新生儿38例,根据肺动脉压力分为轻度组(20例)、中度组(12例)、重度组(6例),其余42例新生儿为对照组。通过超声心动图测量比较各组患儿心脏各腔室大小,并对比分析测量结果。结果 患儿心脏右房内径、右室内径及主肺动脉内径随着肺动脉收缩压(PASP)的增高均有增大趋势。对照组与轻度组、轻度组与中度组、中度组与重度组间右心房内径(RA)、右心室内径(RV)、主肺动脉内径(MPA)分别作两组样本t检验,结果差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);随着PASP的增高,新生儿低氧血症(PO₂)逐渐加重,各组样本间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超声心动图可对新生儿肺动脉高压进行准确诊断,对判定患儿预后、临床诊疗均有重要价值。     

舒眠片联合唑吡坦治疗失眠症的临床研究

目的 探讨舒眠片联合酒石酸唑吡坦片治疗失眠症的疗效。方法 选择2020年9月—2021年9月在天津市泰达医院就诊的60例失眠患者,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各30例。对照组口服酒石酸唑吡坦片,10 mg/次,1次/d。在对照组的基础上,治疗组睡前口服舒眠片,3片/次,2次/d。两组治疗14 d。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组患者症状好转时间,匹兹堡睡眠质量调查表（PSQI）评分,血清因子白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平,及不良反应情况。结果 治疗后,治疗组临床有效率为96.67%,明显高于对照组的73.33%（P＜0.05）。治疗后,治疗组临床症状好转时间均早于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后,两组PSQI评分、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明显降低（P＜0.05）,且治疗后治疗组PSQI评分、IL-1β、TNF-α水平均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗期间,治疗组不良反应发生率（6.67%）明显低于对照组（16.67%,P＜0.05）。结论 舒眠片联合酒石酸唑吡坦片治疗失眠症疗效显著,可有效改善患者的睡眠质量,并能改善机体炎症反应,且安全有效。     

坤泰胶囊联合唑吡坦治疗肾虚肝郁型更年期综合征睡眠障碍的疗效观察

目的 探讨坤泰胶囊联合唑吡坦治疗肾虚肝郁型更年期综合征睡眠障碍的临床效果。方法 选取2022年1月—2022年12月济宁医学院附属医院收治的120例肾虚肝郁型更年期综合征睡眠障碍患者，随机分为对照组与治疗组，每组各60例。对照组患者睡前口服酒石酸唑吡坦片，起始剂量5 mg/次，1次/d，最大剂量10 mg。治疗组在对照组基础上口服坤泰胶囊，4粒/次，3次/d。两组患者治疗12周。观察两组患者临床疗效，比较治疗前后两组患者中医证候积分和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评分，及雌二醇（E₂）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）和促黄体生成素（LH）水平。结果 治疗后，治疗组患者总有效率较对照组显著升高（98.33% vs 88.33%，P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组患者中医证候积分及PSQI评分均显著低于治疗前（P＜0.05），且治疗组评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后，两组患者FSH和LH水平显著低于治疗前，而E₂水平显著高于治疗前（P＜0.05），且治疗组患者性激素水平显著好于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 坤泰胶囊联合唑吡坦治疗肾虚肝郁型更年期综合征睡眠障碍能有效调控患者性激素水平，改善中医证候及提高睡眠质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.