原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的围手术期处理

目的 探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的围手术期处理。方法 总结近10年来解放军总医院诊治的32例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症病人的临床资料。结果PHPT临床多表现为骨骼及泌尿系疾病，实验室及影像学检查有助于诊断。所有病例均经手术和病理证实，28例为甲状旁腺腺瘤，2例为甲状旁腺增生，2例为腺癌。结论 重视围手术期的处理是原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症治疗的重要环节；B超可作为术前定位的首选方法；一经确诊，均应手术治疗。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进动物模型的建立

目的 建立一种适合于影像学对照研究的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进动物模型。方法 将80只成年白兔随机分为8组，每组10只。并设对照组30只以正常饮食(Ca：P=1：0．7)喂养。实验组50只以高磷饮食(Ca：P=1：7)喂养。分别在喂养前一周及喂养后第1、2、3、4、5个月末对所有动物做血钙、血磷、血PTH测定，并进行骨影像学及喂养后动物的甲状旁腺、肾及其骨骼病理学观察。结果 整个实验过程中，实验组血PTH水平明显高于对照组。在前3个月时，血钙水平下降，而血磷水平变化无明显差异，在第4、5个月末，血钙水平明显升高，而血磷水平明显下降。甲状旁腺组织学检查：在1个月时无变化，2个月时实验组10例中6例显示轻度增生，3个月时10例中9例显示轻、中度增生。在第4、5个月末，20例均明显增生。影像学检查：前3个月骨骼影像学检查未发现异常改变，第4个月末，10例有7例肋骨、骶骨及髂骨密度降低。第5个月末，10例均显示肋骨、骶骨及髂骨骨密度减低及骨膜下骨皮质吸收，而对照组中所有动物未发现异常病理变化。结论 高磷饮食可成功地建立适合影像学研究的原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进动物模型。     

防腐剂对24 h尿蛋白定量检测的影响

目的：分析防腐剂对24 h尿蛋白检测结果的影响,探讨留取24 h尿测定尿蛋白加入防腐剂的必要性。方法在同一时间收集健康体检者尿蛋白定性为阴性的尿液后,加入不同量蛋白标准品和大肠杆菌菌液,检测初始和室温保存24 h 后的尿蛋白水平。采用单因素方差分析探讨3种蛋白浓度梯度下,含不同细菌数的尿液室温保存24 h后清蛋白水平变化。结果在保存于室温,不加防腐剂的情况下,不同蛋白浓度且含不同细菌数的尿液蛋白浓度测定值可稳定保持24 h,在24 h内测定值没有明显改变（P＞0．05）。结论用于24 h尿蛋白定量检测的标本可以不加入防腐剂。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症19例分析

目的：探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症的诊断及外科治疗经验。方法：回顾分析2003年4月—2008年5月行手术治疗的19例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症（PHPT）患者的临床资料。结果：全组19例PHPT均经手术和病理证实。女性明显多于男性,临床表现多样化,病程迁延。17例术前血钙及甲状旁腺激素不同程度增高。影像学检查的阳性率：B超为73.33%,CT为60.00%,MRI为75.00%,99mTc-MIBI为100.00%。19例患者均经颈前弧形切口行甲状旁腺切除术,16例为甲状旁腺腺瘤;2例为甲状旁腺腺瘤伴灶性癌变;1例为甲状旁腺增生。术后随访10个月至6年,17例无复发,1例因甲状腺肿瘤再次手术,1例失访。结论：B超和99mTc-MIBI检查可作为诊断甲状旁腺疾病的首选定位诊断方法,同时行此两项检查能提高对甲状旁腺组织定性与定位诊断的准确性。手术切除是最佳的治疗方式。对于多个甲状旁腺增生、甲状旁腺癌和同时伴有甲状腺疾病患者,推荐经颈前弧形切口甲状旁腺切除术为首选手术方式。     

Screening of an Elderly Population in Primary Care for Primary Hyperparathyroidism

In order to assess the diagnostic outcome of a screening for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in an elderly population, we determined ionized calcium in serum from 368 individuals participating in a health control at Mölnlycke Primary Care Centre (200 women, 168 men; age range 75–95 years); four-fifths of the individuals living in their homes, the remainder in homes for aged or nursing homes.

Intact parathyroid hormone was determined in the samples with oinized calcium concentration > mean ± 3SD of the truncated population sample, and these individuals were also recalled for another blood sample. Moderate hypercelcaemia, probably due to PHPT, was found in eight individuals (2% of the complete sample, 3% of the women), five having neuropsychiatric or neuromuscular symptoms consistent with PHPT.

Surgical intervention is probably indicated in only a small proportion of elderly patients. We conclude that optimal benefits in relation to costs of screening for PHPT in old people will depend on the availability of a safe and simple pharmacological treatment that could determine any causal relationship between hypercalcaemia and symptoms.     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症五例误诊分析

目的探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary Hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)的误诊原因,提出减少误诊的对策。方法回顾分析5例PHPT误诊的临床资料。结果本组表现为四肢关节疼痛5例,伴随多发肾结石3例,多发性病理骨折2例,四肢肌肉疼痛伴肌无力1例。5例分别误诊为肌营养不良、病理性骨折、肾结石、骨质疏松、风湿性关节炎等,部分病例多次误诊。5例查血钙、血磷异常,甲状旁腺激素明显升高,经颈部B超或CT检查发现甲状旁腺肿瘤,均接受手术治疗,术后病理诊断均为甲状旁腺腺瘤。结论临床医生应提高对PHPT的认识,对疑诊患者早期检测血钙、血磷和甲状旁腺激素,行颈部B超和CT检查定位诊断,降低误诊率。     

24-Hour Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Vasovagal Syncope

Since alterations in the autonomic nervous system are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of vasovagal syncope, we characterized the chronic autonomic profile of 44 patients with syncope and 20 healthy subjects by means of heart rate variability using 24-hour Holter recordings (time- and frequency-domain indexes), and evaluated whether the different types of responses to tilting (vasodepressive versus cardioinhibitory) could be associated with different cardiac autonomic patterns. Twenty-three patients exhibited a positive response to tilting, which was vasodepressive in 11 patients and cardioinhibitory in 12 patients. All vasodepressive patients had a standard deviation of the averages of NN (SDANN) intervals in all 5-minute segments lower than 100 ms. Patients with vasodepressive syncope also had significantly lower values of RMSSD (the 24-hour square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals) than those with cardioinhibitory response, and lacked the day-night rhythm of the low frequency/high frequency ratio. However, only SDANN values correctly identified patients with vasodepressive response to tilting. We conclude that (1) the population of patients with vasovagal syncope is heterogeneous, (2) patients with vasodepressive syncope have a peculiar chronic autonomic profile as assessed by 24-hour heart rate variability analysis, and (3) the evaluation of the autonomic profile in 24-hour Holter recordings could be of value in the diagnosis of patients with syncope.     

随机尿蛋白与血清胱抑素C比值与24h尿蛋白定量的相关性研究

目的 研究随机尿蛋白，血清胱抑素C比值与24h尿蛋白定量的相关性。方法 对74例不同肾脏疾病和不同程度肾功能的患者进行24h尿蛋白定量和随机尿蛋白，血清胱抑素C比值、随机尿蛋白，尿肌酐比值、随机尿蛋白，尿渗透压比值的相关分析。结果 随机尿蛋白，血清胱抑素C比值、随机尿蛋白，尿肌酐比值、随机尿蛋白，尿渗透压比值与24h尿蛋白定量具有高度相关，相关系数分别为0．786（P〈0．01）、0．698（P〈0．05）、0．723（P〈0．01）。结论 随机尿蛋白，血清胱抑隶C比值可替代24h尿蛋白定量。     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的超声评价

１９８３～１９９２年，６１例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进（男性１２例，女性４９例，年龄１３～７０岁）经手术病理证实，其中５５例经超声检查。超声频率为３．５或７．５ＭＨｚ。结果：正常位置甲旁亢病变（包括腺癌及增生）显示率为９５％（４３／４５）；病理测值较超声测值为大（Ｐ＜０．０１）；超声探测敏感性５３．３％，特异性９６．２％，正确率８１．８％，阳性预测值８１．５％，阴性预测值８６．５％。还探讨了提高本病超声诊断水平问题：①熟悉解剖，防止假阳性及假阴性，②鉴别原发与继发甲旁亢，③掌握多发性内分泌腺瘤的特点，④提高超声分辨及灵敏度，⑤反复、认真的检查是早期及正确诊断的关键。     

Ventricular Tachycardia in a Patient with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

We present a case of primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia in a patient who had spontaneous attacks of ventricular tachycardia. Right ventricular burst pacing reproducibly induced ventricular tachycardia in the electrophysiological laboratory after intravenous administration of calcium-gluconate, and verapamil could terminate the tachycardia. After resection of the parathyroid adenoma, the calcium level was restored to normal, and ventricular tachycardia did not occur again during the follow-up period,     

尿液混匀程度与24小时尿蛋白定量检测结果的相关性研究

目的：24小时尿蛋白定量是慢性肾脏病诊断、疗效评估的重要指标。本研究旨在探讨尿液标本的混匀程度对该指标的影响。方法：本研究选取30例需完善24小时尿蛋白定量检测的住院患者。患者用5L的集尿桶留取24小时尿液。尿液留取完成后,静置1小时,按体积将尿液三等分,上中下三层分别取样,定义为直接采样组;随后用磁力搅棒器充分混匀尿液标本,再次按上述三等分方法留取尿液标本,定义为混匀采样组。最后,采用广义估计方程比较混匀操作前后和不同采样位置的尿蛋白浓度是否存在差异。结果：纳入研究患者的平均年龄 55.9±12.4岁,其中男性18例。研究表明：直接采样组和混匀采样组的同一层面尿蛋白浓度无统计学差异（Wald检验统计量=0.565,P=0.452）。两组内不同层面的取样标本进行比较,各采样点的尿液蛋白浓度无统计学差异（上层vs下层,Wald检验统计量=0.091,P=0.763;中层vs下层,Wald检验统计量=2.252,P=0.133）。校正年龄、性别、eGFR等协变量后,磁力棒混匀前后和不同的采样层面所获得的尿蛋白浓度均无统计学差异。结论：对于尿蛋白总量而言,规范留取的24小时尿液是一份相对均匀的溶液。总尿液采集完成后,短时间内可直接从原尿液任意层面提取临检标本,且该标本的尿蛋白浓度乘以尿量可反映总体的尿蛋白定量。     

仿真医院24h值班制训练教师管理的方法与体会

目的 探讨开展24h值班制训练教师管理的方法与效果.方法 将校内实训基地建设成仿真医院,护理专业大专学生第4学期在校内实训基地开展24h值班制护理技能训练,通过青年教师导师制、督导听课、外出进修、集体备课等方法,提高教师带教水平.结果 通过24h值班制项目训练,提高了教师队伍水平,学生的综合技能、理论知识和满意度提高....     

Primary hyperparathyroidism: evaluated by 47Calcium kinetics, calcium balance and serum bone-Gla-protein

Combined 47Calcium kinetic and calcium balance studies with correction for dermal calcium loss were performed in thirteen patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP), in whom serum bone-Gla-protein (S-BGP) was measured, and in ten matched controls. Dietary calcium was normal in PHP but both net (7.9 +/- 1.4 mmol Ca day-1 in PHP v. 3.5 +/- 0.9 mmol Ca day-1 in normals (mean +/- SE] and true (11.1 +/- 1.6 v. 6.8 +/- 0.9 mmol Ca day-1) intestinal absorbed calcium were enhanced (P less than 0.05). The renal calcium excretion (10.9 +/- 0.8 v. 5.1 +/- 0.4 mmol Ca day-1, P less than 0.001) and the dermal calcium loss (2.5 +/- 0.3 v. 1.5 +/- 0.1 mmol Ca day-1, P less than 0.02) were increased in PHP. Both patients and controls were in a negative calcium balance (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively) without any difference between the groups (P greater than 0.10). Mineralization (12.0 +/- 1.7 v. 4.8 +/- 0.8 mmol Ca day-1, P less than 0.02) and resorption rates (17.6 +/- 2.5 v. 7.9 +/- 0.6 mmol Ca day-1, P less than 0.02) were increased in PHP and S-BGP correlated positively to both variables (r = 0.64, P less than 0.05 and r = 0.62, P less than 0.05, respectively). Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone correlated positively to serum calcium (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01) but not to the calcium kinetic data.     

甲状腺内异位甲状旁腺病变的定位诊断和手术治疗

  目的  回顾性分析甲状腺内异位甲状旁腺病变的定位诊断和手术治疗策略。  方法  检索2003年9月至2012年9月547例在北京协和医院接受手术治疗甲状旁腺功能亢进患者的临床资料, 分析甲状腺内异位甲状旁腺病变的发生率及临床诊治特点。  结果  547例因甲状旁腺功能亢进接受手术治疗的患者中7例经术中探查和术后病理证实为甲状腺内异位甲状旁腺。7例患者中1例术前出现高钙危象。7例患者术前超声均发现甲状腺内占位, 其中5例提示可能为甲状旁腺。6例患者术前行⁹⁹Tc^m甲氧基异丁基异腈(⁹⁹Tc^m methoxyisobutylisonitrile, ⁹⁹Tc^m MIBI)单光子发射计算机断层显像(single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT), 其中5例发现异常增高区域。5例患者术前行颈部CT发现甲状腺内类圆形病灶, 但无法诊断异位甲状旁腺。术后病理诊断甲状旁腺腺瘤4例, 甲状旁腺腺癌2例, 甲状旁腺增生1例。术后患者无复发迹象, 1例反复3次甲状旁腺手术患者术后出现轻微声音嘶哑。  结论  对甲状腺内异位甲状旁腺这类少见的病例, 术前诊断非常困难, 需结合多种定位手术, 提高手术疗效, 减少盲目探查的风险。     

Incidence of 24-hour faculty coverage in teaching EDs

There is growing concern in academic emergency medicine as to the appropriateness of 24-hour faculty coverage in the teaching emergency department. We surveyed 170 teaching emergency departments, 49 of which had approved emergency medicine residencies, asking for information regarding 24-hour faculty coverage. We were able to separate each department into one of 15 profiles based on the two variables of average ED yearly census and hospital type. Seventy-three percent of university teaching hospital EDs and 65% of those with emergency medicine residencies have 24-hour faculty coverage; 83% of private teaching hospital EDs and 100% of those with emergency medicine residencies have 24-hour faculty coverage; and 79% of city/county teaching hospital EDs and 80% of those with emergency medicine residencies have 24-hour faculty coverage.     

24小时尿肌酐检测样本保存方法的探讨

目的分析尿液不同保存方法对24 h尿肌酐（UCr）检测值的影响,探讨留取24 h尿测定UCr的适宜保存条件。方法在同一时间收集尿液后,分别在不同保存时间、不同保存温度和加入不同防腐剂的条件下,检测初始和保存后的UCr浓度。采用单因素方差分析探讨时间、温度和防腐剂3种因素对UCr测定值的影响。结果在室温和4℃保存条件下,UCr均可稳定保持24 h,在24 h内测定值没有明显变化;加入甲醛会降低UCr测定值（P〈0.05）,而二甲苯对UCr测定值没有影响。结论留取24 h尿测定肌酐,只需将24 h尿在室温下放置即可,无需额外添加防腐剂。     

Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis,Indications for Surgery,and Perioperative Management

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a disorder where 1 or more parathyroid glands become overactive, resulting in overproduction of parathyroid hormones. The diagnosis of PHPT is often made in the primary care setting based on elevated serum calcium with inappropriately elevated parathyroid hormone levels. Classic signs and symptoms include kidney calculi, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, and fatigue. After diagnosis is made, early referral to an experienced endocrine surgeon is necessary because surgery is the only definitive treatment for PHPT. The purpose of this report is to acquaint providers with the presentation, diagnosis, surgery indications, preoperative workup, and postoperative management of PHPT.     

点尿法及24 h尿收集法估算高血压病患者24 h尿钠钾排泄量的应用比较

目的探讨利用点尿法及24 h尿收集法估算高血压病患者24 h尿钠钾排泄量的应用价值。 方法研究对象为2017年2月至2018年1月就诊于新疆医科大学第一附属医院高血压科的高血压病患者,共264例。收集患者24 h尿及相应的清晨空腹点尿,分别测定所有尿样的钠、钾、肌酐水平。采用Tanaka、Kawasaki和INTERSALT公式分别估算点尿法24 h尿钠钾排泄量,采用配对秩和检验比较公式估算值与实际测量值的差异;利用Spearman相关分析评价各公式估算的24 h尿钠钾排泄量与实测24 h尿钠钾排泄量的相关关系。 结果Tanaka法公式估算的24 h尿钠值(167.99 mmol/d)高于实际24 h尿钠值(157.73 mmol/d),差异无统计学意义(Z＝－0.23,P>0.05);Kawasaki法公式估算的24 h尿钠值(217.66 mmol/d)亦高于实际24 h尿钠值,差异有统计学意义(Z＝－8.81,P<0.01);INTERSALT法公式估算的24 h尿钠值(154.71 mmol/d)低于实际24 h尿钠值,差异有统计学意义(Z＝－3.53,P<0.01)。Tanaka、Kawasaki和INTERSALT公式估算的24 h尿钠值与实际24 h尿钠值的相关系数分别为0.68,0.55,0.58(均P<0.01);Tanaka公式估算的24 h尿钾值(39.51 mmol/d)低于实际测量值(42.90 mmol/d),差异有统计学意义(Z＝－3.47,P<0.05),相关系数为0.50(P<0.01)。 结论在高血压病患者中,公式法估算的24 h尿钠钾排泄量与实际测量值,存在不同程度的低估与高估,且相关性差。利用点尿法公式估算高血压病患者24 h尿钠钾排泄量存在一定程度的不准确性和局限性。     

The Diagnosis,Occurrence and Clinical Aspects of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Recurrent Urolithiasis as Registered in General Practice

Five patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (surgically verified) and one patient with probable normocalcaemic hyperparathyroidism were diagnosed in a series of 93 recurrent stone formers in general practice. The six case histories are presented. The initial diagnosis was based on repeated albumin corrected total serum calcium determinations. The condition had previously not been diagnosed in four of the six patients, despite one or more hospital admissions. The urinary calcium excretion index ad modum Peacock & Nordin is not recommended as a routine test for use in general practice. Serum immunoreactive parathyroidal hormone related to simultaneous serum calcium values did not give any further diagnostic information in 48 of these patients with, or without, formation of new stones during a mean follow-up period of 3.2 years. The clinical spectrum of primary HPT has apparently shifted during the last three decades from bone disease and renal calculi to more general symptoms.