SEM observations of porcelain Y-TZP interface

ObjectivesThe metastability of the tetragonal phase of yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramics is a cause for concern in dental crown and bridge applications. One specific problematic area is the nature of the interface between the veneering porcelain and the Y-TZP framework and whether the associated preparation procedures and reactions result in a reduction of the stability of the zirconia.MethodsTo investigate this aspect, high-resolution SEM observations were made of polished and etched (HF content gel) cross-sections of the interface area. Dry and moist veneering porcelain powders were built up on the zirconia base.ResultsIn some instances the zirconia grains at the interface appear to show multiplicity of subgrain faceting whereas in other instances they do not. The latter indicate destabilisation of the tetragonal phase occurs and in addition that the porcelain veneering material wets and some dissolution of the Y-TZP occurs.SignificanceThese results and their relevance to the long-term stability of the interface adhesion to the veneering porcelain as well as possible tetragonal to monoclinic crystal transformations at the interface are discussed.     

The effect of surface treatment of the interfacial surface on fatigue-related microtensile bond strength of milled zirconia to veneering porcelain

Purpose: The success of zirconia‐reinforced all‐ceramic crowns depends on the formation of a stable bond between the zirconia core and the veneering porcelain. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of liner application and airborne particle abrasion of a postsintered Y‐TZP core on the bond strength between the zirconia core and veneering porcelain with or without cyclic loading. Materials and Methods: Kavo Everest® Y‐TZP blank disks were sintered and divided into three treatment groups: airborne particle abrasion, IPS e.max® Ceram Zirliner application, or no surface treatment. The disks were then veneered with IPS e.max® ZirPress veneering porcelain. Half the veneered disks from each group were cyclically loaded. This created six experimental groups: three surface treatment groups cyclically loaded and three not loaded. The disks were then sectioned into microbars for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing (40 specimens per group). Specimens were luted to a fixture mount and loaded to failure using a universal testing machine (MTS Insight). The maximum force was measured and bond strength computed. Data were analyzed with a two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (α= 0.05). Results: Airborne particle abrasion significantly decreased MTBS values (p= 0.043), and ZirLiner application did not have a significant effect on MTBS values compared to control. Cyclic loading did not have a significant effect on MTBS values. The predominant failure mode in all groups was mixed. Conclusions: Airborne particle abrasion of the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y‐TZP core significantly decreased the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain when compared to no interfacial surface treatment. Application of ZirLiner to the interfacial surface of the Everest® Y‐TZP core did not significantly increase or decrease the MTBS to ZirPress veneering porcelain, compared to the other surface treatments. Cyclic loading did not affect bond strengths in any of the groups, regardless of surface treatment. Neither cyclic loading nor surface treatment affected the failure mode of the specimens.     

稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷匹配性的研究

目的:探讨通过添加稀土氧化物着色剂而制备的钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性。方法:以稀土氧化物(Pr6O11,CeO2,Er2O3)和过渡元素氧化物(MnO2)为着色剂,采用粉体掺杂方法,在四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷粉体中添加不同质量分数的着色剂,制备出6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷,测定其与Vita VM9饰面瓷的抗热震性能及界面结合强度。采用SAS6.12软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与Vita-VM9饰面瓷烧结后,各组在60℃～240℃测试过程未发现径向或层间开裂或裂纹现象,加热温度>240℃。6组钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与VitaVM9饰面瓷界面的抗剪切强度值为(36.03±3.82)～(37.98±4.89)MPa,均高于纯四方氧化锆陶瓷组的剪切强度值,但各组与纯四方氧化锆陶瓷的抗剪切强度值无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:稀土氧化物着色钇稳定四方多晶氧化锆陶瓷与饰面瓷的匹配性达到临床应用水平。     

The effects of thermal mismatch and fabrication procedures on the deflection of layered all-ceramic discs.

OBJECTIVES: Residual thermal stress caused by thermal incompatibility of ceramic core and veneering porcelain in all-ceramic restorations might induce fracture or distortion of the restoration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermal compatibility between a ceramic core and veneering porcelain by measuring the bending of layered discs and to compare the result with the thermal mismatch values. METHODS: Thirty-five heat-pressed ceramic core discs were made and divided into seven groups (n=5). One group of discs was used as control and subjected only to firing cycles, while the other groups of discs were veneered with porcelains. The mismatch of thermal contraction coefficient values of the Empress 2 Core and veneer porcelains used ranged from -3.7 to 3.8 ppm/ degrees C. RESULTS: The Empress 2 Core disc without a veneer (control) was not significantly deflected by the fabrication procedures. The deflection of layered discs was strongly influenced by the degree of thermal mismatch during fabrication procedures. The greatest deflection occurred during the 2nd dentin firing and with the largest mismatch either positive or negative. SIGNIFICANCE: The deflection test proved to be a reliable test method for the evaluation of thermal compatibility of porcelains in all-ceramic systems.     

改良液式冲蚀对3Y-TZP氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响

目的:探讨采用改良液式冲蚀方式对3Y-TZP氧化锆基底表面进行冲蚀后,对其与饰面瓷间结合强度的影响.方法:制作[8 mm×8 mm×3 mm(±0.02)]氧化锆试件块174个,根据不同尺寸的刚玉磨粒、不同的喷砂压强、不同的喷砂时间,采用传统喷砂方式进行分组处理(实验组),在氧化锆处理面上饰面瓷.表面未做处理的氧化锆试件直接上饰面瓷作为对照组,应用电子万能测力计检测各组试件与饰面瓷间的最大剪切力,计算剪切强度.分别用传统干式喷砂、改良液式冲蚀方式在相同条件下(150 μm,0.6 MPa,30 s)处理氧化锆试件块,用扫描电镜下观察处理面,再上饰面瓷,计算剪切强度,与对照组进行组间比较.采用SPSS17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:采用传统干式喷砂方式,在0.4 MPa压强作用下,以110 μm A12O3喷砂粉喷砂20 s时,氧化锆与饰面瓷之间的剪切强度最大,显著大于对照组(P＜0.05);改良液式冲蚀组饰面瓷的结合强度显著大于传统干式喷砂处理组及对照组(P＜0.01).扫描电镜下可见,采用改良液式冲蚀的试件表面呈现均匀的粗糙面:采用传统干式喷砂处理的试件表面呈现不均匀的粗糙面,部分位置可见微裂纹.结论:对3Y-TZP氧化锆表面喷砂,能够增强其与饰面瓷间的结合强度;改良液式冲蚀比传统干式喷砂更适用于3Y-TZP氧化锆的表面处理.     

Fatigue and fracture properties of yttria partially stabilized zirconia crown systems.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test in vitro the fatigue and fracture properties of the Zirconia Everest core material after being veneered with a sintered or a heat-pressed veneer material. METHODS: Fifty zirconium copings were made using Kavo Everest ZS-blanks and the CAD/CAM technology. These were divided equally into two groups. Group one was veneered by a heat-pressed material (IPS e.max ZirPress) and group two was veneered by a sintered material (IPS e.max Ceram). All the crown shapes were subjected to 50,000 cycles of cyclic loading in water between 20 and 200 N, at a rate of 1 Hz and then loaded dynamically at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, until failure. Specimens of the core and the veneering materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and secondary electron imaging (SEI). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean failure load (N+/-S.D.) between group 1: 2135.6+/-330.1 and group 2: 2189.9.1+/-317.6 (p>0.05). No difference was found in the Weibull modulus and characteristic failure load values between the two groups (p>0.05). The specimens displayed mainly cohesive failure within the veneering material. XRD of the zirconium powder before sintering revealed tetragonal and monoclinic phases while after sintering only tetragonal zirconia could be identified. SIGNIFICANCE: There was no difference in the fatigue properties of the Zirconia Everest core material following sintering or heat pressing of the veneering material (p>0.05).     

Current status of zirconia restoration

During the past decade, zirconia-based ceramics have been successfully introduced into the clinic to fabricate fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), along with a dental computer-aided/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system. In this article (1) development of dental ceramics, (2) the current status of dental CAD/CAM systems, (3) CAD/CAM and zirconia restoration, (4) bond between zirconia and veneering ceramics, (5) bond of zirconia with resin-based luting agents, (6) surface finish of zirconia restoration and antagonist enamel wear, and (7) clinical evaluation of zirconia restoration are reviewed.Yttria partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) showed better mechanical properties and superior resistance to fracture than other conventional dental ceramics. Furthermore, ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline and alumina nanocomposites (Ce-TZP/A) had the highest fracture toughness and had resistance to low-temperature aging degradation. Both zirconia-based ceramics have been clinically available as an alternative to the metal framework for fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Marginal adaptation of zirconia-based FDPs is acceptable for clinical application. The most frequent clinical complication with zirconia-based FDPs was chipping of the veneering porcelain that was affected by many factors. The mechanism for the bonding between zirconia and veneering ceramics remains unknown. There was no clear evidence of chemical bonding and the bond strength between zirconia and porcelain was lower than that between metal and porcelain.There were two alternatives proposed that might avoid chipping of veneering porcelains. One was hybrid-structured FDPs comprising CAD/CAM-fabricated porcelain parts adhering to a CAD/CAM fabricated zirconia framework. Another option was full-contour zirconia FDPs using high translucent zirconia. Combined application of silica coating and/or silane coupler, and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate is currently one of the most reliable bonding systems for zirconia. Adhesive treatments could be applied to luting the restorations and fabricating hybrid-structured FDPs. Full-contour zirconia FDPs caused concern about the wear of antagonist enamel, because the hardness of Y-TZP was over double that of porcelain. However, this review demonstrates that highly polished zirconia yielded lower antagonist wear compared with porcelains. Polishing of zirconia is possible, but glazing is not recommended for the surface finish of zirconia.Clinical data since 2010 are included in this review. The zirconia frameworks rarely got damaged in many cases and complications often occurred in the veneering ceramic materials. Further clinical studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are required to investigate the possible influencing factors of technical failures.     

Off-axis sliding contact reliability and failure modes of veneered alumina and zirconia

ObjectiveAll-ceramic dental crowns are popular because of their esthetics and biocompatibility. However, they often chip or fracture when subjected to repeated occlusal loading. Considerable efforts to improve the materials are being done through the study of fatigue and failure modes. The vast majority of fatigue studies have been conducted with uniaxial loading and no sliding action. We hypothesized different failure modes for porcelain veneered Y-TZP and that the reliability of porcelain veneered Y-TZP is higher than that of porcelain veneered alumina when subjected to fatigue under 30° off-axis sliding Y-TZP and alumina plates were porcelain veneered and cemented to aged composite blocks as a model for an all-ceramic crown on dentin.MethodsSpecimens (n = 21 per group) were fatigue at 30° off-axis with a hard sphere sliding contact in water, by means of a mouth-motion simulator apparatus.ResultsAlthough no difference between groups was found, the failure modes differed and there was a tendency to higher reliability for Y-TZP compared to alumina for a mission of 50,000 cycles at 150 N load.SignificanceFailure modes for alumina specimens were deep penetrating partial cone cracks and cementation internal surface radial cracks. Y-TZP specimens showed only surface damage with deep penetrating partial cone cracks extending to the veneer core interface, with no cementation surface radial cracking, which overall agrees with clinical finding. Angled sliding contact appears to better simulate oral function.     

Microstructure of veneered zirconia after surface treatments: A TEM study

Objective

Clinical studies reveal that veneer chipping is one major problem associated with zirconia based dental restorations, the underlying mechanisms being still investigated. We semi-quantitatively analyzed the effects of different surface treatments (thermal etching, 35/105 μm sandblasting and coarse bur drilling (150 μm)) on the microstructure of a zirconia veneered dental ceramic.

Methods

The relative monoclinic content on zirconia surfaces was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure at the zirconia–veneer interface has thereafter been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Selected area electron diffraction (SAED) was used to qualitatively assess the depth of the stress-induced phase transformation.

Results

Sandblasting or bur drilling significantly roughened the zirconia surface. A reverse transformation of already transformed monoclinic zirconia grains back into the tetragonal polymorph has been observed after thermal veneering treatment. In TEM, the mechanically treated samples revealed a highly damaged area of 1–3 μm from the interface. The presence of monoclinic phase in veneered zirconia samples has been observed in SAED up to depths of 4 μm (35 μm sandblasted), 11 μm (105 μm sandblasted) and 9 μm (150 μm diamond drilled) below the interface.

Significance

Regardless of the treatment protocol and produced roughness, the veneering ceramic perfectly sealed the zirconia surface. XRD showed an increased amount of monoclinic phase on the surface treated zirconia. However after thermal treatment, the monoclinic phase was re-transformed into the tetragonal polymorph. TEM/SAED analysis has found indication for a greater extend of the monoclinic transformation into the bulk zirconia compared to the treatment related defective zone depth.     

The influence of the veneering porcelain and different surface treatments on the biaxial flexural strength of a heat-pressed ceramic

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The strength of all-ceramic restorations can be adversely affected by surface defects, leading to restoration failures. Additionally, when a 2-layer all-ceramic restoration is required for esthetic purposes, part of the stronger ceramic core material is replaced by veneering porcelain. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of different surface treatments on the strength of a ceramic core material and veneering porcelain, as well as the influence of veneering porcelain on the strength of a 2-layer ceramic structure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty heat-pressed ceramic cores and 30 veneering porcelain discs (17 mm diameter x 2 mm) were made. From the ceramic core group, 20 discs were selected and reduced to a thickness of 1 mm and veneered with 1 mm of porcelain. These specimens were divided into 2 groups of 10 each. The remaining 30 ceramic core and the 30 veneering porcelain discs were divided into 2 sets of 3 equal sized groups (n=10). Ceramic core groups were prepared for testing having the following surfaces: airborne-particle abrasion, ground, and overglazed. Veneering porcelain groups were tested: as fired (no additional treatment), ground, and overglazed. Biaxial flexural strength was measured using the ball-on-ring test method. All specimens were loaded to fracture. One and 2-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data (alpha=.05). RESULTS: The ceramic core discs were significantly (P=.001) stronger than the veneering porcelain discs for the airborne-particle abrasion, as-fired, and ground surface treatments (82 +/- 11 MPa vs 51 +/- 8 MPa and 93 +/- 14 MPa vs 60 +/- 6 MPa, respectively). For the overglazed treatment, there was not a significant difference between the core (115 +/- 1 4 MPa) and the veneer materials (107 +/- 14 MPa). The ground 1-layer core was significantly (P=.015) stronger (93 +/- 14 MPa) than the 2-layer with the core tested in tension (72 +/- 19 MPa). There was no significant difference between 1-layer veneer overglazed (107 +/- 14 MPa) and 2-layer discs when tested with the veneer in tension (105 +/- 16 MPa). CONCLUSION: The overglazed surface treatment significantly improved the strength of the materials tested, as well as the strength of 2-layer discs with the veneer in tension. The veneering porcelain influenced the strength of 2-layer specimens only when tested with the ground ceramic core surface in tension.     

Influence of firing time and framework thickness on veneered Y-TZP discs curvature

Objectives

The objective of the present work was to study the curvature of very thinly, veneered Y-TZP discs of different framework thicknesses submitted to different firing times.

Methods

Fifteen 20-mm-wide Y-TZP discs were produced in three different thicknesses: 0.75, 1, 1.5 mm. One disc from each group was left unveneered while the others were layered with a 0.1 mm veneering ceramic layer. All discs underwent five firing cycles for a total cumulative firing time of 30 min, 1, 2, 5 and 10 h at 900 °C. The curvature profile was measured using a profilometer after the veneering process and after each firing cycle respectively. A fitted curve was then used to estimate the, curvature radius. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements were taken on veneering, ceramic and Y-TZP beam samples that underwent the same firing schedule. Those data were used to calculate the curvature generated by CTE variations over firing time.

Results

All bilayered samples exhibited a curvature that increased over firing time inversely to framework thickness. However non-veneered samples did not exhibit any curvature modification.

Significance

The results of the present study reveal that even a very thin veneer layer (0.1 mm) can induce a significant curvature of Y-TZP discs. The dilatometric results showed that Tg and CTE, variations are not sufficient to explain this curvature. A chemical-induced zirconia volume, augmentation located at the framework sub-surface near the interface could explain the sample, curvature and its increase with firing time.     

Fracture resistance of yttrium oxide partially-stabilized zirconia all-ceramic bridges after veneering and mechanical fatigue testing.

OBJECTIVES: Yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP) ceramic is a high-performance material with excellent mechanical properties suitable for fixed partial dentures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate after fatigue testing, the effect of heat-treatment and veneering on the fracture resistance of frameworks manufactured using sintered and subsequently hot isostatic pressed yttrium oxide partially-stabilized zirconia (Denzir). METHODS: The specimens were subjected to dynamic loading in water. Thereafter, using a universal testing machine, the fracture resistance of three-unit fixed partial dentures was determined; (i) of the frameworks as delivered after machining, (ii) after the frameworks had been subjected to heat-treatment similar to veneering with a glass-ceramic (Eris) or a feldspar-based ceramic (Vita D) and (iii) after the frameworks had been veneered with these ceramics. In addition, the fracture resistance of frameworks as delivered after machining not subjected to dynamic loading in water was determined. RESULTS: Cyclic loading in water did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the fracture resistance. The load necessary to fracture the frameworks as delivered after machining was significantly (p<0.001) higher than for the heat-treated and veneered specimens. No significant difference was seen between the specimens veneered with Eris and those veneered with Vita D (p>0.05). For all but three specimens the fractures were located in the loading point and through one of the connectors. SIGNIFICANCE: Heat-treatment and veneering reduce fracture resistance of hot isostatic pressed zirconia. Nevertheless, the results obtained indicate that it is an interesting material for potential in all-ceramic restorations.     

牙科着色氧化锆陶瓷饰瓷前后的力学性能及断裂模式分析

目的:本研究对牙科氧化锆陶瓷着色及构筑饰面瓷前后的力学性能及断裂模式进行分析.方法:球磨混合一定组分的着色剂(氧化铁及氧化铈)和3Y-TZP(钇稳定氧化锆)粉体制备着色氧化锆陶瓷.根据ISO6872牙科陶瓷标准,制备着色和未着色氧化锆陶瓷的三点弯曲强度样品和构筑饰面瓷后的双层瓷样品,核心瓷与饰面瓷的厚度比为1:1.对所获得样品进行三点弯曲强度、断裂韧性和维氏硬度测试.采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析物相结构,扫描电镜(SEM)观察样品的断裂模式.结果:白色氧化锆陶瓷与着色氧化锆陶瓷的三点弯曲强度分别为1301 MPa和1203:MPa,统计学结果显示二者间没有明显差异,构筑饰面瓷后的三点弯曲强度分别为817 MPa和803 MPa,统计学结果显示二者间没有明显差异,但构筑饰面瓷后比单一材料样品强度降低,二者间有显著差异.在所有的双层瓷样品中,断裂模式的应力位移曲线显示为单峰断裂模式,断裂起始于核心瓷的张应力面中心区域同时发生饰面瓷的破碎和瓷层剥脱.结论:对氧化锆粉体的适当着色并没有明显影响材料的机械性能,着色和未着色氧化锆材料与饰面瓷具有良好的物理匹配性.     

Influence of thickness and cooling rate on development of spontaneous cracks in porcelain/zirconia structures

Background: Clinical studies reporting the outcome of zirconia‐based restorations indicate that the strength of the zirconia frameworks is sufficient to withstand masticatory forces. However, a significant incidence of cohesive fracture of the veneering porcelain has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate spontaneous crack development (chipping, rupture) in a range of porcelains veneered to a zirconia core as a result of thermal stresses induced by changes in thickness and cooling rate. The hypothesis tested was that crack incidence would increase with increased veneer thickness and faster cooling rates. Methods: Zirconia spheres (diameter 7.8 mm) were veneered with 1.5 gm (thickness ratio 1:2) and 2.5 gm (thickness ratio 1:1) of five nominally compatible commercially available porcelains. The manufacturers’ firing cycles and a rapid cooling firing cycle were followed. Results: Multiple regression analysis showed positive associations between the occurrence of cracks and the three covariates (materials, thickness and cooling rate). The incidence of cracks and rupture of the veneering porcelain increased with a faster cooling rate and increased thickness of the specimens in three porcelain–zirconia combinations. Conclusions: Crack incidence increased with increased porcelain veneer thickness and faster cooling rates in nominally compatible porcelain/zirconia systems in the geometrically configured specimens tested.     

Effect of thermal misfit between different veneering ceramics and zirconia frameworks on in vitro fracture load of single crowns

Thermal misfit is deemed as one reason for the chipping of veneered zirconia restorations. Aim of the present study was to assess the effect of thermal misfit on the fracture load of veneered zirconia frameworks and to evaluate the applicability of a universal veneering ceramic for both zirconia and titanium frameworks. Fracture loads of zirconia and titanium frameworks veneered with different ceramics were measured. Differences in the thermal expansion coefficients of core and veneer (Delta alpha), as well as differences between glass transition temperatures of the veneering ceramics and room temperature (Delta T)--which is considered as the effective temperature range for stress formation, were determined. In the zirconia group, fracture load ranged from 818.0 +/- 127.2 to 935.2 +/- 186.3 N without significant differences (Student's t-test, p < 0.05). Moreover, zirconia and titanium crowns veneered with the universal veneering ceramic revealed high fracture load. Results also showed a correlation to the product Delta alpha x Delta T, such that if 185 x 10(-6) < Delta alpha x Delta T < 1120 x 10(-6), a veneering ceramic adapted for titanium might be likewise applicable for zirconia.     

氧化铝喷砂对牙科用氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响

目的 研究氧化铝（Al₂O₃）喷砂对牙科用氧化锆基底与饰面瓷结合强度的影响。方法 按照ISO 9693的要求,制作（25±1） mm×（3±0.1） mm×（0.5±0.05） mm的片状氧化锆试样21个,随机分为3组：A组进行110目Al₂O₃喷砂;B组进行80目Al₂O₃喷砂;对照组不做喷砂处理。测定所有基底瓷的表面粗糙度以及基底瓷与饰面瓷的结合强度,扫描电镜（SEM）观察结合界面微观形貌,能谱分析（EDS）检测界面元素分布。结果 A组、B组和对照组基底瓷表面粗糙度分别为（1.272±0.149）、（0.622±0.113）、（0.221±0.065） μm;瓷瓷结合强度分别为（28.21±1.52）、（27.71±1.27）、（24.87±3.84） MPa。统计结果显示：各组间表面粗糙度的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组和对照组之间结合强度的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而B组与A组和对照组之间的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。破坏模式以结合界面附着破坏为主。SEM观察结果显示瓷瓷结合界面结合紧密,EDS结果表明界面无明显元素渗透现象。结论 Al₂O₃喷砂能提高基底瓷与饰面瓷的结合强度,但其作用不明显。     

Four-point flexural strength and microtensile bond strength of digitally and conventionally veneered zirconia

This study intended to evaluate the effect of digital veneering on four-point flexural strength (FS) and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of veneered zirconia. Two different zirconia blocks, a lithium disilicate and a feldspathic ceramic block, and two different layering ceramics were used. IPS e.max Zir CAD (ZC) and Vita In-Ceram YZ (YZ) with yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) were used as substructures. IPS e.max CAD (LD), Vita Mark II (VMII), IPS e.max Ceram (EC) and Vita VM9 (VM9) were used for veneering. Resin cement and fusion ceramic were placed between veneer and zirconia substructure for digital veneering. A total of one hundred and fifty specimens in five groups (n = 30) were prepared for FS and tested in universal machine at 1.0 mm/min. One hundred specimens in five groups (n = 20) were obtained for the μTBS and tested at 1.0 mm/min. Statistical analysis was made by one way ANOVA and Tukey HSD. Conventional veneering showed statistically significant FS. ZC veneered with EC had the highest mean FS and the lowest was obtained in groups veneered through resin cement. YZ layered with VM9 had the highest mean μTBS. ZC veneered through fusion ceramic and YZ veneered through resin cement showed significantly lower and similar μTBS.     

Effect of Veneering Techniques on Color and Translucency of Y‐TZP

Purpose: This study compared the color parameters and total luminous transmittance of disc specimens by different veneering techniques in order to examine the effect of veneering technique on esthetics of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) all‐ceramic restorations. Materials and Methods: Thirty disc specimens (10‐mm diameter, 0.50 ± 0.01 mm thick) were fabricated of IPS e.max ZirCAD core material, and ZL1 IPS e.max ZirLiner (0.10‐mm thick) was layered. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10/group). Group ZP (fully anatomical technique) was veneered 0.60 mm by heat‐pressing IPS e.max ZirPress fluorapatite glass‐ceramic ingots; Group ZC (traditional layering technique) was veneered 0.60 mm by condensing and sintering IPS e.max Ceram low‐fusing nano‐fluorapatite veneering porcelain; Group ZPC (cutback technique) was veneered by partially pressed ingots and subsequently layered 0.30 mm with veneering porcelain. Color parameters (L*, a*, b*) and total luminous transmittance (τ) of zirconia core discs and core and veneer specimens were measured with ShadeEye NCC dental colorimeter and spectrophotometer, respectively. Color saturation (C*ab) and color difference (ΔE) were calculated using color difference formula. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with a Tukey multiple‐range test were used to analyze the data (α= 0.05). Results: As to ZP, ZPC, and ZC groups, the value of a* increased (?1.35 ± 0.07, ?0.64 ± 0.06, ?0.36 ± 0.05, respectively) (p < 0.05); b* decreased (27.01 ± 0.07, 25.48 ± 0.11, 23.28 ± 0.25, respectively) (p < 0.05); and C*ab decreased (27.04 ± 0.08, 25.49 ± 0.11, 23.28 ± 0.25, respectively) (p < 0.05). L* value and total luminous transmittance were highest in ZP group (87.53 ± 0.48, 1.64 ± 0.03, respectively), and lowest in ZPC group (82.14 ± 0.18, 1.47 ± 0.01, respectively) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Y‐TZP all‐ceramic restoration veneered by fully anatomical technique was the most transparent and lightest, while restorations veneered by cutback technique were the least translucent and the darkest.     

表面多孔涂层对氧化锆与饰面瓷界面结合强度的影响

目的：以表面抛光、喷砂为对照,研究表面多孔涂层对氧化锆与饰面瓷界面剪切结合强度的影响。方法：按照Schmitz-Schulmeyer法测量氧化锆与饰面瓷的剪切结合强度。制作氧化锆基底样本60个（IO×5×5mm）,分为三组（抛光组：耐水碳化硅砂纸逐级抛光至1200#;喷砂组：1lOμmA1203颗粒在3bars的压力下喷砂10sec,距离10mm;涂层组：质量分数为55wt％的氧化锆粉浆涂塑氧化锆表面,致密烧结）,每组20个。表面烧结饰面瓷（5×3×3mm）。每组取10个样本,5℃／55℃水域中交替循环5000次。万能材料试验机测试剪切结合强度,加载速度0．5mm／min。对测试结果进行双因素方差分析（α=0．05）。SEM观察样本断裂模式。结果：涂层组剪切结合强度与抛光组和喷砂组差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;喷砂组与抛光组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;各组温度循环后剪切结合强度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。SEM观察显示,涂层组样本以饰面瓷的内聚断裂为主;抛光组和喷砂组以界面断裂为主。结论：表面多孔涂层可显著提高氧化锆与饰面瓷的剪切结合强度,并能耐受短期的人工老化,而结合强度无明显下降。     

Effect of autoclave induced low-temperature degradation on the adhesion energy between yttria-stabilized zirconia veneered with porcelain

Objective

To investigate the effect of autoclave induced low-temperature degradation on the adhesion energy between yttria-stabilized zirconia veneered with porcelain.

Methods

The strain energy release rate using a four-point bending stable fracture test was evaluated for two different porcelains [leucite containing (VM9) and glass (Zirox) porcelain] veneered to zirconia. Prior to veneering the zirconia had been subjected to 0 (control), 1, 5, 10 and 20 autoclave cycles. The specimens were manufactured to a total bi-layer dimension of 30 mm × 8 mm × 3 mm. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed to identify the phase transformation and fracture behavior.

Results

The strain energy release rate for debonding of the VM9 specimens were significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to the Zirox specimens across all test groups. Increasing autoclave cycles lowered the strain energy release rate significantly (p < 0.05) from 18.67 J/m² (control) to the lowest of 12.79 J/m² (cycle 10) for only the VM9 specimens. SEM analyses showed predominant cohesive fracture within the porcelain for all cycle groups. XRD analysis of the substrate prior to veneering confirmed a tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation with increasing the number of autoclave cycles between 5 and 20. The monoclinic phase reverted back to tetragonal phase after undergoing conventional porcelain firing cycles. EBSD data showed significant changes of the grain size distribution between the control and autoclaved specimen (cycle 20).

Significance

Increasing autoclave cycles only significantly decreased the adhesion of the VM9 layered specimens. In addition, a conventional porcelain firing schedule completely reverted the monoclinic phase back to tetragonal.