头位分娩评分预防梗阻性难产的临床价值

头位分娩占分娩总数的95％。头位难产占总分娩数的12．56％，超过难产总发生（18．33％）的2／3以上。如不能早诊断、及时处理可致梗阻性难产，造成母儿严重并发症。     

改良头位分娩评分法识别头位难产临床应用价值的研究

目的:探讨改良头位分娩评分法用于识别头位难产的可行性及临床应用价值。方法:应用改良头位分娩评分法对625例足月分娩的初孕产妇适时评分,采取相应措施,选择正确分娩方式。结果:改良头位分娩评分法与头位分娩评分法比较,其识别头位难产的敏感性和特异性较高,误诊和漏诊较少。影响头位分娩的诸因素中先露下降、宫口扩张、胎位、宫缩强度、活跃期长短与难产相关性较大;改良法临产评分≤50分者, 69. 5%需行剖宫产术, >50分者, 94. 82%经阴道分娩,与头位分娩评分法比较,改良法与分娩结局更吻合;不同分娩方式处理后,改良法评分均有不同程度地提高,提高越明显,自然分娩几率越高。结论:改良头位分娩评分法将影响分娩的诸因素进行量化评分,能更及时、准确地判断头位顺产或难产,正确选择分娩方式,减少了产科并发症。     

胎膜早破与头位难产的临床分析

目的探讨胎膜早破与难产的关系。方法对924例无妊娠合并症及并发症的产妇资料进行回顾性分析，其中胎膜早破组150例；胎膜未破病例774例，从中随机抽取150例，作为对照组。结果胎膜早破组的难产率及早产率均较对照组高；胎膜早破的发生与狭窄骨盆、巨大儿及胎位异常有关。结论胎膜早破与难产有一定的因果关系，对胎膜早破者应积极处理，以尽可能减少母儿并发症。     

231例头位难产临床分析

持续枕横位、枕后位、头盆不称、体重过火，是导致头位难产的重要原因之一，产程曲线图观察产程可以早期发现头位难产的可能，由于产力、产道、胎儿三大分娩要素应是充分正确评估，尽早发现、正确、合理地处理因产力异常所致异常产程，避免发生难产。     

催产素在小鼠分娩控制中的重要作用

为了解催产素在正常小鼠分娩中的作用及精神紧张对催产素分泌和效应的影响,β-肾上腺素能机制、内源性阿片类在精神因素所致产程延长中的作用进行动物实验。MF1小鼠雌雄兼备,分组受孕。①催产素拮抗剂或吗啡对分娩过程的影响:第2只小鼠娩出后,分娩小鼠分对照组(不予任何处理;4只),赋形剂组(皮下注射等渗盐水100 μJ/50 g;6只),催产素拮抗剂组(F382;30或300 μg,/kg,5或9只)和吗啡组(5 mg/kg;5只),记录后续出生小鼠的情况;②分娩对血浆     

胎轴与头位难产关系的研究

根据体表标志，设计胎轴尺，以此测量异常胎轴并对此进行分度。结果：妊娠晚期的５１２例中，胎轴异常者１０８例，占２１．１％，其中重度为５１．８％；分娩期的４８３例中，胎轴异常８８例，均为重度，占１８．２％。８８例又随机分为两组：对照组３０例，研究组５８例，研究组行手法矫正。结果：研究组胎头下降加速，产程缩短，持续性枕后或枕横位发生率及手术产率降低，产后出血量减少。与对照组比较，差异有显著性。提示：妊娠晚期及产时，胎轴异常对分娩过程有一定影响，及时发现和矫正，对减少产力消耗和降低难产发生率有一定临床意义。     

Oxytocin and dystocia as risk factors for adverse birth outcomes: A cohort of low-risk nulliparous women

Objectivesaugmented and not augmented women without dystocia were compared to investigate associations between oxytocin and adverse birth outcomes. Augmented women with and without dystocia were compared, to investigate associations between dystocia and adverse birth outcomes.Designa cohort of low-risk nulliparous women originally included in a randomised controlled trial.Settingthe Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Østfold Hospital Trust, Norway.Participantsthe study population consists of 747 well defined low-risk women.Measurementsincidence of oxytocin augmentation, and associations between dystocia and augmentation, and mode of delivery, transfer of newborns to the intensive care unit, episiotomy and postpartum haemorrhage.Findingsof all participants 327 (43.8%) were augmented with oxytocin of which 139 (42.5%) did not fulfil the criteria for dystocia. Analyses adjusted for possible confounders found that women without dystocia had an increased risk of instrumental vaginal birth (OR 3.73, CI 1.93–7.21) and episiotomy (OR 2.47, CI 1.38–4.39) if augmented with oxytocin. Augmented women had longer active phase if vaginally delivered and longer labours if delivered by caesarean section if having dystocia. Among women without dystocia, those augmented had higher body mass index, gave birth to heavier babies, had longer labours if vaginally delivered and had epidural analgesia more often compared to women not augmented.Key conclusionin low-risk nulliparous without dystocia, we found an association between the use of oxytocin and an increased risk of instrumental vaginal birth and episiotomy.Implications for practicecareful attention should be paid to criteria for labour progression and guidelines for oxytocin augmentation to avoid unnecessary use.     

持续性枕后位的临床特点及分娩方式选择

目的探讨持续性枕后位的临床特点及分娩方式。方法采用回顾性分析方法，对1998年1月至2004年12月在重庆医科大学两所附属医院住院分娩的112例持续性枕后位（枕后位组）和112例枕前位（枕前位组）的临床资料进行分析，比较两组产程情况、分娩方式及母儿结局。结果两组头位分娩评分、第一产程、第二产程及总产程时间比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。枕后位组产钳助产、剖宫产、会阴裂伤、产后出血、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息率等均明显高于枕前位组，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。枕后位组宫口扩张及胎头下降延缓和第二产程延长的发生率均高于枕前位组，差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。剖宫产组富口扩张延缓、胎头下降停滞和第二产程延长的发生率明显高于阴道分娩组（P〈0．05）。而剖宫产组和阴道分娩组骨盆临界狭窄、潜伏期及活跃期延长的发生率比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论持续性枕后位导致母儿并发症增加，及时处理并选择最佳分娩方式可减少母儿并发症的发生。     

宫缩图对识别头位难产的价值

对６０例单胎、头先露，正式临产需手术助产分娩的初产妇及６０例单胎，头先露，正式临床经阴道自然分娩的初产妇的宫缩图进行分析。结果表明：研究组宫缩图的类型平行型及多交叉型多于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），对照组宫缩图的类型单交叉型显著多于研究组（Ｐ〈０．０５），研究组宫缩图第一交叉出现至胎儿娩出时间及至产程图交叉的时间均明显长于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）；研究组第一交叉出现时宫颈口扩张明显小于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０     

Planned vaginal delivery of fetuses in breech presentation at term: prenatal determinants predictive of elevated risk of cesarean delivery during labor

OBJECTIVE: Identify the prenatal determinants associated with cesarean delivery during labor of term breech presentation for which vaginal delivery is planned. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study of 174 French and Belgian maternity units. Relations between cesarean and prenatal determinants were estimated with a multilevel logistic model and expressed as adjusted ORs. A prediction score for cesarean section was proposed and diagnostic values were estimated for different cutoff values. RESULTS: Of 2,478 women meeting the inclusion criteria, 705 (28.5%) had cesarean deliveries. Nulliparity, complete breech, rupture of membranes before labor, fetal weight > or = 3800 g, biparietal diameter > 95 mm and university and public non-teaching hospital maternity units were significantly associated with cesarean delivery during labor. The rate of cesarean during labor was significantly higher in establishments where more than 80% of women had planned cesareans and in cases where mode of delivery had not been decided before labor. The prediction score values ranged from 9 to 21.4 (10th, 50th and 90th percentiles corresponded to 10.1, 12.2 and 14.7). The cesarean rate was 43% in women whose score was greater than the cutoff point of 12.9, and 15% for women whose score was below this value. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that once vaginal delivery has been decided upon, the risk of cesarean delivery during labor for breech presentation at term depends not only on the progress of labor, but also on prenatal determinants both maternal and obstetrical. It also depends on some characteristics of the maternity units. Obstetricians should either plan cesarean delivery or define stringent rules for indications of cesarean during labor.     

Oxytocin infusion in labor: the effect different indications and the use of different diluents on neonatal bilirubin levels

Objective: To investigate the relationship of neonatal bilirubin levels to oxytocin infusion and the diluent used for oxytocin infusion. Materials and methods: The study was carried out as a prospective, randomized study in Istanbul University Cerrahpasa School of Medicine,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology between January to December in 1995 . A total of 80 patients managed with oxytocin during labor, enrolled to the study. These patients randomly divided into isotonic % 0.9 saline (Group 1) and 5% glucose solutions (Group 2) by a consecutive order using a balanced block randomization scheme. Forty multiparous patients delivering without oxytocin infusion formed the control group (Group 3). The details of maternal age, gestational age, labor duration, mode of delivery, birth weight of the babies, total volume of fluid administered until delivery and total oxytocin dose were noted in each case. Sodium and initial bilirubin levels were measured in the cord blood. Later on, capillary blood bilirubin and hematocrit concentrations were measured on day 1 and 2 in the newborn nursery. The groups were compared according to these parameters. Results: The data of 29 patients in Group 1, 36 patients in Group 2 and 40 patients in Group 3 were suitable for analysis. The difference between study and control groups regarding the rate of hyponatremia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and neonatal jaundice was not statistically significant. Cord plasma sodium levels, cord plasma bilirubin levels and day 1 and 2 hematocrit and plasma bilirubin levels were not statistically different between the groups. Unrespectable of the diluent used, the cord plasma bilirubin levels and day 2 plasma bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the accelerated group. Conclusion: No significant effect of oxytocin infusion was revealed on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia unless oxytocin was for the augmentation of labor. Received: 15 October 2001 / Accepted: 5 January 2002     

非巨大儿肩难产发生的高危因素及其临床预测

目的 探讨非巨大儿肩难产发生的高危因素、临床预测及分娩过程中的处理.方法 2009年1月2013年12月间于中国医科大学附属盛京医院经阴道分娩的产妇中发生肩难产11例,同期经阴道分娩产妇7 811例,肩难产发生率为0.14％(11/7 811);其中,巨大儿肩难产1例,非巨大儿肩难产10例(肩难产组).随机抽取每例非巨大儿肩难产病例发生前后1周内经阴道分娩的10例产妇为对照组.分析巨大儿及非巨大儿肩难产的发生趋势及其高危因素,比较两组产妇的宫高、腹围、体质指数(BMI)增长、胎儿双顶径、股骨长、各产程时间、新生儿出生体质量、头围、胸围及Apgar评分.结果 (1)7 811例产妇中共分娩巨大儿213例,巨大儿发生率为2.73％(213/7 811),其中发生巨大儿肩难产1例(0.46％,1/213);非巨大儿肩难产10例(0.13％,10/7 598).(2)2009-2013年的5年间,巨大儿发生率分别为2.32％(24/1 034)、3.61％(42/1 164)、2.60％ (46/1 772)、3.01％(62/2 060)、2.19％(39/1 781),分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);10例非巨大儿肩难产在5年间的发生比例分别为0.10％(1/1 034)、0.26％(3/1 164)、0.11％(2/1 772)、0.10％(2/2 060)、0.11％(2/1 781),分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)肩难产组10例产妇中,胎膜早破5例(5/10)、高龄4例(4/10)、经产妇3例(3/10)、妊娠期糖尿病3例(3/10)、第一产程枕后位3例(3/10)、第二产程延长3例(3/10)、常规侧切分娩6例(6/10);对照组产妇中,发生胎膜早破3例(3/10)、高龄1例(1/10)、经产妇2例(2/10)、妊娠期糖尿病3例(3/10)、第二产程时间延长1例(1/10)、常规侧切分娩7例(7/10).(4)两组产妇宫高、BMI、胎儿双顶径、股骨长及第一产程时间分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).肩难产组及对照组产妇BMI增长[(6.8±3.1)及(4.8±1.4)kg/m2]、第二产程时间[(86±65)及(38±28) min]及腹围[(108±8)及(101±7)cm]分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(5)肩难产组及对照组新生儿胸围[(34.0±1.6)及(32.2±1.9) cm]及胸围/头围比值(0.99±0.03及0.97±0.03)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肩难产组新生儿1分钟Apgar评分[(7.4±2.8)分]明显低于对照组[(10.0±0.0)分],两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).肩难产组新生儿锁骨骨折3例,新生儿发生臂丛神经损伤4例,其余3例无明显副损伤.结论 临床预测非巨大儿肩难产的发生难度较大,通过产前超声测量胎儿头围、胸围及胸围/头围比值可能评估其发生风险;发生非巨大儿肩难产的高危因素为合并胎膜早破、第一产程胎位异常及第二产程延长.