结肠镜下钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠粗蒂息肉的疗效观察

目的探讨结肠镜下钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠道粗蒂息肉的效果及安全性。方法消化内镜钛夹联合高频电切技术切除对于2cm以上结直肠粗蒂息肉102例患者（152枚息肉）,均先用钛夹钳夹根部后再用电刀切除原钛夹钳夹处远端。结果在所有102例患者（152枚息肉）中均能安全切除,恢复良好,术后5d内痊愈出院,均无穿孔、出血等并发症的发生。结论结肠镜下消化内镜钛夹钳夹后电刀治疗结直肠道粗蒂息肉,简单方便,安全有效,有效避免或减少了术后并发症,值得临床上推广。     

结肠息肉与结肠癌的关系

目的探讨结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌的关系．方法本文回顾性总结分析我院1985／1998间进行结肠镜2037例，其中检出腺瘤样息肉86例，检出率为4．22％．息肉高频电切除41例，切除率为47．6％．86例腺瘤样息肉中，男64例，女22例，年龄17岁～81岁结果息肉分布：直肠15例，占17．4％，乙状结肠32例，占37．20％，为多发，与结肠癌好发部位相一致．86例腺瘤样息肉13例癌变，癌变率为15．11％．息肉大小、形态及病理与癌变有明显的关系．腺瘤直径越大，癌变率越高，直径2cm以上的癌变率为61．11％，而1cm～2cm仅占6．06％在形态上无蒂息肉癌变率比例高，占18．6％．表面不光滑呈桑椹式分叶状，癌变率明显增高，达35％，是光滑息肉的四倍．病理上绒毛状腺瘤癌变率高，占35．7％，管状腺瘤癌变率仅占11．26％．腺瘤伴非典型增生与癌变成正相关，重度非典型增生癌变占87．5％．另外，息肉电切后送检病理不容忽视，4例腺瘤样息肉电切后病理为癌变；2例炎性增生性息肉电切后为腺瘤样息肉，1例为直肠类癌．结论结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌有密切的关系，结肠腺瘤的大小、形态、病理类型及异型性增生是癌变的潜在因素，绒毛成分越多，异型性增生越重，体积越大，基底越宽，形态分叶其癌变危险性越高，应及早切除．同时注意电     

内镜下金属夹联合高频电切序贯治疗宽蒂巨大肠息肉疗效评价

目的 评价内镜下金属夹联合高频圈套电切序黄治疗宽蒂巨大肠息肉的疗效，以提高巨大肠息肉内镜治疗成功率。方法 内镜下高频电切结肠息肉116例．对39例头端最大直径〉3．0cm．蒂粗〉1．0cm的巨大肠息肉行内镜下高频电切前，在基底部先使用金属夹钳夹（治疗组）．对77例直径1．0-3．0cm．蒂粗0．8～1．5cm的息肉行单纯高频圈套电切（对照组），观察两组高频电切治疗过程中创面有无渗血、涌血、喷血和治疗后出血、穿孔等情况。结果 治疗组比对照组对组织损伤小，渗血、涌血、穿孔等并发症发生率均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 内镜下金属夹联合高频电切序贯治疗宽蒂巨大肠息肉是一种简便、可行、有效及相对安全的方法。     

内镜下金属夹钳配合高频电凝治疗直结肠大息肉的临床分析

目的观察直径〉2cm的直结肠大息肉在内镜下应用金属夹钳夹息肉蒂部后再行高频电凝治疗的临床疗效。方法 2007年1月—2010年12月我院内镜下治疗直结肠大息肉46例,先应用金属夹钳夹息肉蒂部后再行高频电凝治疗,用Fujunin EC-2200型电子肠镜、金属夹推进器为Olympus HX-5QR-I（AE）、金属钛夹为HX-600-135、90,息肉蒂部用金属钛夹阻断血流后通过电凝电切法一次或分次切除息肉。结果 46例直结肠大息肉患者,共放置金属夹63枚（其中用1枚的28例,2枚的13例,3枚的3例）,均获成功,所有切除病灶创面理想,未发现出血及穿孔并发症。术后2～3周金属钛夹自行脱落。结论本法适用于宽蒂息肉,特别是长蒂息肉更为适宜。此方法操作简便,成功率高,安全有效、经济,设备要求不高,值得推广应用。     

老年人大肠息肉的临床分析

目的 探讨老年人大肠息肉的临床特点及其与癌变的关系。方法 对我院经结肠镜检出的158例老年大肠息肉患者的临床特点进行回顾性分析，对其中120例进行1－6年（平均4．5年）的结肠镜随访，并与青中年组的437例患者相对照。结果 老年人大肠息肉的检出率、癌变率分别为30．0％及23．4％，均显著高于中青年组的10．2％及6．9％（P＜0．01），随年龄增长检出率有逐渐增加的趋势。分布以直肠和乙状结肠多见，但升结肠的癌变率（37．5％）明显高于左半结肠（14．3％，P＜0．05），且直肠、降结肠、横结肠及升结肠的癌变率也显著高于青中年组的同一部位（P＜0．01）；病理类型以腺瘤性息肉为多，占77．6％，也明显高于青中年组的同一病理类型（P＜0．01）。37例癌变息肉均为腺瘤性息肉，其中绒毛状腺瘤的癌变率（56．9％）显著高于管状腺瘤（3．4％，P＜0．01）。息肉体积大（＞2cm)、基底宽、数量多，癌变率高。腺瘤性息肉经内镜下摘除者其癌变率明显低于未摘除者（P＜0．01）。结论 老年人大肠息肉中的腺瘤性息肉的大小、形态、数量及病理类型是其癌变的主要危险因素，老年人应尽量行全结肠检查，检出大肠息肉者应尽可能首选肠镜下摘除，定期随访，减少癌变的机会。     

腺瘤性息肉的癌变及治疗

为探讨已癌变的结肠腺瘤性息肉的最佳治疗选择，回顾性总结了内镜诊断和治疗的３１４例腺瘤性息肉中３７例癌变息肉的结果。３７例中为管状腺瘤癌变者２５例（占８．９％），绒毛状腺瘤癌变者１１例（占３６．３％），混合性腺瘤癌变１例。１８例仅行内镜下电切，电切后又追加手术８例，手术切除１１例。分期为原位癌１２例，早期浸润癌１３例，浸润癌１２例。１９例手术及术后病理证实的淋巴结转移者３例（１５．７％），包括１例绒毛状腺瘤恶变的早期浸润癌和２例浸润癌。认为除原位癌外，对电切后病理证实的早期浸润癌或浸润性癌，只要无手术禁忌，应追加外科手术治疗为妥。     

内镜下钛夹配合高频电凝电切治疗大肠息肉258例

大肠息肉是消化道常见疾病,对于大肠息肉应及时处理,从而阻断息肉逐渐发展最终癌变这一过程.随着内镜下治疗水平的日益提高,内镜下大肠息肉高频电凝电切术已普遍用于绝大多数大肠息肉的治疗手段,临床上发现单纯行大肠息肉高频电凝电切术后易发生出血或穿孔,相对来说体积较大且血供丰富的息肉更容易并发出血或穿孔.钛夹配合内镜下高频电凝电切是临床上常用的方法,该方法可以有效预防出血或穿孔的发生.我们对258例大肠息肉患者采用内镜下钛夹配合高频电凝电切除治疗,取得满意的效果.     

内镜下钛夹、尼龙圈套辅助高频电切术治疗胃肠道巨大有蒂息肉的临床研究

目的 评价内镜下钛夹、尼龙圈套辅助高频电切术治疗胃肠道巨大息肉的效果及安全性.方法 对50例患者共85处消化道巨大有蒂息肉样病变分别采用钛夹、尼龙圈套辅助高频电凝切除术的治疗方法进行回顾性分析.结果 85枚巨大息肉中,上消化道15枚,结肠66枚,直肠4枚.其中62枚息肉采用尼龙圈套＋高频电凝切除术治疗,23枚息肉采用高频电凝切除术＋肽夹钳夹术治疗,术中无一例发生出血;术后迟发性出血2例（2.4%）,急诊内镜下钛夹止血成功,无其它并发症发生.结论 消化道息肉高频电切术后最常见且最棘手的并发症是出血,巨大息肉发生在术中或术后迟发性出血的机率更大,采用尼龙圈套及金属肽夹辅助高频电凝切除术,能有效预防粗蒂大息肉样病变切除术中和术后出血,是消化道巨大息肉内镜下治疗安全有效的联合治疗技术.     

大肠息肉与大肠癌的演变关系（附494例分析）

本组息肉患者４９４例，癌变者１０１例，随着息肉的增大，其癌变率也增加。恶变息肉主要分布在直肠（５７．４％），次为乙状结肠（１９．８％）。管状腺瘤瘤体较小，恶变率较低，绒毛型腺瘤瘤体较大，恶变率较高，且呈重度不典型增生多见。单发息肉癌变率１３．１％，２－５个息肉者癌变率２４．４％，６个以上者癌变率３８．０％，腺瘤病１２例全部癌变。息肉癌变时间１至１５年。癌变术后标本病理均见癌旁组织残存良性管状腺瘤或绒毛型腺瘤成份，从组织学上证明了息肉癌变过程。     

金属止血夹在消化道息肉内镜切除中的应用

消化道息肉临床较常见，内镜下电凝电切术为目前首选治疗方法，但其出血发生率较高，特别是粗大息肉切除时更易发生出血及穿孔。1998至2005年我们对32例消化道息肉患者采取止血夹钳夹加电凝电切切除法，取得了满意疗效，现报道如下。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.