青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者软骨细胞中褪黑素受体的表达量

目的:观察青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者软骨细胞中褪黑素受体含量的变化,并探讨其与AIS病因学的关系.方法:随机选取2007年1月～2007年12月在我院手术治疗的22例AIS患者及8例非脊柱侧凸(肿瘤、外伤等)患者(对照组).AIS组患者年龄10～16岁,平均12.7岁,平均Cobb角60.1°,其中10例在术中取髂软骨,12例取棘突软骨.对照组患者年龄10～15岁,平均12.9岁,其中7例在术中取髂软骨,1例取棘突软骨.对髂软骨和棘突软骨标本进行细胞培养至二代,取二代细胞用Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色方法进行软骨细胞表型鉴定,并抽提总RNA,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测软骨细胞中褪黑素受体两种亚型MTNR1A、MTNR1B的mRNA表达量.结果:两组患者软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色均为阳性表达.AIS组软骨细胞中MTNR1A、MTNR1B mRNA的相对表达量分别为0.44±0.29和0.54±0.31,对照组分别为0.69±0.18和0.83±0.30,组间比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论:AIS患者软骨细胞中MTNR1A、MTNR1B的mRNA表达均减少,这可能与AIS的发生、发展有关.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因多态性与骨密度的关系

目的探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因多态性与骨密度的关系。方法取青少年特发性脊柱侧凸女性患者92例,年龄10～19岁,Cobb角25°～134°,应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态(PCRRFLPs)的方法分析雌激素受体基因型,同时用双能X线骨密度吸收仪分别对其腰椎(L24)和股骨近端(股骨颈、大转子、Wards三角)的骨密度进行测量。结果特发性脊柱侧凸患者雌激素受体基因型PvuⅡ多态性PP,Pp,pp型分别为19.6%,46.7%,33.7%,XbaⅠ多态性XX,Xx,xx型分别为22.8%,33.7%,43.5%;XX型的腰椎、股骨大转子和Wards三角的骨密度明显低于xx型(P<0.05),而PvuⅡ基因的各基因型与骨密度无关;联合分析PvuⅡ和XbaⅠ位点,PPXX基因型的腰椎、股骨大转子和Wards三角的骨密度明显低于Ppxx和ppxx型(P<0.05)。结论雌激素受体XbaⅠ基因多态性与特发性脊柱侧凸患者的骨密度有关,PPXX基因型的骨密度较低,有助于较早发现特发性脊柱侧凸的低骨量者。     

雌激素受体与特发性脊柱侧凸及骨质疏松症的关系

雌激素属类固醇激素,通过与细胞内受体结合发挥基因转录的作用。雌激素受体(EstrogenReceptor ,ER )分为ERα和ERβ两种亚型。随着分子生物学技术的发展和应用及ER的研究日益深入,对雌激素在骨代谢调节中的作用机制有了进一步的理解,目前特发性脊柱侧凸(AdolescentIdiopathicScoliosis ,AIS)的发病机制不明,且AIS存在着骨量降低、骨质疏松症已被证实,故本文就雌激素受体与AIS及骨质疏松症的分子学机制做一综述。1　ER的结构和功能ER是核受体超家族成员之一[1] ,位于胞浆和胞核内,具有转录因子的作用。1986年Green等从人乳腺癌细…     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者软骨细胞中Sox9的表达及意义

目的:检测转录因子Sox9在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者软骨细胞中的表达,探讨其在AIS患者生长发育异常中的可能作用.方法:14例(男1例,女13例)年龄10～16岁(平均13.1岁)的AIS患者(AIS组),Cobb角41°～88°,平均51.4°;8例(男1例,女7例)非AIS患者(对照组),年龄10～15岁,平均12.9岁;腰椎骨折1例,脊髓室管膜瘤1例,腰椎间盘突出症1例,脊柱骨样骨瘤1例,先天性髋关节脱位4例.在行手术治疗时获取髂骨生长板软骨,采用酶消化法体外分离、培养、传代,并观察细胞形态;采用Ⅱ型胶原细胞免疫组织化学法对传至P2代的细胞行表型鉴定;采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)法检测两组软骨细胞中Sox9 mRNA及蛋白表达情况.结果:酶消化法体外单层培养软骨细胞成功;细胞传至P2代时具有软骨细胞的典型形态特征,呈多角状;Ⅱ型胶原细胞免疫组化染色呈阳性,细胞胞浆内可见棕褐色颗粒,很好地保持了软骨细胞的表型特征;AIS组患者软骨细胞中Sox9核酸表达强度为1.08±0.14,蛋白表达强度为0.38±0.14,均较对照组高(P<0.05).结论:转录因子SOx9在软骨细胞水平表达强度的异常可能与AIS患者生长发育异常有关.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨密度变化的分析

目的 :探 讨青 少年 特 发性 脊柱 侧 凸患 者的 骨 密度 变化 规 律。方 法:应用 双 能 X 线骨 密 度吸 收仪 测 定 101例特 发 性 脊 柱侧 凸 患 者 腰椎 (L2￣L4)和 股 骨 近 端 (股 骨 颈 、大 转 子 、W ard's 三 角 )的 骨 密 度 ,结 合 脊 柱 侧 凸 严 重程度 进行 分 析,并 与 62名 同 年龄 段正 常 青少 年骨 密 度进 行比 较 。结 果:特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 患者 所 测各 部位 的 骨密度均 明显 低 于正 常对 照 组(P<0.05),腰 椎 骨 密 度的 降 低 比 股骨 明 显 ,股 骨 近 端 的三 个 部 位 ,以 W ard's 三 角的 骨密度 降低 尤 为显 著。有 75.2% 的 特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 患者 发生 骨 密度 降低 ,其 中 26.7% 发 生骨 量 减少 , 48.5% 符 合骨质疏 松症 的 诊断 标准 ;但 其骨 密 度的 降低 程 度与 侧凸 严 重程 度无 明 显相 关性 。 结论 :青 少年 特 发性 脊 柱 侧凸 患者存 在着 骨 密度 的降 低 ,其与 侧 凸的 严重 程 度无 关,可能 与 特发 性脊 柱 侧凸 的发 病 机理 有关 。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的中枢神经异常

目的 :检查青少年特发性脊柱侧凸 (AIS)患者的后脑及脊髓的结构和功能异常 ,探讨两者间的相关性及与Cobb角的关系。方法 :用MRI探查AIS患者的后脑及脊髓的解剖结构 ,用体感诱发电位 (SEP)检查体感传导通路功能 ,并对两者结果作相关性检验。结果 :MRI见小脑扁桃体脱垂或脊髓空洞和SEP显示体感传导通路功能异常病例在Cobb角 >45°患者中依次占 31%和 2 7 6 % ,而 <45°患者中分别只占 3 7%和 11 9% ,结构异常和功能异常有显著相关性。结论 :对严重脊柱侧凸或合并SEP异常患者应常规行全脊髓MRI检查 ,以便及早发现后脑及脊髓病变     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)是指年龄在10¹8岁,冠状面上Cobb角>10°伴有椎体的旋转而无其他器质性病变的一种常见病。该疾病能够导致身体外观畸形、疼痛,甚至心肺功能受损,严重影响了患者的身心健康及生活质量。在治疗上,对于轻中度的AIS患者常用定期观察、支具等保守治疗方法,能够有效的延缓侧凸的进展;对于保守治疗无效,达到手术阈值的AIS患者,则建议手术治疗,目前较为常用的手术方法是以椎弓根螺钉内固定系统为代表的后路椎体融合术,往往能够达到较好的临床疗效。近年来,由于物理治疗性脊柱侧凸特异性运动(PSSE)疗法安全有效,越来越受欢迎。目前对于AIS患者治疗的具体适应证正逐渐完善,治疗理念与技术在不断更新,临床疗效也不断得到改善。本文将从保守治疗和手术治疗两方面展开,主要阐述常用的治疗方法在临床上的进展和应用以及所面临的问题,为临床治疗的选择提供参考。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱柔韧性的影响因素

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者脊柱柔韧性的可能影响因素.方法:选取2006年12月～2008年4月在我院脊柱外科手术治疗的204例AIS患者,男性36例,女性168例,平均年龄15.0岁;平均Cobb角50.1°;平均Risser征3.4度;主弯跨度平均6.8个椎体;主弯顶椎旋转度平均2.0度.摄站立位全脊柱正侧位及仰卧左右侧屈位X线片,计算主弯柔韧性.采用相关分析研究各临床指标与主弯柔韧性的相关性.结果:女性AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性明显高于男性(P<0.05);胸腰弯组和腰弯组AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性显著大于胸弯组(P<0.05),胸腰弯和腰弯组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05).女性AIS患者中的年龄及主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05),且胸弯女性AIS患者的月经初潮至手术时间及顶椎旋转度也与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).男性胸弯AIS患者中侧屈位主弯Cobb角、胸腰弯/腰弯组中主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).主弯跨度及Risser征与脊柱柔韧性均无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论:女性AIS患者脊住柔韧性受年龄、月经初潮至手术时间、主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)、弯型及顶椎旋转度等因素影响;男性AIS患者的脊柱侧凸柔韧性主要受主弯Cobb角及弯型影响.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者骨密度的研究进展

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scol-iosis,AIS)是发生于青春发育期前后的脊柱结构性侧凸畸形,是一种最常见的脊柱侧凸畸形,     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的选择性融合

手术治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescentidiopathicscoliosis,AIS）的目的是矫正脊柱畸形、稳定侧凸、重建或保持脊柱的平衡。临床上通常根据冠状面的Cobb角、骨骼发育情况、矢状面变化、椎体旋转程度以及侧凸的自然史来判断是否需手术治疗。一般认为,对处于生长期、Cobb角＞５０°、非手术治疗无效、疼痛、胸椎前凸及伴有明显外观畸形的患儿应选择手术治疗。自１９１４年首例采用脊椎融合术治疗侧凸以来,确定AIS手术合适的融合节段一直是众多学者争论的焦点;AIS手术是否成功有赖于对融合节段的正确选择,选择不当易引起脊柱侧…     

Polymorphism in vitamin D receptor is associated with bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Low bone mass and osteopenia have been reported in the axial and peripheral skeleton of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients. Furthermore, several recent studies have shown that gene polymorphisms are related to osteoporosis. However, no study has yet linked polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene and bone mass in AIS. Accordingly, the authors examined the association between bone mass and VDR gene polymorphisms in 198 girls diagnosed with AIS. The VDR BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs2228670) and Cdx2 (rs11568820) polymorphisms and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine (LSBMD) and femoral neck (FNBMD) were analyzed and compared to their levels in healthy controls. Mean LSBMD and FNBMD in AIS patients were lower than in age- and sex-matched healthy controls (P = 0.0022 and P = 0.0013, respectively). A comparison of genotype frequencies in AIS patients and controls revealed a significant difference for the BsmI polymorphism only (P = 0.0054). Furthermore, a significant association was found between the VDR BsmI polymorphism and LSBMD. In particular, LSBMD in AIS patients with the AA genotype was found to be significantly lower than in patients with the GA (P < 0.05) or GG (P < 0.01) genotypes. However, no significant association was found between LSBMD or FNBMD and the VDR FokI or Cdx2 polymorphisms. These results suggest that the VDR BsmI polymorphism is associated with LSBMD in girls with AIS.     

Spinal coronal profiles and proximal femur bone mineral density in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose

Although the occurrence and progression of AIS has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), the relationships between spinal curvature and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD are controversial. Few correlation studies have stratified patients by curve type. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between spinal coronal profile and bilateral differences in proximal femur BMD in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

This study included 67 patients with AIS who underwent posterior correction and fusion surgery between January 2009 and October 2011. The mean age at the time of surgery was 17.4 ± 4.1 years. Bilateral proximal femur BMD was measured before surgery by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We compared the proximal femur BMDs by determining the bilateral BMD ratio (left proximal femur BMD divided by that of the right). We evaluated correlations between coronal parameters, obtained from preoperative radiographs, and the BMD ratio using Pearson’s correlation analysis.

Results

Patients with Lenke type 1 curve (48; all with a right convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 1.00 ± 0.04. Patients with Lenke type 5 curve (19; all with a left convex curve) had a mean bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio of 0.94 ± 0.04, indicating that the BMD in the proximal femur on the right side (concave) was greater than that in the left (convex). Coronal balance was significantly correlated with the BMD ratio in both the Lenke type 1 and type 5 groups, with a correlation coefficient of 0.46 and 0.50, respectively.

Conclusions

The bilateral proximal femur BMD ratio was significantly correlated with the coronal balance in AIS patients. When the C7 plumb line was shifted toward one side, the BMD was greater in the contralateral proximal femur.     

Elevated soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Generalized low bone mass and osteopenia in both axial and peripheral skeleton in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have been reported in literature. However, the exact mechanisms and causes of the bone loss in AIS are not identified yet. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between serum concentration of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), serum level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and bone mass in 72 patients with AIS and compared to those of 64 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The mean lumbar spinal bone mineral density (LSBMD) and femoral neck BMD (FNBMD) in patients with AIS were decreased compared with that in control individuals, respectively (P = 0.0029 and P = 0.0192, respectively). The mean RANKL and RANKL to OPG ratio in patients with AIS were increased compared with that in control subjects, respectively (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0032, respectively). The RANKL and RANKL to OPG ratios were negatively correlated to the LSBMD and serum OPG levels in both groups. Serum OPG levels were positively correlated to the LSBMD and FNBMD in both groups. These findings mean that the imbalance and the disturbed interaction of RANKL and OPG may be an important cause and pathogenesis in reduced BMD in AIS.     

Height of girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

In a Finnish population, the standing height of 1500 consecutive female patients aged 9-24 years (mean 13.9 years) with untreated idiopathic scoliosis of at least 10 degrees in their lateral curves was compared with the standing height of average girls. The mean magnitude of the major curves was 29.4 degrees (range 10 degrees-80 degrees), and that of the minor curves 20.3 degrees (range 0 degrees-66 degrees). A formula for the height loss caused by the lateral curves, and that caused by thoracic kyphosis, was derived. The corrected height of the girls with idiopathic scoliosis was highly significantly (P<0.001) greater than the height of average girls at the age of 11-15, and this high level of significance was present at the age of 11-13, even without correcting for the height loss caused by scoliosis. After maturation, the girls with idiopathic scoliosis were not significantly taller than average girls. On average, the magnitude of thoracic kyphosis did not affect the height of patients with scoliosis as compared with the height of normal girls of the same age.     

Spinal growth and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Summary The spinal growth in scoliotic segments (T4-L4) of 110 girls with untreated idiopathic scoliosis was measured from two successive radiographs taken at a mean interval of 1.1 years. At the first visit the mean age of the patients was 14 years (range 11–16 years), the mean magnitude of the major curves 24° (range 9°–38°) and that of the minor curves 14° (range 2°–38°). Spinal growth was most rapid at the age of 11–12 years. The progression of the curves (major plus minor) correlated with the spinal growth (r=0.384). The greater the initial curves were, the stronger the correlation was between the spinal growth and the progression of the curves (r=0.046–0.639), and the correlation was more significant in thoracic scoliosis (r=0.560) than in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis (r=0.152).     

The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

There have been great advances in the conservative and surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the last few decades. The challenge for the physician is the decision for the optimal time to institute therapy for the individual child. This makes an understanding of the natural history and risk factors for curve progression of significant importance. Reported rates of curve progression vary from 1.6% for skeletally mature children with a small curve magnitude to 68% for skeletally immature children with larger curve magnitudes. Although the patient''s age at presentation, the Risser sign, the patient''s menarchal status and the magnitude of the curve have been described as risk factors for curve progression, there is evidence that the absolute curve magnitude at presentation may be most predictive of progression in the long term. A curve magnitude of 25° at presentation may be predictive of a greater risk of curve progression. Advances in research may unlock novel predictive factors, which are based on the underlying pathogenesis of this disorder.     

Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease with an overall prevalence of 0.47–5.2 % in the current literature. The female to male ratio ranges from 1.5:1 to 3:1 and increases substantially with increasing age. In particular, the prevalence of curves with higher Cobb angles is substantially higher in girls than in boys: The female to male ratio rises from 1.4:1 in curves from 10° to 20° up to 7.2:1 in curves >40°. Curve pattern and prevalence of scoliosis is not only influenced by gender, but also by genetic factors and age of onset. These data obtained from school screening programs have to be interpreted with caution, since methods and cohorts of the different studies are not comparable as age groups of the cohorts and diagnostic criteria differ substantially. We do need data from studies with clear standards of diagnostic criteria and study protocols that are comparable to each other.