Magnetic resonance imaging of the parotid glands using inversion-recovery sequences at 0.08 T

One hundred and eight examinations on 103 patients with suspected disease of the salivary glands were studied using a 0.08 T resistive magnet and inversion-recovery pulse sequences. Sixty-eight patients who had a mass lesion within a salivary gland later had surgery, and specimens were obtained for histological diagnosis. The remaining 35 patients were diagnosed on clinical grounds. In all cases the clinical findings were compared with the appearances on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of inversion-recovery pulse sequences allowed accurate localization of all tumour masses and, because of the clarity with which blood vessels were displayed, the precise relationship of any parotid mass to the retromandibular vessels and hence the facial nerve was possible. Whilst MRI did not display any pathognomonic features to allow the differentiation of malignant cell types or the differentiation of invasive malignant tumours from chronic inflammatory disease, it was possible to differentiate parotitis from Mikulicz's disease and to diagnose cysts and pleomorphic adenomas by their appearances on MRI.     

Salivary gland scintigraphy--a suitable substitute for sialography?

By comparing 27 patients who had both scintigraphy and sialography in the assessment of salivary gland disease, scintigraphy has been shown to correlate well with abnormal sialograms. It is suggested that scintigraphy could become the initial screening procedure in the assessment of salivary gland disease. A normal scintiscan is unlikely to miss significant pathology (as demonstrated by sialography), but sialography must always be performed if there is a suspicion of duct obstruction on scintigraphy. Patients suspected of focal salivary gland pathology such as tumour have not been investigated. The series documents the findings in patients who presented with facial pain, swelling or xerostomia suggesting sialadenitis, duct occlusion or Sj?gren's syndrome.     

Sonography, CT, CT sialography, MRI and MRI sialography in investigation of the facial nerve and the differentiation between deep and superficial parotid lesions

Our aim was to explore the possibility of delineation of the facial nerve within the parotid gland and to differentiate between superficial and deep parotid lesions in relationship to it, using ultrasound, CT, MRI, MRI sialography (MRIS) and CT sialography (CTS). We examined 47 patients with clinically suspected parotid tumours by US, 31 of them also by CT, MRI and CTS, and 13 by MRIS as well. Low-intensity curvilinear structures seen on T1-weighted MRI were delineated better after intraductal gadolinium injection and proved to represent parotid ducts on CTS. Using the main parotid duct as a landmark, we distinguished parotid lesions as deep or superficial to the facial nerve by T1-weighted MRI images in 69 % and by MRIS in all cases. The facial nerve itself was indistinguishable from the parotid gland in all our imaging methods. Received: 25 March 1996 Accepted: 30 August 1996     

A comparative study between MR sialography and salivary gland scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of MR sialography with that of salivary gland scintigraphy in Sj?gren syndrome. METHOD: One hundred thirty patients clinically suspected of having Sj?gren syndrome were examined by MR sialography and salivary gland scintigraphy. A labial gland biopsy was performed in all patients. Imaging findings of MR sialography and salivary gland scintigraphy were compared with the results of labial gland biopsy. RESULTS: From the results of labial gland biopsy, the diagnosis of Sj?gren syndrome was established in 80 patients. Abnormally high T2 signal intensity areas on MR sialography and decreased uptake and delayed excretion of [(99m)Tc]pertechnetate on salivary gland scintigraphy were well seen in patients with Sj?gren syndrome. For the diagnosis of Sj?gren syndrome, salivary gland scintigraphy showed higher sensitivity than MR sialography. On the other hand, MR sialography showed higher specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) than salivary gland scintigraphy. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 83% for MR sialography and 72% for salivary gland scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: The high PPV of MR sialography suggests that MR sialography is the preferred imaging modality in patients suspected of having Sj?gren syndrome.     

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的影像学诊断

目的:探讨色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的影像学表现。方法:回顾性分析14例经手术及病理证实的PVNS患者的X线平片、CT、MRI等影像学资料。结果:14例X线检查者均见关节囊肿胀,其中8例骨质受侵蚀,1例可见软组织肿块。8例CT检查均示关节囊肿胀,其中6例可见关节腔积液及周围骨质受侵蚀,2例见软组织肿块影,2例增强扫描者均可见强化的滑膜结节和增厚的滑膜。10例MR检查者弥漫型8例,局限型2例,均可见到关节囊肿胀及数量不等的增生滑膜绒毛结节,其中9例在增生滑膜内可见含铁血黄素沉着,呈长T1、短T2低信号,8例关节腔积液及骨质受侵蚀,3例见软组织肿块,3例增强扫描者示增厚的滑膜和结节明显强化。结论:MRI对色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值,是一种简单、无创、有效的检查手段。     

The impact of FDG-PET in the management of patients with salivary gland malignancy

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of FDG-PET in the management of patients with salivary gland malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed 45 FDG PET studies in 31 patients with salivary malignant tumors, using PET (33 studies) and PET/CT (12 studies). Patients comprised 21 males and 10 females with a mean age of 69 y (range 38-89). Nineteen patients had a single study, ten patients had 2 and two patients had 3 studies. Twelve studies were performed for initial staging and 33 studies for restaging. Four patients of the initial staging group were restaged with PET after therapy. Histology consisted of 8 adenocarcinomas, 8 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 4 carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenomas, 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, 2 poorly differentiated carcinomas, 1 salivary duct carcinoma, 1 lymphoepithelial carcinoma and 1 melanoma. PET findings were reviewed with the clinical and radiologic findings and the impact of PET on staging and patient management was determined. RESULTS: In the initial staging group, all 12 primary lesions (100%) showed positive FDG uptake (5 squamous cell carcinomas, 2 adenocarcinomas, 2 poorly differentiated carcinomas, 1 carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 1 salivary duct carcinoma, 1 lymphoepithelial carcinoma). Three patients (25%) had FDG positive distant disease (liver, bone, lymph nodes); surgery was canceled and therapy changed to chemoradiation. One patient (9%) with no FDG uptake in the neck nodes avoided a planned neck dissection. In the restaging group (33 studies in 23 patients), 5 patients (22%) had FDG positive distant disease, which changed the treatment from surgery to chemoradiation or other. A second primary lesion was detected in one patient (4%). One patient (4%) with clinically suspected recurrence was able to avoid other invasive procedures because of the negative PET. Overall, FDG PET resulted in a major change in management in 11 of 31 patients (35%). CONCLUSION: This study shows that FDG PET has a significant impact on the management of patients with salivary malignant tumors in both the initial staging and restaging.     

关节滑膜结核的X线、CT及MRI表现

目的分析关节滑膜结核的X线、CT及MRI表现，探讨MRI在早期关节滑膜结核诊断中的作用。方法回顾分析14例经手术病理证实的关节滑膜结核的影像学资料并进行总结。14例均行常规X线正侧位摄片及MR平扫，其中3例（膝关节2例、肘关节1例）同时行CT平扫。结果X线表现：14例中关节肿胀8例，关节间隙变窄7例，关节骨质破坏4例。CT表现：3例均显关节囊肿胀、积液。2例关节面见小破坏灶，内见点状死骨。MRI表现：14例病变关节均表现为滑膜不同程度增生肥厚，其中8例见增生滑膜呈结节状、团块状，增厚滑膜在T1WI均呈低信号，T2WI上为不均匀略高信号7例，较明显高信号6例，1例T2WI上呈中等偏低信号。关节内及关节周围积液7例。关节面边缘破坏7例。关节软骨变薄，部分或大部分破坏消失11例。关节骨端邻近骨质骨髓水肿7例。结论MRI对滑膜结核的早期诊断、鉴别诊断帮助较大，优于X线和CT。     

Spectrum of salivary gland disease in HIV-infected patients: characterization with Ga-67 citrate imaging.

The authors retrospectively reviewed 45 gallium-67 citrate scans of 28 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Abnormal salivary gland radiotracer activity was seen in 13 patients with diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS), five patients with undifferentiated salivary gland disease (USD), and 10 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). More DILS patients (54%) had intense gallium uptake than did the AIDS and USD patients combined (13%) (P less than .05). DILS patients had markedly elevated CD8 cell counts and moderately reduced CD4 cell counts, while AIDS patients had normal CD8 cell counts and markedly reduced CD4 cell counts. These differences were statistically significant (P less than .05). The authors recommend that DILS be considered in the differential diagnosis when abnormal, particularly intense, bilateral salivary gland gallium uptake occurs in HIV-infected patients. This disease is more likely to occur when circulating CD8 lymphocytosis is present, while AIDS is the more likely diagnosis when the patient has a normal CD8 cell count and a markedly depressed CD4 cell count.     

MR imaging of the salivary glands in sicca syndrome: comparison of lipid profiles and imaging in patients with hyperlipidemia and patients with Sjögren's syndrome

OBJECTIVE: We correlated abnormalities on MR imaging with the plasma lipid profiles of patients with hyperlipidemia and symptoms of sicca syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MR imaging features of the salivary glands, salivary function, immunologic abnormalities, and plasma lipid profiles were analyzed in 24 patients with hyperlipidemia and symptoms of sicca syndrome and compared with those of 50 patients with Sj?gren's syndrome. RESULTS: Swelling of the parotid gland, impaired salivary flow, or both were observed in 20 (83%) of 24 patients with hyperlipidemia and symptoms of sicca syndrome. MR imaging findings included an enlarged parotid gland replaced with extensive lipid infiltration, whereas sialography of the parotid gland revealed normal findings. Immunologic studies and analyses of the labial glands of the mouth revealed distinctive features in patients with Sj?gren's syndrome. Importantly, elevated levels of plasma triglyceride correlated with parotid gland swelling, and increased cholesterol levels significantly affected salivary flow. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a distinct entity of sicca syndrome in patients with hyperlipidemia compared with patients with Sj?gren's syndrome. Characteristic MR imaging findings of salivary glands in patients with hyperlipidemia included extensive lipid infiltration and gland enlargement.     

Diabetic muscle infarction: radiologic evaluation

 Objective. Diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is frequently misdiagnosed clinically as abscess, neoplasm, or myositis, and is often biopsied. Clinical and radiologic findings are presented here to enable the radiologist to suggest the correct diagnosis. Design and patients. Four patients with severe diabetes mellitus presenting with acute thigh pain, tenderness, and swelling were evaluated by imaging techniques and biopsy. Results and conclusions. Edema in the affected muscles was seen in two patients with MRI studies. Femoral artery calcification and mild muscle swelling was present in one patient who underwent CT. Decreased echogenicity was seen in the involved muscle in a patient studied with ultrasound. Serum enzymes were normal or mildly elevated in three patients (not reported in one). Biopsy demonstrated necrosis and regenerative change in all cases. MRI, although nonspecific, is the best imaging technique to suggest the diagnosis of DMI in the appropriate clinical setting, thereby obviating biopsy.     

Primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the face other than mycosis fungoides. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings

OBJECTIVE: To describe the radiologic findings of primary peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) of the face other than mycosis fungoides. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of 5 consecutive patients with pathologically proven primary facial PTCL other than mycosis fungoides were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with PTCL involving the sinonasal cavity or lymph nodes were excluded. RESULTS: Diagnoses of patients included in this study consisted of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (n = 2), subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (n = 1), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (n = 1), and PTCL not otherwise specified (n = 1). Infiltration or swelling of the superficial space of the face was noted on both CT and MRI, mimicking inflammation or infection. Also seen were well-enhancing small nodular (n = 2) or infiltrative mass-like lesions (n = 2) within the areas of infiltration, which showed intermediate signal intensity on T2-weighted images. One patient demonstrated infiltration and swelling alone. CONCLUSIONS: Primary facial PTCL is a rarely encountered tumor and demonstrates infiltration or swelling mimicking inflammation or infection. Nodular or infiltrative mass-like lesions may be helpful for its diagnosis.     

Functional evaluation with intravoxel incoherent motion echo-planar MRI in irradiated salivary glands: a correlative study with salivary gland scintigraphy

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measured on intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and salivary gland function. Twenty-one patients with head and neck malignancies underwent MRI and salivary gland scintigraphy before and after radiotherapy. Based on the scintigraphic results, each major salivary gland was classified into two groups (dysfunctional and functional) and ADCs measured on IVIM MRI were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, the relationship of ADC to scintigraphic parameters, maximum accumulation (MA), and the uptake ratio (UR), were analyzed. ADCs of the dysfunctional group decreased significantly after radiotherapy (P <.01), whereas those of the functional group showed no significant change. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between the ADC ratio and both MA (P <.005) and UR (P <.001). ADC measurement on IVIM echo-planar MRI is a potentially useful means of evaluating salivary gland function.     

Unusual presentation of parotid gland adenoid cystic carcinoma : A case presentation and literature review

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) represents approximately 10% of all epithelial salivary neoplasms and most commonly involves the parotid gland.We report CT and MRI finding of a 38-year-old young man presented to our ENT department with 02 years history of an external auditory canal stenosis. Physical examination revealed bilateral parotid gland swelling with a complete stenosis of the left external auditory canal.Temporal bone contrast enhanced CT-SCAN revealed is an isodense enhancing mass measuring 4 cm involving posterior and inferior external auditory canal wall, and invading the superficial lobe of the homolateral parotid gland. No bone erosion was noted. MRI investigation has shown a tumor process highly suspicious of malignancy centered on the left EAC involving the superficial lobe of the homolateral parotid gland. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the parotid gland was the final diagnosis, after surgical biopsy and histopathological examination. The Pre-operative check-up demonstrated multiple round shape lung lesions suggestive of multiple metastases. Considering the metastatic stage of the tumor, a collegial decision to adopt a palliative treatment approach based on chemotherapy was taken by the multidisciplinary oncology board.     

Multifactorial analysis on the short-term side effects occurring within 96 hour after radioiodine-131 therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to clarify factors that might influence short-term side effects occurring within 96 hours after administration of 131I for patients with thyroid carcinoma. METHODS: In 71 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, short-term side effects including gastrointestinal complaints, salivary gland swelling with pain, change in taste and headache were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were given domperidone for prevention of gastrointestinal complaints and advised to consume sour foods to promote discharge of radioiodine from the salivary glands. Selected factors possibly affecting the incidence of side effects were dose per body weight, TSH, effective half-life of 131I, sex, age, 131I accumulation into the stomach and salivary glands, and edema prior to radioiodine administration. The factors were evaluated by multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Incidence of gastrointestinal complaints, salivary gland swelling with pain, change in taste and headache was 65.2%, 50.0%, 9.8% and 4.4%, respectively. In gastrointestinal complaints, the incidence of appetite loss, nausea and vomiting was 60.9%, 40.2% and 7.6%, respectively. The gastrointestinal complaints increased significantly in the patients dosed above 55.5 MBq/kg and with TSH elevation. For salivary gland swelling with pain, female patients displayed a significantly higher incidence than males. No statistically significant factors were detected for change in taste or headache. CONCLUSIONS: Significant factors influencing short-term side effects were dose per body weight and TSH values for gastrointestinal complaints, and female sex for salivary gland swelling with pain. Our preliminary experience suggests that the most frequent gastrointestinal complaints can be prevented with ramosetron.     

Major salivary gland masses: comparison of MR imaging and CT

Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies were done prospectively in 21 unselected patients in whom 28 major salivary glands had pathologic changes. Blinded and final readings were used to establish the relationship of the lesion to the plane of the facial nerve (parotid masses), whether the lesion was intrinsic to the gland, and whether the lesion was aggressive. In the blinded reading, CT was superior to MR imaging in eight instances; in the final reading, however, with clinical information available, CT was superior in four cases of inflammatory salivary gland "masses." CT and MR imaging provided the same diagnostic information in all cases of salivary gland neoplasms. T1- and T2-weighted images proved of equal value in detection of salivary gland lesions, and use of both provided no additional specificity. In most cases, T1-weighted images alone provided the information necessary for surgical management. MR imaging is a reasonable first choice if a neoplasm is likely; the potential for improved tissue contrast at the margins of a tumor may be particularly useful. If a mass may be of inflammatory origin, contrast material-enhanced CT is a more reasonable first choice.     

面神经瘤的影像学研究

目的：研究面神经瘤的影像学检查方法和影像学表现,提高诊断准确性。方法：10例经手术病理证实的面神经瘤均行CT检查,6例还进行MR平扫和增强扫描。回顾性分析CT表现和MRI表现,并比较CT和MRI的优缺点。结果：10例面神经瘤中6例面神经鞘瘤和4例面神经纤维瘤,8例累及面神经水平段,6例累及膝部,4例累及乳突段,2例累及迷路段,3例累及内听道段,2例累及腮腺段,1例累及脑池段。主要CT表现：面神经管扩大9例;鼓室内软组织影7例;听小骨破坏5例;乳突蜂房内软组织肿块4例。主要MRI表现：6例均表现面神经增粗,其中2例显示鼓室内=乳突内和颈静脉窝软组织肿块,2例显示鼓室内软组织肿块;3例肿块呈略长T1、略长T2信号,信号不均匀,增强后呈不均匀强化;3例肿块与面神经呈等信号,信号均匀,呈均匀强化;2例面神经瘤累及内听道段面神经,平扫未显示,增强后呈明显强化而显示。比较CT与MRI表现后,发现2例累及面神经内听道段者MRI显示而CT未显示,1例累及面神经鼓室段起始部者MRI亦显示而CT未显示;对于较小的面神经瘤,MRI能直接显示增粗的面神经本身,而CT仅显示面神经管扩大和（或）破坏。结论：CT和MRI,尤其是MR增强扫描能很好地显示面神经瘤的形态、部位、范围和内部结构,有助于定位诊断和定性诊断,为临床制订手术方案和确定手术入路提供依据。     

节细胞神经瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 通过分析节细胞神经瘤的影像学表现,提高对该病诊断的准确性.方法 回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的节细胞神经瘤的影像学特点.结果 17例肿瘤中,4例位于纵隔,3例位于肾上腺,7例位于腹膜后间隙,2例位于颈部,1例为纵隔及腹膜后多发;肿瘤最大者约14.9cm×13.5cm×11.2cm;肿瘤边界清楚,其中8例表现为类圆形,9例形态不规则,其中2例呈嵌入性生长.17例CT平扫表现为低密度,低于肌肉密度,8例可见散在点状或小斑块状钙化,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI中高混杂信号;增强扫描一般为条片状不均匀轻中度进行性强化.结论 节细胞神经瘤的CT和MRI表现有一定的特征,正确认识其影像表现,可对大多数病例做出正确诊断.     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Radiation Sialadenitis Induced by High-dose Radioactive Iodine Therapy

Radioactive iodine (¹³¹I) is accumulated in the thyroid tissue and plays an important role in the treatment of differentiated papillary and follicular cancers after thyroidectomy. Simultaneously, ¹³¹I is concentrated in the salivary glands and secreted into the saliva. Dose-related damage to the salivary parenchyma results from the ¹³¹I irradiation. Salivary gland swelling and pain, usually involving the parotid, can be seen. The symptoms may develop immediately after a therapeutic dose of ¹³¹I and/or months later and progress in intensity with time. In conjunction with the radiation sialadenitis, secondary complications reported include xerostomia, taste alterations, infection, increases in caries, facial nerve involvement, candidiasis, and neoplasia. Prevention of ¹³¹I sialadenitis may involve the use of sialogogic agents to hasten the transit time of the radioactive iodine through the salivary glands. However, studies are not available to delineate the efficacy of this approach. Treatment of the varied complications that may develop encompass numerous approaches and include gland massage, sialogogic agents, duct probing, antibiotics, mouthwashes, good oral hygiene, and adequate hydration. Recently interventional sialoendoscopy has been introduced an effective tool for the management of patients with ¹³¹I-induced sialadenitis that is unresponsive to medical treatment.     

脑弥漫性轴索损伤的MRI诊断价值(附36例报告)

目的　探讨ＭＲＩ对脑弥漫性轴索损伤 (ＤＡＩ)的诊断价值。资料与方法　搜集经临床证实为ＤＡＩ者 98例 ,从中筛选临床及ＭＲＩ资料完整的 36例进行回顾性分析 (其中 1 5例还先后作过ＣＴ检查 )。结果　 36例ＤＡＩ早期ＭＲＩ均表现为弥漫性脑肿胀 ,脑室及脑沟、裂、池受压变小或闭塞 ;脑实质出血灶 30例 ,呈斑点状 ,直径大多 <2 .0ｃｍ ,主要位于胼胝体、脑干、小脑、基底节区及皮髓质交界处 ;蛛网膜下腔和 /或脑室出血 2 4例 ;合并硬膜外血肿9例 ,硬膜下血肿 1 2例 ,颅骨骨折 5例。结论　ＭＲＩ对ＤＡＩ具有较高的诊断价值 ,可弥补ＣＴ的局限性 ,对临床早期诊断和治疗以及评价预后具有重要价值     

Spectrum of radiological changes in hypertensive children with reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy

We prospectively studied 19 children with severe hypertension to evaluate the spectrum of radiological changes, severity and reversibility of this entity. All of them were subjected to clinical and biochemical evaluation, followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Headache was seen in 17 children, 13 had confusion and drowsiness, 12 had nausea and vomiting, 10 patients had visual disturbances, seizure and dyspnoea. Only two had focal neurological deficit (one with right facial palsy and another with right lateral rectus palsy). Of these 19 children, 15 patients had hypertensive retinopathy and four had normal fundi. The positive MRI findings in 17/19 patients were: bilateral leukoencephalopathic changes in occipitoparietal region (9/17), diffuse white/grey matter lesion (3/17) patients, brain stem hyperintensity (2/17) and haemorrhagic lesions (3/17). On MRA, 12/19 patients had attenuation of cerebral arteries of different degree. On follow up, MRI findings resolved in all except three patients. All patients had normal MRA on follow up, except one with persistent minimal attenuation of middle cerebral artery and another had spasm in anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries. The intracranial abnormalities in these patients with severe hypertension were reversible in many of the cases after control of blood pressure was achieved. We therefore conclude that severe hypertension may lead to leuoencephalopathy, which had a wide radiological spectrum. A better understanding of this complex syndrome may obviate unnecessary investigations and allow management of associated problems in prompt and appropriate ways.