胰腺肿瘤缺血再灌注加微球栓塞后血清细胞因子的变化

目的探讨胰腺缺血再灌注加微球栓塞对鼠胰腺癌血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素-1（IL-1）和λ-干扰素（IFN-λ）含量及肿瘤生长的影响。方法大鼠胰腺尾部胰腺肿瘤形成后,阻断及开放胰腺尾部主要供血血管脾下动脉各30min,并经脾下动脉注入微球栓塞微血管,然后结扎脾下动脉。分别于术前及术后14d采用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清TNF-α、IL-2和IFN-λ的含量及观察胰腺肿瘤体积的变化。结果胰腺肿瘤缺血再灌注加微球栓塞组（E组）术前血清TNF-α、IFN-λ和IL-2的含量和胰腺肿瘤体积与阳性对照组（B组）和胰腺肿瘤缺血组（C组）及胰腺肿瘤缺血再灌注组（D组）之间比较差异均无显著性（P>0.05）。术后14dE组血清TNF-α、IFN-λ和IL-2的含量〔（79.5±8.7)ng/L、(106.0±10.8)ng/L、(346.1±13.1)ng/L〕明显高于B组〔（30.5±3.5)ng/L、（76.7±5.8）ng/L、（137.5±8.1）ng/L〕、C组〔（53.6±6.3）ng/L、（91.4±7.3）ng/L、（203.4±7.9）ng/L〕和D组（P<0.01）;且D、E组肿胰腺瘤体积也明显小于B、C组。结论胰腺肿瘤缺血再灌注加微球栓塞可导致鼠胰腺肿瘤血清TNF-α、IFN-λ和IL-2含量明显升高,并可使胰腺肿瘤体积明显缩小,其效果明显优于单纯的胰腺肿瘤缺血或胰腺肿瘤缺血再灌注。     

肝细胞癌根治性切除术后复发转移与血清转化生长因子-β1的关系

目的　探讨肝细胞癌 (HCC)患者术前血清转化生长因子 β1(TGF β1)与HCC根治性切除术后复发转移的关系。方法　应用酶联免疫吸附分析方法 (ELISA)检测 5 1例HCC患者术前血清TGF β1水平。采用Cox比例风险模型 ,对影响预后的指标进行分析 ,确定影响术后复发转移的指标。结果　HCC患者根治性切除术后 2年有复发转移组术前血清TGF β1水平(3 65 .13±10 8.67)ng/L明显高于无复发转移组(2 41.0 6± 89.73 )ng/L(P <0 .0 1)、术前血清TGF β1水平有癌栓组 (3 73 .13± 119.40 )ng/L明显高于无癌栓组(2 5 4.18± 81.5 6)ng/L(P <0 .0 1)、大肝癌组(3 5 1.44± 93 .79)ng/L明显高于小肝癌组 (2 76.83± 10 1.90 )ng/L (P <0 .0 1)、肿瘤无包膜组(3 42 .2 0± 13 0 .5 6)ng/L明显高于有包膜组(2 3 7.42± 97.89)ng/L(P <0 .0 5 )。Cox比例风险模型显示 :血清TGF β1、门静脉癌栓及肿瘤大小是影响HCC切除术后患者复发转移时间的显著因素(P值分别为 0 .0 0 5、0 .0 12和 0 .0 45 )。结论　HCC患者术前血清TGF β1水平是预测HCC根治性切除术后复发转移的指标。     

原发性肝癌介入治疗前后血清血管内皮生长因子的变化

目的　检测肝细胞癌 (HCC)患者介入前后血清血管内皮细胞生长因子 (VEGF)水平与HCC转移复发的关系。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附 (ELISA)法检测 40例健康人和 64例行介入治疗的HCC患者血清中的VEGF水平 ,并与其临床转移复发情况进行对照分析。结果　 64例HCC患者血清中VEGF含量 (2 0 4 .1 5± 1 34 .2 8)ng/L明显高于健康人群 (2 6 .1 2± 2 4 .58)ng/L(P<0 .0 1 ) ;介入治疗后HCC患者血清VEGF(2 65 .46± 2 57.36)ng/L高于治疗前 (2 0 4 .1 5± 1 34 .2 8)ng/L(P <0 .0 5) ;高转移复发倾向组HCC病人血清VEGF(345 .68± 348.36)ng/L明显高于低转移复发倾向组 (2 2 4 .1 8± 1 39.2 6)ng/L(P <0 .0 1 ) ;HCC血清中的VEGF水平与肿瘤有无包膜、门静脉癌栓、复发转移密切相关 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　HCC患者介入治疗后VEGF明显升高 ,可能会增加HCC的转移潜能     

原因不明反复自然流产患者主动免疫治疗前后血清白细胞介素-10、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、白血病抑制因子浓度的变化

目的探讨原因不明反复自然流产(RSA)患者主动免疫治疗前后血清白细胞介素(IL)-10、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)、白血病抑制因子(LIF)浓度的变化。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法检测20例正常非妊娠妇女(正常非孕组)、20例正常妊娠妇女(正常妊娠组)和20例RSA患者(流产组)淋巴细胞主动免疫治疗前后血清中IL-10、M-CSF、LIF的水平。结果(1)流产组治疗前血清IL-10、M-CSF的水平分别为(0.19±0.05)ng/L(、100.99±8.32)ng/L,明显低于正常非孕组的(0.24±0.03)ng/L(、110.97±11.82)ng/L(P<0.01);LIF(109.99±8.55)ng/L与正常非孕组(108.47±6.66)ng/L比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(2)流产组治疗后血清IL-10(0.23±0.023)ng/L、M-CSF(110.37±7.88)ng/L,明显高于治疗前(P<0.01);LIF(111.25±8.96)ng/L与治疗前比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05);三种细胞因子的水平与正常非孕组比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。(3)正常妊娠组IL-10(0.27±0.028)ng/L、M-CSF(120.34±11.37)ng/L、LIF(118.38±9.58)ng/L,明显高于正常非孕组(P<0.01,P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论原因不明RSA与血清IL-10、M-CSF水平降低有关,主动免疫治疗可上调IL-10、M-CSF的水平,可考虑以IL-10、M-CSF作为RSA的检测指标。     

多靶点治疗Ⅳ型狼疮肾炎的临床疗效及对血清白细胞介素水平的影响

目的探讨多靶点诱导治疗Ⅳ型狼疮肾炎(1upus nephritis,LN)的临床疗效,以及对血清白细胞介素6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、IL-13及IL-18水平的影响。方法选择2012年1月至2014年1月简阳市人民医院肾内科LN患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组应用多靶点治疗(激素+霉酚酸酯+他克莫司),对照组采用传统治疗方案(激素+环磷酰胺),随访24周,观察临床疗效以及血清IL-6、IL-13、IL-18水平变化。结果治疗后第12周时,观察组患者完全缓解8例、部分缓解21例和无反应1例;对照组完全缓解2例、部分缓解18例和无反应10例,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后第24周时,观察组患者完全缓解15例、部分缓解14例和无反应1例;对照组完全缓解4例、部分缓解20例和无反应6例,差异有统计学意义(P0·05)。2组患者治疗前血清IL-6、IL-13、IL-18水平相似,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后第12周时,观察组患者血清IL-6 7水平为(270.02±51.77)ng/L、IL-13水平为(50.86±8.36)ng/L、IL-18水为(288·62±58.14)ng/L,对照组患者血清ILu6水平为(312.89±53.54)ng/L、IL-13水平为(59.74±9.51)ng/L、IL-18水平为(326.94±62.47)ng/L;治疗后第24周时,观察组患者血清IL-6水平为(188·60±40.29)ng/L、IL-13水平为(32.51±4.28)ng/L、IL-18水平为(214.63±43.36)ng/L,对照组患者血清IL-6水平为(253.62±45.60)ng/L、IL-13水平为(46.80±7.03)ng/L、II;18水平为(270·90±52·89)ng/L;2组患者治疗后IL-6、IL-13、IL-18水平较治疗前明显降低(P0.05),且观察组下降更为明显(P0.05)。观察组患者不良反应发生率为23.3%,对照组为30.0%,差异无统计学意义(P0·05)。结论多靶点治疗Ⅳ型LN能有效改善患者血白蛋白、24 h尿蛋白定量等指标,完全缓解率高,可抑制血.清IL-6、IL-13、IL-18的产生,对控制LN的活动具有重要的临床价值。     

术前应用乌司他丁对择期下肢关节置换术患者血清炎性因子和术后谵妄的影响

目的 探讨术前应用乌司他丁(ulinastatin,UTI)对下肢关节置换术患者血清炎性因子和术后谵妄(postoperative delirium,POD)的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、双盲、随机对照研究设计.选择65~85岁,ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,择期行下肢关节置换术的老年患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为UTI组和对照组(每组40例).UTI组于手术开始前将30万单位UTI加入100 ml生理盐水中,30 min内静脉滴注;对照组予以等量生理盐水30 min内静脉滴注.气管插管全身麻醉下完成手术,术后行髂筋膜间隙阻滞.术前1 d行简易智能精神状态检查量表(minimum mental state examination,MMSE)评分,术后24 h(T2)、48 h(T3)、72 h(T4)用意识混乱评估法(confusion assessment method,CAM)进行谵妄评分.记录患者一般情况、术中指标(麻醉时间、手术时间、术中出血及输血量等)及术后指标(VAS评分、术后住院时间及副作用等).术前(T0)、术毕即刻(T1)、T2、T3分别采集外周静脉血3 ml,离心后批量检测血清促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及S100β蛋白的含量.结果 T2和T3时点CAM评分UTI组[(12.8±2.1)、(13.1±2.9)分]均显著低于对照组[(14.0±2.5)、(14.7±3.1)分](P<0.05);T2、T3和T4时点两组POD发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组患者血清S100β蛋白浓度在T1时达高峰(P<0.05),与对照组比较,UTI组T1时血清S100β蛋白浓度升高水平显著降低[(304±142)ng/L比(396±208)ng/L](P<0.05).两组患者血清IL-1β和IL-6浓度在T1、T2时点呈上升趋势,T2时达高峰(P<0.05);与对照组相比,UTI组T1、T2时血清IL-1β[(70.4±7.3)ng/L比(81.6±8.5)ng/L,(99.6±7.7)ng/L比(105.7±8.0)ng/L)]和IL-6浓度[(55±8)ng/L比(62±8)ng/L,(88±8)ng/L比(99±11)ng/L)]升高水平显著降低(P<0.05).结论 术前应用UTI可降低择期下肢关节置换术老年患者术后48 h CAM评分,改善术后认知功能,其机制可能与抑制炎性因子活化通路有关.     

海水浸泡对烫伤大鼠创面炎性反应与愈合的影响

目的观察海水浸泡对烫伤大鼠创面炎性反应及愈合的影响。方法将144只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为烫伤对照组和海水浸泡组,每组72只,均造成背部10%TBSA浅Ⅱ度烫伤。海水浸泡组大鼠伤后固定四肢,立即用盛海水的方盆浸泡双前肢以下部分,持续4h；烫伤对照组大鼠则用空方盆模拟浸泡过程。于伤后0(即刻,下同)、6、12、24h采用电解质分析仪测定血清中K~+、Na~+、Cl~-的浓度。于伤前及伤后0、6、12h采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)α及白细胞介索(IL)6的含量。对两组大鼠创面行大体和组织病理学观察,并记录创面愈合时间。结果海水浸泡组大鼠血清中K~+、Na~+、Cl~-的浓度大多高于烫伤对照组。伤后6h海水浸泡组大鼠血清TNF-α、IL-6含量分别为(140±22)、(160±41)ng/L,均明显高于伤前值(29±15)、(62±17)ng/L及烫伤对照组(120±12)、(124±22)ng/L(P＜0．05)。与烫伤对照组比较,海水浸泡组大鼠创面水肿及局部组织炎性反应加重,创面再上皮化和表皮各层的分化延迟；海水浸泡组创面愈合时间为(16．3±1．6)d,明显迟于烫伤对照组(14．1±1．8)d(P＜0．05)。结论大鼠烫伤后经海水浸泡,可加重创面炎性反应,使创面愈合延迟。     

膀胱癌血清中MMP-9与VEGF水平检测及意义

目的　检测基质金属蛋白酶 9(MMP 9)与血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)在膀胱癌患者血清中的水平 ,探讨其与肿瘤的分级、分期的关系。　方法　采用sandwich ELISA法检测 5 8例膀胱癌患者血清中MMP 9和VEGF水平 ,正常对照组 4 5例。　结果　膀胱癌患者血清中MMP 9和VEGF的水平分别为 737 12 μg/L和 114 8 88ng/L ,均显著高于对照组 4 2 3 5 1μg/L和 84 6 96ng/L(P <0 0 1)。两者的水平与肿瘤的分级、分期有关 ,其中局部浸润性癌显著高于浅表性癌 (P <0 0 1) ;远处转移组显著高于局部浸润组 (P <0 0 1) ;而浅表性癌与对照组无差别 (P >0 0 5 )。G3 级患者MMP 9和VEGF水平均显著高于G1和G2 级 (P <0 0 1)。　结论　膀胱癌患者血清中MMP 9和VEGF水平显著升高 ,并与肿瘤的分级、分期及远处转移有关 ,提示检测两者血清水平有助于对膀胱癌恶性程度的判断。     

血清IL-9、IL-18及IL-32水平对多发性骨髓瘤患者肾损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma, MM)患者血清白细胞介素-9(interleukin-9,IL-9)、白细胞介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)及白细胞介素-32(interleukin-32,IL-32)的表达及其预测肾损伤的价值。方法选取2016年1月至2019年12月我院收治的78例MM患者,依据国际分期系统(International Staging System, ISS)分为I期(n=15)、Ⅱ期(n=26)和Ⅲ期(n=37),根据肾功能情况,将其分为肾损伤组(n=28)和无肾损伤组(n=50)。另选取同期50例正常者作为对照组。检测各组血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32及β_2-微球蛋白(β_2-microglobulin,β_2-MG)水平。应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32及β_2-MG水平诊断MM患者肾损伤的价值。采用Pearson相关分析MM患者血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32水平与β_2-MG的相关性。结果 MM组与对照组相比血清IL-9[(63.15±18.36)ng/L比(22.78±7.15)ng/L]、IL-18[(580.64±70.35)ng/L比(174.30±26.82) ng/L]、IL-32[(817.62±112.36)ng/L比(260.85±34.70)ng/L]及β_2-MG[(6.50±2.52)mg/L比(1.66±0.58)mg/L]水平均明显高于对照组(P0.01)。随着ISS分期的增加,MM患者血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32及β_2-MG水平增加(P0.01)。肾损伤组与无肾损伤组相比,血清IL-9[(91.26±19.42)ng/L比(45.30±14.20)ng/L]、IL-18[(812.46±95.27)ng/L比(407.28±53.60)ng/L]、IL-32[(1130.85±154.70)ng/L比(604.20±71.38)ng/L]及β_2-MG[(10.18±4.75)mg/L比(3.15±1.06)mg/L]水平均明显高于无肾损伤组(P0.01)。ROC曲线分析显示,IL-9、IL-18、IL-32及β_2-MG四项联合诊断MM患者发生肾损伤的曲线下面积(0.963,95%CI:0.905～0.997)最大,其灵敏度和特异度为98.6%和81.2%。相关分析显示,MM患者血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32与β_2-MG均呈正相关(P0.01)。结论血清IL-9、IL-18、IL-32水平在MM患者中明显升高,且与MM患者的病情分期及肾损伤有关,联合β_2-MG检测对诊断MM患者发生肾损伤具有良好价值。     

血清中可溶性CD44v6含量和组织中CD44v6蛋白表达研究

目的　研究胃癌患者外周血中sCD44v6含量及其组织中CD44v6蛋白表达 ,探讨sCD44v6含量 /CD44v6蛋白与临床病理参数之间的关系。方法　应用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测胃癌患者 (术前 )及其中部分术后及健康对照组血清中sCD44v6含量并以 (S P)免疫组织化学法测定相应组织中CD44v6蛋白的表达。结果　 70例胃癌患者血清中sCD44v6含量 (2 .15± 0 .78)μg/L明显高于 16例正常对照组 (1.18± 0 .43 ) μg/L、14例根治性手术后血清中sCD44v6含量(1.2 1± 0 .3 9) μg/L比术前 (2 .67± 0 .83 ) μg/L明显下降 (P <0 .0 1) ,而 6例非根治性手术后(3 .2 9± 0 .41) μg/L比术前 (3 .61± 0 .49) μg/L下降不明显 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　胃癌患者外周血中sCD44v6含量及组织中CD44v6蛋白表达的变化与转移、临床分期、病理分期有关 ,sCD44v6含量升高可作为胃癌患者淋巴结转移 (尤其是早期转移 )的监测指标。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.