谷氨酰胺对脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响

目的 研究脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl-2/Bax基因及蛋白表达的关系,探讨谷氨酰胺(Gin)对脓毒症心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法采用内毒素(LPS 4 ms/ks)腹腔注射法制作脓毒症大鼠模型,实验地点在中山大学北校区动物实验中心.健康Sprague-Dawley(sD)大鼠72只随机分为对照组、LPS组及LPS+Gln(0.3g/kg)组,再分为0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h亚组(腹腔注射后每组成功存活至观察时间点的大鼠累积达到6只,n=6),检测各时点心肌细胞凋亡率和Bcl-2及Bax蛋白的含量,同时检测心肌Bcl-2及Bax mRNA表达.对结果进行方差分析和相关性统计分析.结果 LPS组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率6 h、12 h及24 h均明显高于埘照组(F=186.786,P<0.01);心肌细胞Bax蛋白表达术后6 h降低(F=9.027,P<0.01),之后高于对照组;而Bcl-2蛋白表达6 h,12 h及24 h均低于对照组(F=301.142,P<0.01);Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达比明显高于对照组(F=527.373,P<0.01);BaxmRNA和Bcl-2 6 h,12 h及24 h较对照组均明显上调(F=126.157,80.745,P<0.01).LPS+Gln组与LPS组比较,6 h,12 h及24 h心肌细胞凋亡率明显低于LPS组(F=75.187,P<0.01);Bax蛋白表达下降(F=20.981,P<0.01),而Bcl-2蛋白却升高(F 164.969,P<0.000);Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达比降低(F=141.426,P<0.01);Bax mRNA和Bcl-2 6 h,12 h及24 h组较LPS组均明显下调(F=103.463,89.373,P<0.01).结论 Bcl-2抗凋亡基因及Bax促凋亡基因及其蛋白的表达参与脓毒症心肌细胞凋亡;应用Gln能影响凋亡相关基因及蛋白表达,减轻脓毒症心肌细胞的凋亡,改善脓毒症预后.     

谷氨酰胺对脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响

目的 研究脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与Bcl-2/Bax基因及蛋白表达的关系,探讨谷氨酰胺(Gin)对脓毒症心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法采用内毒素(LPS 4 ms/ks)腹腔注射法制作脓毒症大鼠模型,实验地点在中山大学北校区动物实验中心.健康Sprague-Dawley(sD)大鼠72只随机分为对照组、LPS组及LPS+Gln(0.3g/kg)组,再分为0 h,6 h,12 h,24 h亚组(腹腔注射后每组成功存活至观察时间点的大鼠累积达到6只,n=6),检测各时点心肌细胞凋亡率和Bcl-2及Bax蛋白的含量,同时检测心肌Bcl-2及Bax mRNA表达.对结果进行方差分析和相关性统计分析.结果 LPS组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率6 h、12 h及24 h均明显高于埘照组(F=186.786,P<0.01);心肌细胞Bax蛋白表达术后6 h降低(F=9.027,P<0.01),之后高于对照组;而Bcl-2蛋白表达6 h,12 h及24 h均低于对照组(F=301.142,P<0.01);Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达比明显高于对照组(F=527.373,P<0.01);BaxmRNA和Bcl-2 6 h,12 h及24 h较对照组均明显上调(F=126.157,80.745,P<0.01).LPS+Gln组与LPS组比较,6 h,12 h及24 h心肌细胞凋亡率明显低于LPS组(F=75.187,P<0.01);Bax蛋白表达下降(F=20.981,P<0.01),而Bcl-2蛋白却升高(F 164.969,P<0.000);Bax/Bcl-2蛋白表达比降低(F=141.426,P<0.01);Bax mRNA和Bcl-2 6 h,12 h及24 h组较LPS组均明显下调(F=103.463,89.373,P<0.01).结论 Bcl-2抗凋亡基因及Bax促凋亡基因及其蛋白的表达参与脓毒症心肌细胞凋亡;应用Gln能影响凋亡相关基因及蛋白表达,减轻脓毒症心肌细胞的凋亡,改善脓毒症预后.     

脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与p53和Bcl-2基因表达的关系

目的 探讨脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的变化及其与Bcl-2和p53基因mRNA表达的关系.方法 取体重190～220 g的成年雄性SD大鼠42只,随机分为三组,脓毒症组30只,正常对照组6只,假手术组6只;脓毒症组以盲肠结扎穿刺法(CLP)复制脓毒症大鼠模型,于术后3 h、9 h、12h、24 h各处死6只大鼠,假手术组麻醉满意后打开腹腔,正常对照组仅行麻醉术,均取1.0 mm3大小的心肌组织,另外余下的6只脓毒症鼠术后待其自然死亡不取心肌.采用电镜和TUNEL法检测大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡,用RT-PCR方法检测大鼠心肌细胞Bcl-2和p53基因mRNA的表达.结果 电镜下大鼠凋亡的心肌细胞胞膜皱缩,核固缩、边集、碎裂,胞膜突起、凋亡小体形成,TUNEL法检测各时间点的脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡率均较正常对照组和假手术对照组明显升高(P＜0.05),术后12h达到峰值;p53 mRNA表达明显升高(P＜0.05),其表达量与心肌细胞凋亡指数呈正相关性(r=0.976,P＜0.05);Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显降低(P＜0.05),其表达量与心肌细胞凋亡指数呈负相关性(r=-0.833,P＜0.05).结论 脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞的凋亡明显增高,p53和Bcl-2 mRNA的表达异常是其可能机制之一.     

脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡与心功能的关系

目的观察脓毒症状态下大鼠心肌细胞凋亡对心肌力学的影响。方法 60只体重230~280 g的Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组(n=30)、脓毒症组(n=30)。脓毒症组采用盲肠结扎穿孔法(CLP)制作脓毒症模型,对照组采取开关腹法(不进行盲肠结扎穿孔)。两组动物均经右颈内动脉插管监测术后24 h的血流动力学指标,检测左室心肌细胞凋亡率,两组间采用独立样本t检验进行心功能及细胞凋亡率比较,并就心室收缩峰压与心肌细胞凋亡率进行相关性分析。结果脓毒症组的收缩压(SBP,95±5 mm Hg),舒张压(DBP,62±10 mm Hg),平均动脉压(MAP,73±7 mm Hg)、左心室收缩峰压(LVSP,83±5 mm Hg)、左室压力上升最大速率(+dp/dtmax,2 784±40 mm Hg)明显低于对照组(130±7mm Hg,70±11 mm Hg,89±8 mm Hg,137±8 mm Hg,4 928±137 mm Hg),左心室舒张末压(LVEDP,-1±2 mm Hg)及左心室压力下降最大速率(-dp/dtmax,-2 386±210 mm Hg)明显高于对照组(-11±2 mm Hg,-4 814±344 mm Hg),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。脓毒症组大鼠的心肌细胞凋亡率(8.10%±0.58%)明显高于对照组(0.51%±0.02%),差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。脓毒症组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率增加,左心室收缩峰压降低,呈负相关性(r=-0.68)。结论脓毒症时心肌力学明显下降,心肌细胞凋亡率增加,脓毒症24 h心功能与心肌细胞凋亡存在负相关。     

小剂量氢化可的松对脓毒症大鼠脑细胞线粒体功能的影响

目的:探讨糖皮质激素对脓毒症大鼠脑细胞线粒体功能的影响.方法:将42只大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、药物干预组.模型组和药物干预组采用盲肠结扎穿孔术致脓毒症模型.药物干预组术后即给予小剂量氢化可的松(6 mg/kg).于术后8、16、24 h测定各组大鼠脑细胞线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素C氧化酶(CCO)活性及ATP的含量.结果:与对照组比较.模型组及药物干预组术后8 h SDH、CCO活性及ATP含量均明显降低(P＜0.01);药物干预组术后8 h SDH活性和ATP含量高于模型组(P＜0.05),CCO活性差异无显著性(P＞0.05).术后16 h和24 h,药物干预组SDH、CCO活性及ATP含量均明显高于模型组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论:在脓毒症早期,小剂量氢化可的松可以改善脑细胞的线粒体功能及能量代谢,对线粒体损伤具有保护功能.     

姜黄素对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1 水平的影响

目的 观察姜黄素对脓毒症大鼠肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)水平和120 h 存活率的影响.方法 采用盲肠结扎穿孔术建立大鼠脓毒症模型.脓毒症大鼠随机分为对照组和姜黄素处理组,后者以100 mg/kg 剂量盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)后0、12、24、36、48 h 分别于腹腔注射姜黄素,观察姜黄素处理后脓毒症大鼠于CLP 后3、6、12、24、48、72 h 时间点肺组织HMGB1 的表达水平和盲肠结扎穿孔术后120 h 两组大鼠存活率的比较.结果 脓毒症大鼠经姜黄素处理后肺组织HMGB1 表达水平显著降低(P ＜0.05),术后120 h 存活率较对照组明显增高(61% vs.33%,P ＜0.05).结论 姜黄素能够降低脓毒症大鼠肺组织HMGB1 水平并提高存活率.     

Bcl-2基因在脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡中作用的研究

目的:探讨Bcl-2基因在脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡中的意义.方法:以盲肠结扎并穿刺法制作脓毒症大鼠模型,用电镜和TUNEL法检测其心肌细胞凋亡变化,用免疫组化方法检测Bcl-2蛋白,用RT-PCR法检测其心肌细胞的Bcl-2基因mRNA的表达.用SPSS10.0软件完成统计分析.结果:一定时间内脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡数均明显高于正常对照组和假手术对照组(P＜0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达阳性细胞数和mRNA表达量均较正常对照和假手术组明显降低(P＜0.05),其变化均与TUNEL法检测凋亡的结果一致(P＜0.05).结论:细胞凋亡可能是脓毒症中心肌损害的机制之一.Bcl-2基因的改变可作为脓毒症病情改变的标志.     

尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白对脓毒症大鼠急性肾损伤的诊断价值

目的 观察脓毒症干预与否情况下尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(uNGAL)质量浓度变化特点并评价其对急性肾损伤(AKI)的诊断价值.方法 56只SD(Sprague Dawley)大鼠随机(随机数字法)分为4组,模型组(CLG) 16只、血必净组(XBG) 16只、黄芪注射液和柴胡注射液合用组(HCG) 16只及假手术组(SOG)8只.CLG组、HCG组和XBG组以盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)制作脓毒症模型,造模后HCG组腹腔注射黄芪注射液和柴胡注射液;XBG组静脉注射血必净注射液;SOG组只开腹不行CLP.于术前(0 h)、术后6h、12h、18h、24 h、36 h、48 h和72 h留取血清和尿液,检测血清肌酐(sCr)、尿肌酐(uCr)、尿钠(uNa)和uNGAL.绘制uNGAL质量浓度随时间变化曲线,Logistic回归分析首个6h尿量、6h处uNa和6h处uNGAL与24 h内发生AKI的关系,计算受试者工作曲线(ROC)下面积(AUC).结果 CLG组、HCG组和XBG组大鼠的uNGAL均于造模后6h内迅速升高,峰值分别出现于6h处(CLG组)、24 h处(HCG组和XBG组),后均快速下降;三组大鼠经同时间点uCr校正的uNGAL (cuNGAL)于造模后6h内迅速升高,峰值均出现在24 h处.CLG组大鼠中发生AKI与未发生AKI大鼠的uNGAL或cuNGAL随时间变化曲线几近重叠,在各时间点的浓度差异无统计学意义(uNGAL:6 h,t=0.691; 12h,t=1.627; 18h,t=0.511. cuNGAL:6h,t=0.371; 12h,t =0.474; 18h,t=-1.187;均P＞0.05);XBG组uNGAL或cuNGAL随时间变化曲线不重叠,各时间点的质量浓度差异无统计学意义(uNGAL:6 h,t=1.222;12 h,t=1.178;18 h,t=1.272; 24h,=0.918; 36 h,t=0.442. cuNGAL:6 h,t=1.482; 12h,t=1.314; 18h,t=1.280; 24h,t=0.280; 36h,=0.467.均P＞0.05).HCG组,发生AKI大鼠的uNGAL随时间变化曲线自6h后各个时间点上升幅度明显高于未发生AKI大鼠(6h,t=2.351,P＜0.05;12 h,t=3.086,P＜0.01; 18h,t=2.535,P＜0.05;24h,t=2.150,P＜0.05;36 h,t=2.485,P＜0.05),6h、18 h和24h处发生与未发生AKI大鼠的cuNGAL均值间差异具有统计学意义(6h,t=3.013,P＜0.01; 18 h,t=4.804,P＜0.01; 24 h,t=2.682,P＜ 0.05).6h处Uout可提高cuNGAL对24h内发生AKI预测能力(AUC由0.839提高至0.900,P＜0.05).结论 脓毒症时施加的干预措施会影响尿中NGAL的分泌量和分泌时序;uNGAL和cuNGAL是脓毒症大鼠发生AKI的良好预测因子.     

参附注射液对心肺复苏后大鼠心肌细胞保护作用的研究

目的探讨参附注射液对心肺复苏后大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及bcl-2、bax、NF-κB等蛋白表达的影响,为防治心肌细胞的凋亡提供理论依据.方法 72只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、参附治疗组,采用窒息合并冰氯化钾致大鼠心跳骤停-心肺复苏模型,运用免疫组织细胞化学方法观察复苏后不同时间点心肌细胞bcl-2、bax基因的蛋白表达,采用末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡情况;并在电镜下观察各组心肌细胞超微结构.结果复苏后3 h CK-MB开始升高,复苏后24h明显升高达顶峰,各时相点参附治疗组与模型对照组比较CK-MB显著降低(P＜0.05).复苏后各时相点参附治疗组bcl-2表达明显增强(P＜0.01),而bax表达无明显差异(P＞0.05),参附治疗组NF-κB的表达明显降低(P＜0.05).bcl-2阳性表达率在复苏后24 h达到高峰,参附治疗组阳性表达率明显高于模型组(P＜0.01).各时相点参附治疗组bax表达与复苏模型组比较无显著差异(P＜0.05).在心肺复苏后的不同时段心肌细胞均有凋亡发生.参附治疗组各时相点凋亡细胞阳性指数均明显低于复苏模型组(P＜0.05);而假手术组无明显凋亡现象发生(P＞0.01).超微结构显示参附治疗组心肌损伤较模型组明显减轻,假手术组心肌超微结构正常.结论细胞凋亡参与了心肺复苏后大鼠心肌细胞的损伤,参附注射液可降低NF-κB活性,上调bcl-2蛋白表达,改善心肌细胞的超微结构,抑制细胞凋亡的发生,对心肌细胞具有明显的保护作用.     

谷氨酰胺对脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞Caspase-3基因及蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究脓毒症大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的变化及其与Caspase-3基因及蛋白表达的关系,同时探讨谷氨酰胺(Gln)对脓毒症心肌损伤的保护作用及机理.方法:采用内毒素(LPS)腹腔注射法制作脓毒症大鼠模型,大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组及LPS+Gln组,再分为0 h、6 h、12 h、24 h亚组(n=6),检测各时点心肌细胞凋亡率和Caspase-3蛋白的含量,同时检测心肌Caspase-3 mRNA表达,对各组结果进行比较.结果:LPS组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);心肌细胞Caspase-3蛋白表达均高于对照组(P<0.05);Caspase-3mRNA较对照组均明显上调(P<0.05).LPS+Gln组与LPS组比较,心肌细胞凋亡率明显低于LPS组(P<0.05);Caspase-3蛋白表达下降(P<0.05);Caspase-3 mRNA较LPS组均明显下调(P<0.05).结论:依赖Caspase-3基因的凋亡通路在脓毒症发病机制中起到重要作用,Gln通过阻止Caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白表达而减少脓毒症心肌细胞凋亡程度,可利用它对脓毒症进行早期干预.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.