呼气相负压检测呼气流速受限对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的评价

目的　探讨呼气相气道内负压（NEP）检测阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停/低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者呼气流速受限（EFL）作为评估上气道塌陷性指标的可行性及其与OSAHS严重度的相关性。方法　采用NEP法（-5cmH2O）检测OSAHS患者及健康对照者仰卧位和坐位EFL情况。OSAHS组33例,均为男性,平均年龄（47±12）岁;健康对照组20例,男15例,女5例,平均年龄（42±10）岁。结果　20例健康对照组均无EFL。33例OSAHS患者中10例（30.3%）检测出EFL,其中15例轻中度OSAHS组仅1例（6.7%）出现EFL,而18例重度OSAHS组9例（50%）出现EFL,两组间EFL发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。EFL组呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、呼吸暂停总次数（TNA）和低氧指数（DI）均显著高于无EFL组（分别为65.66±22.20和36.50±21.74、372.60±214.46和173.39±133.65、65.18±23.22和38.59±22.02,P均〈0.01）,而夜间最低氧饱和度（NNSp）显著低于无EFL组（58.80±12.78和71.00±9.30,P〈0.01）。3分法和5分法EFL均与AHI、DI、TNA呈显著正相关（3分法EFL的相关系数分别为0.548、0.513、0.472,5分法EFL的相关系数分别为0.560、0.524、0.469,P均〈0.01）,与NNSp呈显著负相关（相关系数分别为-0.514和-0.508,P均〈0.01）。多元回归分析结果显示,5分法EFL对AHI和DI均有显著预测意义（标准化偏回归系数分别为0.495和0.402,P均〈0.01）。结论　采用NEP法在清醒状态下检测EFL可在一定程度上反映OSAHS患者上气道塌陷性增加及OSAHS病情严重程度,可望成为OSAHS初筛诊断和动态观察评估病情严重程度及疗效的简便、可靠的方法。     

2型糖尿病一级亲属脂联素等与胰岛素抵抗的相关研究

测定糖耐量正常T2DM患者一级亲属35例，及对照组42例的脂联素、抵抗素、TNF-α。结果1．一级亲属组脂联素水平低于正常对照组（12．29±3．64mg／L vs 14．66±3．43mg／L，P〈0．05），而抵抗素、TNF-α水平显著高于正常组（分别是19．02±6．85Pg／ml vs 15．68±6．24pg／ml，P〈0．05；14．12±2．87pg／ml vs 10．43±2．58pg／ml，P〈0．05）；2．一级亲属组IR指数与脂联素呈负相关（r=-0．53，P〈0．05），与抵抗素、TNF-α呈正相关（分别为r=0．62，P〈0．05；r=0．48，P〈0．05）。结论脂联素、抵抗素、TNF-α可能与T2DM患者一级亲属的IR相关。     

2型糖尿病患者窦性心律震荡的研究

选择伴室性早搏的2型糖尿病患者和有室性早搏的正常人各32例，记录24h动态心电图，计算其震荡起始（TO）和震荡斜率（TS），常规测定身高、体重、HbA1c、空腹血糖、空腹血清胰岛素水平，计算胰岛素敏感性指数及体重指数，测定各组血脂水平，并进行相关性分析。结果2型糖尿病组震荡起始明显高于对照组（0.06±0.72%vs-1.78±0.29%，P〈0.01），震荡斜率明显低于对照组（5.12±1.64ms/RRvs8.09±1.45ms/RR，P〈0.01），2型糖尿病组各生化指标均异于对照组，TO与VLDL-C（r=0.6501，P〈0.01）、HbA1c（r=0.6429，P〈0.01）呈正相关，TS与VLDL-C（r=-0.6869，P〈0.01）、HbA1c（r=-0.7013，P〈0.01）呈负相关。结论2型糖尿病患者HRT减低，可以较好地用于判断2型糖尿病患者的病情，HRT与VLDL-C、HbA1c有明显的相关性。     

男性慢性心力衰竭患者雄激素水平与心功能和运动耐量的关系

目的探讨男性慢性心衰患者雄激素水平与心功能和运动耐量的关系。方法用酶联免疫吸附方法测定90例男性慢性心衰患者（心衰组）和80例健康对照组血清总睾酮（TT）、游离睾酮（FT）水平，心衰患者心功能按NYHA心功能分级，运动耐量以6min步行试验评价。结果与对照组相比，心衰组患者TT、FT明显降低（（9．63±3．22 vs 20．45±8．92，P〈0．01；0．054±0．036 vs 0．422±0．328，P〈0．01）；心衰组TT、FT水平与左室射血分数（LVEF）呈显著正相关（r=0．270，P〈0．01；r=0．257，P〈0．05）；心衰组TT、FT水平与6min步行试验距离成正相关（r=0．247，P〈0．05；r=0．330，P〈0.01）。结论男性慢性心衰患者雄激素水平降低，其雄激素水平的测定对心脏功能评估具有重要临床意义。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血尿酸变化的临床意义

目的:了解不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者血尿酸水平的变化,并分析二者之间的相关性。方法:选择我院2007年3月至2009年7月就诊的OSAHS患者80例,根据睡眠监测得出的睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)分为轻度OSAHS组(5次/h≤AHI≤20次/h,27例)、中度OSAHS组(20次/h40次/h,34例)和对照组(AHI<5次/h,20例);观察各组年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、血清胆固醇、甘油三脂、血糖、尿酸及睡眠各项指标变化,比较3组间各观察指标的差异;对OSAHS组血清尿酸水平与AHI、最低脉搏容积血氧饱和度(LSpO2)和氧减<90%的时间T90进行相关性分析。结果:组间年龄及性别相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。轻、中度OSAHS组血尿酸水平分别为(365.30±92.37)μmol/L,(374.63±78.17)μmol/L均高于对照组(336.82±74.08)μmol/L,但差异无统计学意义;重度OSAHS组血清尿酸水平(440.26±92.14)μmol/L与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);OSAHS组血清尿酸水平与AHI、T90呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.441、0.309,P均<0.001)与LSpO2呈负相关(r值为-0.370,P<0.001)。结论:OSAHS患者中血清尿酸水平随着AHI的增加和缺氧程度的加重而增高,并与AHI、T90及LSpO2有较强的相关性。提示OSAHS患者反复发作低氧血症可能是心血管病高发的另一个原因。     

老年慢性心力衰竭患者血清瘦素水平变化及其与血压的关系

该文探讨慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者血清瘦素水平变化及其与血压的关系。方法：观察慢性心力衰竭患者35例及健康对照组30例血清瘦素、左心室射血分数（LVEF）及血压水平，分析瘦素水平与血压及LVEF之间的关系。结果：CHF组与对照组比较，血清瘦素水平分别为（11．4&#177;5．8）、（7．3&#177;3．1）μg／L，收缩压分别为（142．1&#177;19．7）、（127．0&#177;17．6）mmHg，舒张压分别为（85．0&#177;12．9）、（78．4&#177;9．7）mmHg，两组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。CHF患者按LVEF程度分为2组，LVEF〈30％组瘦素水平为（12．4&#177;7．8）μg／L，30％～40％组瘦素水平为（10．8&#177;1．8）μg／L，两组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），表明LVEF水平越低，瘦素水平越高。多元回归分析显示，CHF患者血清瘦素水平分别与体重指数（r=0．910，P〈0．01）、收缩压（r=0．859，P〈0．01）、舒张压（r=0．680，P〈0．05）呈正相关，与LVEF呈负相关（r=-0．729，P〈0．01）。结论：老年CHF患者血清瘦素水平较健康对照组高。并与LVEF程度呈负相关；CHF患者血压明显高于健康对照组。且瘦素水平与血压呈正相关。提示血清瘦素水平与高血压之间存在密切联系。共同促进CHF发展。     

孕妇血尿Ca2+、Mg2+、BGP和DPD的变化

选择120例无妊娠合并症、未曾补钙及应用激素类药物的健康初孕妇女,30例年龄、身高、体质量与上述孕妇相近的非孕健康妇女,测其空腹静脉血Ca^（2＋）、Mg^（2＋）、骨钙素（BGP）,同时测其尿Ca^（2＋）、Mg^（2＋）及尿脱氧吡啶啉（DPD）、肌酐（Cr）。结果显示,孕妇血清Ca^（2＋）由孕早期的（1.840±0.39）mmol/L降至孕末期的（1.710±0.31） mmol/L,明显低于非孕妇,P〈0.01;血清Mg^（2＋）亦有下降趋势,低于非孕妇,P〈0.05;血清BGP由孕早期的（6.16±3.33）ng/L降至孕晚期的（3.93±2.57）ng/L,明显低于非孕妇,P〈0.01;尿Ca^（2＋）/Cr在妊娠过程中呈上升趋势,高于非孕妇,P〈0.05;尿DPD/Cr由孕早期的（17.59±5.65）mmol/L升至孕晚期的（24.4±14.4）mmol/L,明显高于非孕妇,P〈0.01;尿Ca^（2＋）、Mg^（2＋）与DPD呈正相关（r分别为0.617、0.648,P均〈0.01）,尿Ca^（2＋）与尿Mg^（2＋）呈正相关（r=0.471,P〈0.01）,血清Ca^（2＋）与DPD呈负相关（r=-0.226,P〈0.05）。认为孕妇体内处于低Ca^（2＋）、低Mg^（2＋）状态,骨吸收增加。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼出气冷凝液中检测一氧化氮、8-异前列腺素的临床意义

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者呼出气冷凝液（EBC）中一氧化氮（NO）、8-异前列腺素（8-isoPG）的变化及其临床意义。方法收集COPD急性发作期（AECOPD）、缓解期患者和正常对照组的EBC,用硝酸还原法检测NO的浓度,酶免疫法检测8-isoPG的浓度。结果①AECOPD组（19例）患者EBC中NO和8-isoPG的浓度显著高于正常对照组（12例）,NO测定值分别为（80．83±40．15）μmol／L和（36．95±22．47）μmol／L,8-isoPG测定值分别为（13．56±11．11）ng／L和（5．87±3．39）ng／L,P〈0．05;②10例COPD急性发作期患者EBC中NO和8-isoPG的浓度显著高于缓解期,NO测定值分别为（91．09±34．30）μmol／L和（29．65±11．76）μmol／L,8-isoPG测定值分别为（17．60±12．44）ng／L和（5．23±6．20）ng／L,P〈0．05;③AECOPD组NO测定值与FEV1呈负相关（r=0．565,P〈0．05）,与血白细胞计数呈正相关（r=0．746,P〈0．01）。结论COPD患者急性发作期气道炎症反应和氧化应激增强。     

单一性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症患者血清脂联素与睾酮水平的关系

目的观察对单一性低促性腺激素型性腺功能减退症（IHH）患者脂联素与睾酮水平的关系。方法通过分析临床资料及激素测定、促性腺激素释放激素激发试验确诊IHH，检测23例IHH患者和15名正常男性血清脂联素和睾酮水平。结果与体重指数、腰臀比以及血压均匹配的正常对照组相比，IHH患者睾酮水平显著低于正常[（0．23±0．18 vs 4．20±1．90）μg／L，P〈0．01]，其脂联素水平显著升高[（11．3±1．8vs8．7±1．2）mg／L，P〈0．01]。对两组进行相关分析显示，血清脂联素水平与睾酮水平呈负相关（r=-0．570，P〈0．01）。结论IHH低睾酮水平人群中脂联素水平显著升高，提示脂联素与睾酮水平之间存在密切关系。     

硫化氢在大鼠急性支气管哮喘模型中的变化及意义

目的观察卵白蛋白（OVA）诱导的大鼠急性支气管哮喘（简称哮喘）模型，内源性硫化氢（H2S）生成的变化以及应用外源性硫氢化钠（NaHS，H2S供体）处理对哮喘大鼠的影响，探讨气体信号分子H2S在哮喘发病中的作用。方法24只健康SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为正常对照组、哮喘组和NaHS干预组，每组8只。致敏后28d测定所有大鼠肺功能并观察大鼠支气管周围炎性细胞浸润程度并进行评分；采用敏感硫电极测定血浆及肺组织H2S的生成量；采用酶促反应法测定大鼠肺组织匀浆中胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（CSE）活性；用Western blot法测定大鼠肺组织中CSE蛋白含量（每组3只）。结果哮喘组大鼠呼气峰流量（PEF）、血浆及肺组织中H2S分别为（2．90±0．70）L／s、（10±3）、（4．9±1．3）μmoL／L，对照组分别为（6．50±0．10）L／s、（54±10）、（24．1±8．0）μmoL／L，NaHS干预组大鼠分别为（5．70±0．50）L／s、（17±4）、（15．3±4．0）μmol／L，3组间比较差异有统计学意义（F值分别为112．13、110．10、27．34，P均〈0．01）；哮喘组大鼠肺组织匀浆每毫克蛋白中CSE活性和肺组织匀浆中CSE蛋白含量[用相对吸光度（A）值表示]分别为（1．00±0．10）nmol·min^-1·mg^-1、0．20±0．10，正常对照组分别为（1．80±0．10）nmo]·min^-1·mg^-1、0．90±0．30，NaHS干预组大鼠分别为（1．60±0．20）nmo]·min^-1·mg^-1、1．10±0．20，3组间比较差异有统计学意义（F值分别为79．39、12．28，P均〈0．05）；光镜下支气管周围炎性细胞浸润程度评分[用中位数（四分位数）]表示，正常对照组为1（0～1）分，哮喘组为3（2～4）分，NaHS干预组为1（1～2）分，3组间比较差异有统计学意义（H=16．93，P〈0．01）；哮喘组肺组织H2S含量与PEF呈正相关（r=0．74，P〈0．01）；与光镜下支气管周围炎性细胞浸润程度评分呈负相关（r=-0．64，P〈0．01）。结论内源性H2S参与了大鼠急性哮喘发病过程，外源性NaHS可以减轻哮喘气道炎症，对哮喘急性发病起到保护作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.