Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animal models

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract were investigated in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the writhing, hot plate and formalin tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by in vacuo evaporation to dryness, was weighed and prepared by serial dilution in DMSO in the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract was administered (s.c.) 30 min prior to subjection to the respective assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant (p < 0.05) antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. As a conclusion, the present study confirmed the traditional claims of using C. capsularis to treat various ailments related to inflammation and pain.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extract of Alpinia conchigera rhizomes in various animal models

Alpinia conchigera Griff. (Zingiberaceae), locally known to the Malays as “lengkuas ranting”, is native to Peninsular Malaysia. The Malays traditionally used it to treat infection and rashes, and as a health drink. This study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of A. conchigera rhizomes in mice and rats, respectively. The analgesic activity was elucidated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin test, while the anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan-induced paw edema. The extract (30, 100, and 300?mg/kg) given intraperitoneally (i.p.) exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in all tests used. The range of percentage of analgesia obtained for all doses of extract in the writhing test was 50–92%, and in the early and late phases of the formalin test was 25–62% and 63–98%, respectively. In addition, naloxone (5?mg/kg) given subcutaneously (s.c.) was found to reverse the extract (300?mg/kg)-induced antinociceptive activity in the writhing, hot plate, and formalin tests. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of A. conchigera rhizomes possessed a peripheral and central antinociceptive activity that was mediated, in part, via the opioid receptor, as well as anti-inflammatory activity.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory,and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dicranopteris linearis</Emphasis> leaves in experimental animal models

This study was performed out to establish the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Dicranopteris linearis leaves in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate, and formalin tests. The anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in distilled water and then prepared in the doses of 13.2, 66.0, 132.0, and 660.0 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously 30 min before subjecting the animals to the assays mentioned above. Generally, the extract, at all doses used, was found to have significant (P < 0.05) concentration-independent antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of D. linearis has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity, supporting previous claims of its traditional use by the Malays to treat various ailments, particularly fever.     

Evaluation of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves for anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities

Context: Felicia muricata Thunb. (Nees) (Asteraceae) leaves are used in folklore medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pain and inflammation. However, the efficacy of the plant part is yet to be validated with scientific experiments.

Objective: The current study is an effort to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities of aqueous extract of F. muricata leaves.

Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves and the efficacy of the extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 200?mg/kg body weight was investigated in experimental animals using several models of inflammation (paw edema induced by carrageenan and egg albumin), nociception (acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain and tail immersion), and fever (brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia).

Results: The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics. The extract dose-dependently reduced (P <0.05) the number of writhes and stretches induced by acetic acid, number of licks induced by formalin, paw volumes induced by carrageenan and egg albumin. The reaction time by the tail of the extract-treated animals to the hot water also increased. The extract also reduced hyperthermia induced by brewer’s yeast. The highest dose (200?mg/kg body weight of the extract) produced the best result in all cases.

Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed that the aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves possessed anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. These findings have therefore supported the use of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves in the traditional medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pains, inflammation, and fever.     

Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Solanum nigrum chloroform extract in animal models

AIM: The present study was carried out to evaluate the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of chloroform extract of Solanum nigrum leaves using various animal models. METHODS: The extract was prepared by soaking (1:20; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (20 g) in chloroform for 72 hrs followed by evaporation (40 degrees C) under reduced pressure to dryness (1.26 g) and then dissolved (1:50; w/v) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The supernatant, considered as the stock solution with dose of 200 mg/kg, was diluted using DMSO to 20 and 100 mg/kg, and all doses were administered (s.c.; 10 ml/kg) in mice/rats 30 min prior to tests. RESULTS: The extract exhibited significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests. The extract also produced significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia tests. Overall, the activities occurred in a dose-independent manner. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the lipid-soluble extract of S. nigrum leaves possessed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic properties and confirmed the traditional claims.     

三叶青提取物抗炎、镇痛及解热作用的实验研究

目的:探讨三叶青提取物(ERT)的抗炎、镇痛及解热作用,并验证其相关功效.方法:以小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透法、小鼠耳肿胀法及大鼠足肿胀法观察其抗炎作用;以小鼠扭体法、热板法观察其镇痛作用;以干酵母致热法及2,4-二硝基苯酚致热法观察其解热作用.结果:三叶青提取物能明显抑制小鼠腹腔毛细血管炎性渗出,抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀及10%蛋清致大鼠足跖肿胀;减少醋酸致小鼠扭体次数,提高热板法小鼠痛阈值;并降低干酵母和2,4-二硝基苯酚致大鼠发热模型的体温.结论:三叶青提取物具有较好的抗炎、镇痛及解热作用,与其相关的中医临床功效及主治相符.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory,and antioxidant properties of Phoradendron piperoides leaves

Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel. (Viscaceae) is a parasitic plant widely distributed in regions of the Brazilian northeast. Different species of Phoradendron are used in folk medicine for the treatment of cough, influenza, gastrointestinal and female disorders, and pain. In order to evaluate the actions of this plant, studies were performed on antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The methanol extract (ME) and dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol partitions of P. piperoides leaves were used in the following experiments. Oral treatment with the ME elicited inhibitory activity (p?<?0.01) on the acetic acid effect at 100 (32.08%), 200 (34.46%), and 400?mg/kg (49.50%). P. piperoides ME reduced the formalin effect at the second phase (200 and 400?mg/kg, p?<?0.05); however, the ME did not elicit any inhibitory effect on the hot-plate test. Edema formation induced by carrageenan was reduced (p?<?0.05) with the ME by 28% (200?mg/kg) and 33% (400?mg/kg). ME, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol partitions reacted with the DPPH radical and reduced the DPPH radical by 94.5, 37.2, 77.2, and 95.7%, respectively. ME, ethyl acetate, and methanol partitions exhibited low IC₅₀ values.     

Antinociceptive,anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Muntingia calabura</Emphasis> aqueous extract in animal models

The present study was carried out to elucidate the potential of aqueous extract of Muntingia calabura leaves aqueous extract (MCAE) as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agents using the formalin-, carrageenan-induced paw edema- and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests in rats. The extract was prepared by soaking the dried powdered leaves of M. calabura in distilled water (dH₂O) overnight. The supernatant obtained, considered as a stock solution (100% concentration/strength), was then diluted to concentrations of 10% and 50% and used together in all experimental models. The MCAE, at concentrations of 10%, 50% and 100%, were found to show significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities in all tests. However, all of the activities occurred in a concentration-independent manner. The 50% and 100% concentrations of MCAE produced insignificant antinociceptive and antipyretic activities, respectively. Although the 100% concentration of MCAE produced significant (P<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity, the activity was lower than that of the 10% and 50% concentrations of MCAE. Based on the results, we conclude that the M. calabura leaves possessed antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities and, thus, justifies the Peruvian folklore claims of its medicinal values.     

Study of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii bark

Hydroalcoholic extract of Schima wallichii Choisy. (Ternstroemiaceae) bark (HESW) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of the HESW were assayed by using carrageenan and dextran (acute model) induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma assay (chronic model) in experimental rats. Oral administration of HESW at the doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg caused dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan and dextran induced inflammation. HESW at the doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg caused significant dose-dependent reduction of the granuloma tissue formation in experimental rats. The extract at the oral doses of 50 and 100?mg/kg body weight exhibited significant central and peripheral analgesic activity in acetic acid induced writhing test and hot-plate test respectively in experimental mice. Treatment with HESW at the oral doses of 150 and 300?mg/kg body weight significantly reduced the yeast-provoked elevated body temperature in experimental rats in a dose-dependent manner.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Tabernaemontana catharinensis

In this work we describe the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxic activities as well as the phytochemical profile of the ethanol extract from Tabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC. (Apocynaceae) stem bark. Analgesic evaluation was carried out against chemical and thermal stimuli. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on carrageenan-induced edema in rats and toxicological studies (LD₅₀) were conducted in mice. Phytochemical analyses were performed by standardized methodology. In an analgesic assay, acetic acid-induced writhings were significantly inhibited by extract doses of 37.5?mg/kg (40.97%), 75?mg/kg (77.70%) and 150?mg/kg (88.98%). A central analgesia was also observed using T. catharinensis extract at all doses tested, particularly noticed at 60 and 90?min following administration. The extract significantly reduced edema development by 30.35% (37.5?mg/kg), 34.46% (75?mg/kg), and 56.42% (150?mg/kg) when assessed 180?min following carrageenan intraplantar injection, demonstrating an effective anti-inflammatory action. The LD₅₀ value was 2200?mg/kg. Phytochemical analyses of ethanol extract from Tabernaemontana catharinensis stem bark showed the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids, which may be responsible for the observed pharmacological activities described in this work.     

消炎退热颗粒清热解毒作用研究

目的：观察中成药消炎退热颗粒（DPZG）对家兔发热模型、小鼠急性耳廓肿胀模型、小鼠内毒素血症模型的作用,探讨其清热解毒的作用和机理。方法：采用脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）耳缘静脉注射建立家兔发热模型,评价其解热作用;采用二甲苯致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀模型评价其抗炎作用;建立小鼠内毒素血症模型,观察DPZG对于D-氨基半乳糖（ACTD）敏化小鼠LPS致死攻击的影响,评价其抗内毒素的作用;以Elisa法检测DPZG对内毒素血症模型小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β等炎症因子水平的影响,Western blot法检测小鼠肝、脾、肾组织中膜突蛋白（moesin）以及磷酸化P38 MAPK表达。结果：与模型组比较,DPZG对家兔体温升高有显著抑制作用,与阿司匹林趋同;可显著降低二甲苯致小鼠急性耳廓肿胀程度;可显著升高内毒素血症模型小鼠存活率;显著降低小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-1β水平和小鼠肝脾肾组织内p-P38MAPK和膜突蛋白（moesin）的表达,效果明显优于中成药对照药蒲地蓝消炎口服液（PBKH）。结论：消炎退热颗粒有显著清热解毒作用,主要作用方式是解热、抗炎、抗内毒素,且效果明显优于PBKH。其作用机制可能与抑制IL-1β、TNF-α、Moesin以及p-P38 MAPK的表达有关。     

Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Aqueous Extract for Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Animal Models

Moringa oleifera L. (Moringaceae) is known to possess high nutritional value and is used in a folklore medicine to treat various ailments related to pain and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of the leaves of M. oleifera in laboratory animals, using the writhing, hot-plate and formalin tests as the antinociceptive assays, and carrageenan-induced paw edema test as the anti-inflammatory assay. The extract (10, 30 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity, which occurred in a dose-dependent manner, in all tests used. The extract also exhibited significant (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extract antinociceptive activity was suggested to be modulated via opioid receptors at the central, but not peripheral, antinociceptive level, based on the ability of 5 mg/kg naloxone to reverse the extract activity in the hot-plate, but not the writhing test. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaves possess peripherally non-opioid mediated and centrally opioid mediated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. This study also confirms the traditional uses of M. oleifera in the treatment of ailments, particularly those related to pain and inflammation.     

柴菊口服液的抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热作用

目的:考察柴菊口服液抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热作用。方法:采用细胞病变抑制法、琼脂稀释法、小鼠流感病毒感染法来研究柴菊口服液对常见呼吸道病毒和细菌的抑制作用;采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法、小鼠腹腔致炎法和细菌内毒素致家兔发热法研究柴菊口服液的抗炎解热作用。结果:柴菊口服液对流感病毒甲3型(A3)、副流感病毒1型(HVJ)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、单纯疱疹病毒1和2型(HSV-1,HSV-2)以及所试6种细菌56株菌株均有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对副流感病毒和金葡菌的抑制作用较强。高、中、低剂量(19.2,9.6,4.8 g生药.kg-1)柴菊口服液能不同程度降低流感病毒感染小鼠的肺指数(P<0.01或0.05),增加感染小鼠的体重(P<0.05),减少感染小鼠的死亡率(P<0.05),延长感染小鼠的存活时间(P<0.01或0.05);高中剂量柴菊口服液能显著抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓炎性肿胀(P<0.05);高、中、低剂量柴菊口服液能够明显降低醋酸引起的小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性(P<0.01或0.05);高剂量(19.2 g生药.kg-1)柴菊口服液对细菌内毒素引起的家兔体温升高有较好的解热作用(P<0.05)。结论:柴菊口服液具有较明显的抗病毒抑菌和抗炎解热功效。     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kaempferia galanga</Emphasis> leaves in animal models

This study was performed to determine the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Kaempferia galanga leaves using various animal models. The extract, in the doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, was prepared by soaking (1:10; w/v) the air-dried powdered leaves (40 g) in distilled water (dH₂O) for 72 h and administered subcutaneously in mice/rats 30 min prior to the tests. The extract exhibited significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using the abdominal constriction, hot-plate and formalin tests, with activity observed in all tests occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antinociceptive activity of K. galanga extract was significantly (P < 0.05) reversed when prechallenged with 10 mg/kg naloxone. The extract also produced a significantly (P < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity when assessed using the carrageenan-induced paw-edema test. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that K. galanga leaves possessed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities and thus supports the Malay’s traditional uses of the plant for treatments of mouth ulcer, headache, sore throat, etc.     

重连口服液解热镇痛抗炎免疫作用的实验研究

目的研究重连口服液的解热、镇痛、抗炎、免疫调节作用。方法采用内毒素致大鼠发热法,观察重连口服液的解热作用;小鼠扭体法,观察重连口服液的镇痛作用;小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增高法,观察重连口服液的抗炎作用;环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫低下法,观察重连口服液的免疫调节作用。结果重连口服液对内毒素引起的大鼠体温升高、醋酸所致小鼠扭体次数、H＋致小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性升高有明显的抑制作用;对环磷酰胺致小鼠免疫功能低下有明显的促进作用。结论重连口服液具有明显的解热、镇痛、抗炎、免疫调节作用。     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Bridelia scleroneura (Euphorbiaceae)

Bridelia scleroneura is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. In folk medicine in Cameroon, the stem bark of this plant is used for relieving abdominal pain, contortion, arthritis and inflammation. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract have been evaluated. The putative analgesic effect of the plant extract was examined in abdominal constriction, hot plate, formalin and on pain using tail immersion mouse models and in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The extract (150–600 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic effect (46.27–78.97%) in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice. B. scleroneura extract increased the pain latency of nociceptive response to thermal stimuli at the higher dose of 600 mg/kg. B. scleroneuna induced significant dose-dependent reduction of the nociception in both early and late phases of the formalin test. The extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg, increased significantly, by 63.70% and 52.01% the tail-immersion latency time, 1 and 2 h post-dosing. In the carrageenan test, B. scleroneura (150–600 mg/kg, p.o) had dose-dependent and significant effects at different time intervals. This behaviour was similar to indometacin (10 mg/kg) used as a standard drug. These results show that the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of B. scleroneura possesses peripheral and central analgesic properties as well as anti-inflammatory activity against acute inflammation processes, in support of the folk medicinal use of the plant.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals

The present study was carried out to establish the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Dicranopteris linearis leaves chloroform extract in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, formalin and hot plate tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema. The extract, obtained after 72 h soaking of the air-dried leaves in chloroform followed by evaporation under vacuo (40 degrees C) to dryness, was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg and administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to subjection to the above mentioned assays. The extract, at all doses used, was found to exhibit significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity observed occur in a dose-independent manner. As a conclusion, the chloroform extract of D. linearis possesses antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity and thus justify its traditional uses by the Malays to treat various ailments.     

Anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata leaf in male rats

Clematis brachiata Thunb. (Ranunculaceae) is used as a folk remedy for the treatment of pain, fever and inflammatory ailments. Aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata leaf was screened for its phytochemical constituents. The anti-inflammatory investigations were carried out using carrageenan and histamine-induced edema models; acetic acid writhing, formalin-induced pain and tail immersion models were used to evaluate antinociceptive activity while a Brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia model was employed for the antipyretic experiment. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. The extract at 100, 200 and 400?mg/kg body weight significantly (P<0.05) reduced the edema paw volumes induced by carrageenan and histamine with the 400?mg/kg body weight extract being the most potent. On the antinociceptive front, while the extract reduced the writhing caused by acetic acid and the number of licks induced by formalin in a dose dependent manner, the increase in the reaction time by the extract in the tail immersion model was not dose-dependent. Again, there was significant (P<0.05) lowering of the Brewer’s yeast-provoked elevated body temperature. The results suggest that the aqueous extract of Clematis brachiata leaves can be employed in the management of inflammation, pain and fever. These activities may be due in part to the flavonoid content of the extract.     

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica

This study was aimed to evaluate both post- and pre-treatment anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method at various dose levels. Analgesic and antipyretic properties were evaluated using tail flick model and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia, respectively. Ceiling effect of the extract was observed at 50 mg/kg in pre-treatment carrageenan test. In post-treatment studies, a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the dose range of 25–300 mg/kg. The effect was equivalent to diclofenac (20 mg/kg) at 50 mg/kg but it was significantly pronounced at higher doses. Effectiveness of extract in the early phase of inflammation suggests the inhibition of histamine and serotonin release. The extract produced marked analgesic activity comparable to morphine at 300 mg/kg, which suggests the involvement of central mechanisms. A significant reduction in hyperpyrexia in rats was also produced by all doses of extract with maximum effect at 300 mg/kg comparable to paracetamol. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and antipyretic activity of C. indica and, thus, justifies the ethnic uses of the plant.     

Amino acid and fatty acid composition of an aqueous extract of Channa striatus (Haruan) that exhibits antinociceptive activity

1. The present study was performed in order to determine the amino acid and fatty acid composition of an aqueous extract of the freshwater fish Channa striatus, obtained by soaking (1:2, w/v) fresh fillets overnight in a chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) solvent, to elucidate the mechanism responsible for its antinociceptive activity and to clarify the relationship between the presence of the amino and fatty acids and the expected activity. 2. The aqueous extract was found to contain all amino acids with the major amino acids glycine, alanine, lysine, aspartic acid and proline making up 35.77 +/- 0.58, 10.19 +/- 1.27, 9.44 +/- 0.56, 8.53 +/- 1.15 and 6.86 +/- 0.78% of the total protein, respectively. 3. In addition, the aqueous extract was found to have a high palmitic acid (C16:0) content, which contributed approximately 35.93 +/- 0.63% to total fatty acids. The other major fatty acids in the aqueous extract were oleic acid (C18:1), stearic acid (C18:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and arachidonic acid (C20:4), contributing 22.96 +/- 0.40, 15.31 +/- 0.33, 11.45 +/- 0.31 and 7.44 +/- 0.83% of total fatty acids, respectively. 4. Furthermore, the aqueous extract was demonstrated to possess concentration-dependent antinociceptive activity, as expected, when assessed using the abdominal constriction test in mice. 5. It is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. striatus contains all the important amino acids, but only some of the important fatty acids, which are suggested to play a key role in the observed antinociceptive activity of the extract, as well as in the traditionally claimed wound healing properties of the extract.